Julius Caesar: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
Ancient works
Two works by Caesar himself are De bello Gallico, books i–vii (book viii, covering events of 51 bce, was written after Caesar’s death by Aulus Hirtius), ed. by T. Rice Holmes, 7 vol. (1914, reprinted in 1 vol., 1979); and De bello civili, books i–iii. The Bellum Alexandrinium, on the wars of 47 bce, De bello Africo, and De bello Hispaniensi are all anonymous but contemporary with Caesar and are included with his works. Other ancient sources include those by Cicero, letters and speeches; Sallust, Epistulae ad Caesarem (although the authenticity of these two memoranda addressed to Caesar has been questioned); Appian, Civil Wars, book ii; Dio Cassius, books xxxvii–xliv; Plutarch, Lives of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus; Suetonius, Divus Julius; and Velleius Paterculus, book ii, 41–56.
Modern works
Studies placing Caesar in the larger context of Roman history include Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, rev. ed., vol. 4–5 (1895; originally published in German, 1854–56); and Guglielmo Ferrero, The Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. 1–2 (1907–09, reprinted 1971; originally published in Italian, 1902–07). Books focusing more closely on Caesar’s life and career include the older studies by T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar (1907, reprinted 1971), especially chapters 6–8, and Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul, 2nd ed., rev. (1911, reprinted 1971); Eduard Meyer, Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus, 3rd ed. (1922, reprinted 1984); The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9 (1932, reprinted 1966), chapters 11–13 and 15–18; Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (1939, reprinted 1974); Lily Ross Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1949, reissued 1975); and Gustave Bloch and Jérôme Carcopino, La République romaine de 133 à 44 avant J.-C., vol. 2, César, 4th ed. (1950). More recent treatments include J.F.C. Fuller, Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant (1965, reissued 1991), a critical account of Caesar’s life, supplemented by maps and illustrations; Matthias Gelzer, Caesar: Politician and Statesman (1968; originally published in German, 6th ed., 1960), a scholarly biography; A.H. McDonald, Republican Rome (1966); Michael Grant, Julius Caesar (1969, reissued 1992), and Caesar (1974), popular biographies, with illustrations and maps; Stefan Weinstock, Divus Julius (1971), a study of Caesar as a religious reformer and creator of the ruler cult; Peter Berresford Ellis, Caesar’s Invasion of Britain (1978), a popularly written account of the invasion; Zwi Yavetz, Julius Caesar and His Public Image (1983; originally published in German, 1979), reviewing the various debates over Caesar’s place in history; Ernle Bradford, Julius Caesar: The Pursuit of Power (1984), a readable survey of Caesar’s life; Arthur D. Kahn, The Education of Julius Caesar: A Biography, A Reconstruction (1986), a contemporary handling of the ancient documents to portray the life of Caesar; and Richard A. Billows, Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome (2008), a good introduction for the general reader.
Article Contributors
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: University of Chicago - Julius Caesar. | Nov 11, 2026 | ||
| Revised the Top Questions section. | Mar 06, 2026 | ||
| Article restructured. | Jan 06, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS - Who Was Julius Caesar? | Dec 02, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - Overnights - Man of the People : Julius Caesar. | Jul 26, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - Julius Cæsar. | Jun 11, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 11, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Ohio State University - Origins - Julius Caesar Crosses the Rubicon. | Oct 19, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: San Jose State University - A Timeline of the Life of Julius Caesar. | Sep 15, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: UNRV - Julius Caesar. | May 26, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Apr 23, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: US history.org - Ancient Civilization - Julius Caesar. | Jan 04, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: HistoryNet - Julius Caesar's Triumph in Gaul. | Nov 28, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Nov 09, 2023 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 25, 2023 | ||
| Links added. | Jul 28, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Ancient Origins - The Deeds of Julius Caesar, Rome�s Greatest Son. | May 17, 2023 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Mar 14, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Social Sciences LibreTexts - Julius Caesar. | Dec 04, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Live Science - Julius Caesar biography: Facts and history. | Aug 23, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Julius Caesar. | Aug 18, 2022 | ||
| Changed “qo general” to “Roman general.” | Sep 17, 2021 | ||
| Media added. | Dec 11, 2020 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Nov 01, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: KidsPast.com - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 02, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: The History Learning Site - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 02, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - Julius Cæsar. | Jun 24, 2016 | ||
| Corrected erroneous cross-reference. |
|
Aug 06, 2015 | |
| Added video. | May 12, 2015 | ||
| Added video. | Nov 25, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Old and Sold - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Dec 02, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: The British Museum - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Dec 02, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - Julius Cæsar. | Dec 02, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: UShistory.org - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Mar 26, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Social Studies for Kids - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Mar 26, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: HistoryWorld - History of Julius Caesar. | Mar 26, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: The University of Texas at Dallas - Biography of Julio Cort�zar. | Jan 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Ancient Rome - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 03, 2013 | ||
| Added Richard A. Billows's Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome (2008) to the bibliography. |
|
Nov 26, 2012 | |
| Media added. | Jun 16, 2011 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 07, 2011 | ||
| Added BC throughout article. |
|
Mar 17, 2009 | |
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - History - Biography of Gaius Julius Caesar. | Nov 13, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 02, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Connecticut State Library - Biography of Wilbur Lucius Cross. | Feb 20, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Livius - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Jan 22, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Emperor Hirohito. | Oct 03, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Official Site of MERCOSUR. | Jun 22, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: The History Guide - Biography of Gaius Julius Caesar. | Jun 19, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: AllMusic - Biography of Meade Lewis. | Jun 15, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | May 02, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Julius Caesar. | Feb 14, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia Library - "Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars: with the Supplementary Books attributed to Hirtius". | Jun 21, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Nov 12, 2004 | ||
| Article revised. | Sep 20, 2001 | ||
| Article revised. | Aug 09, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jan 12, 2000 |