• St. Cyril of Alexandria
• Platonism

  / The later Neoplatonists
• Hellenistic religion

  / Religion from Commodus to Theodosius I: ad 180–395
• mystery religion

  / Mystery religions and Christianity
• Judaism

  / Palestine (c. 220–c. 400)
• Mithra

• Claudius Mamertinus
• Eusebius of Myndus
• St. Gregory of Nazianzus

  / Early life and education
• Maximus Of Ephesus
• Valentinian I

• Constantius II
• ancient Iran

  / Conflicts with Rome
• Shāpūr II

  / Persecution of Christians.
• Battle of Ctesiphon

• Donatist
• France

  / Gaul under the late Roman Empire (c. 250–c. 400)
• library

  / Byzantium
• history of the Low Countries

  / The Roman period
• history of Mesopotamia

  / The Sasanian period
• North Africa

  / Christianity and the Donatist controversy
• ancient Rome

  / The rule of Constantine’s sons

Ancient

By far the most important source is the history of Julian’s contemporary, Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri, ed. and trans. by J.C. Rolfe (1950–56). He devotes far more space to Julian than to any other character in the extant portion of his history. Books XV, 8, to XXV, 4, in Rolfe’s three-volume edition are virtually a biography of Julian. More information can be obtained from Julian himself in Julian, Juliani imperatoris epistulae . . ., ed. by J. Bidez and F. Cumont (1922). For English readers the best edition of Julian’s work is the three-volume Loeb series, ed. by W.C. Wright (1953–54), with a very helpful introduction. Of secondary ancient sources the most valuable and balanced is Eutropius, Breviarium.

Modern

Many monographs have been devoted to this controversial prince. Among them may be cited G.H. Rendall, The Emperor Julian, Paganism and Christianity (1879); Gaetano Negri, Julian the Apostate, 2nd ed. (1902; originally published in Italian); Robert Browning, The Emperor Julian (1976); G.W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (1978); Polymnia Athanassiadi-Fowden, Julian and Hellenism (1981); Rowland B.E. Smith, Julian’s Gods (1995).