John Cassavetes

John Cassavetes (born December 9, 1929, New York, New York, U.S.—died February 3, 1989, Los Angeles, California) was an American film director and actor regarded as a pioneer of American cinema verité and as the father of the independent film movement in the United States. Most of his films were painstakingly made over many months or years and were financed by Cassavetes’s acting, which was much sought after by the same studios that were reluctant to back his filmmaking projects. As a result, Cassavetes essentially carved out his own one-man domain in independent filmmaking, which, while not truly part of Hollywood, eventually earned the industry’s respect and admiration. He was one of the few filmmakers in the history of the Academy Awards to be nominated for directing, acting, and writing awards.

Early work

Cassavetes was the son of Greek immigrants. He grew up on Long Island, New York. He studied English at Mohawk College and Colgate University before becoming an acting student at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, from which he graduated in 1950. He began his acting career in earnest with a small role in the motion picture Taxi (1953) and an appearance on television the next year in an episode of Omnibus. By the end of 1955, he had acted in many live television shows. In 1956 Cassavetes appeared in Crime in the Streets, Don Siegel’s drama about juvenile delinquency. That year he also began teaching a Method acting class. In 1957 Cassavetes starred alongside Sidney Poitier in Martin Ritt’s Edge of the City, a high-profile role that helped him land the lead as the eponymous private eye in the television series Johnny Staccato (1959–60).

Cassavetes’s low-budget directorial debut, Shadows (1959), was financed partly by some $20,000 sent to the fledgling filmmaker after he made an appeal for donations during an appearance on a radio program. Made over a period of about two and a half years and shot on 16-mm film stock, this semi-improvised downbeat slice of cinema verité focused on three African American siblings. The older brother, a jazz musician (played by Hugh Hurd), encounters greater racial discrimination than his lighter-complected younger sister (who dates white men) and brother. Shadows’s jazz score was composed by Charles Mingus. The film was first shown to a few audiences in November 1958 and was exhibited again about a year later after the addition of some new scenes and reediting. When Cassavetes could not find an American distributor for the film, he entered it in the 1960 Venice Film Festival, where it won the Critics Award. After it finally received distribution in the United States in 1961, critics were effusive in their praise of Shadows, which is generally acknowledged to have inaugurated the American independent filmmaking movement.

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Fresh from the success of Shadows, Casssavetes signed with Paramount to produce and direct Too Late Blues (1961), another downbeat film about a jazz musician, this time with teen singing idol Bobby Darin as the leader of a jazz combo waiting for its big break. Although critics liked Stella Stevens in her role as the love interest, they generally found the rest of the performances wanting. Nevertheless, Paramount gave Cassavetes a multifilm contract, which he subsequently broke in the interest of gaining greater creative autonomy.

Independent filmmaker: 1960s and ’70s

Independent producer Stanley Kramer then signed Cassavetes to direct A Child Is Waiting (1963), an earnest drama written by Abby Mann. Burt Lancaster played a psychologist and Judy Garland a new teacher who disagree in their approaches to working with developmentally challenged children. After Kramer took the film out of Cassavetes’s hands and reedited it as a sentimental “social problem” film, Cassavetes broke with Hollywood to pursue filmmaking his own way. He was determined to make motion pictures grounded in character development that would depict real-life situations with real-world consequences. He also was committed to involving the cast and crew in an organic improvisatory process. No matter how dark his subject matter, he was also not beyond punctuating the proceedings with humour.

Faces, which Cassavetes wrote in 1965 and shot in black and white in 1966, starred John Marley and Lynn Carlin as a husband and wife facing a split after 14 years of marriage. Both have one-night stands, the husband with a prostitute (played by Cassavetes’s wife, Gena Rowlands) and the wife with a hippie (Seymour Cassel). Originally six hours long, the film was painstakingly edited down over the next two years to slightly more than two hours and released in 1968 to rave reviews. Cassavetes received an Academy Award nomination for his screenplay, and Carlin and Cassel were nominated as best supporting actors. Cassavetes had helped finance Faces by acting in films such as Robert Aldrich’s World War II drama The Dirty Dozen (1967), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award as best supporting actor, and Roman Polanski’s Rosemary’s Baby (1968).

As a director, Cassavetes was a master at dramatizing marital problems. For Husbands (1970), his first colour 35-mm effort, he assembled his first high-profile cast. Peter Falk, Ben Gazzara, and Cassavetes himself portrayed a triumvirate of suburban husbands who, shocked by the sudden death of a friend, treat themselves to a spree of boozing, basketball, and sex that includes a quick trip to London. Husbands was dismissed by influential critic Pauline Kael as “agonizingly banal,” but other critics likened it to the work of Ingmar Bergman and found moments of uncommon power in the mostly improvised interaction between the principals.

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The modest commercial success of Husbands helped Cassavetes secure a deal with Universal to make Minnie and Moskowitz (1971). More hopeful and romantic than any of his other films, Minnie and Moskowitz was Cassavetes’s version of a screwball comedy. Cassel played a slightly demented parking-lot attendant with a crush on a museum curator (Rowlands), who is trying to pull herself together after being dumped by her married lover (Cassavetes).

After this lighter fare, Cassavetes returned to psychodrama with A Woman Under the Influence (1974), a harrowing, unrelievedly raw portrait of a Los Angeles housewife’s nervous breakdown. Although the story was originally intended as a stage vehicle for Rowlands, it was brought to the screen instead by Cassavetes’s newly formed Faces International production company. Falk was appropriately detestable as the brutish husband, and Rowlands’s majestic portrayal of the tortured woman at the centre of the film earned her an Academy Award nomination for best actress. Despite some critics’ judgment that Cassavetes had dissipated the power of the performances by letting some scenes go on too long, A Woman Under the Influence was still his biggest hit up to that point. Moreover, it earned Cassavetes his only Academy Award nomination for best director. It seemed as if Cassavetes had beaten the system: he was making deeply personal movies entirely on his own terms and still winning the admiration of the industry on which he had turned his back.

Cassavetes was less sure-footed when he ventured into genre filmmaking with the crime drama The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976), in which Gazzara played the debt-ridden owner of a strip joint forced by the mob to commit a murder. The ambitious Opening Night (1977) also had its problems, including one that often plagued Cassavetes’s films, the perception of excessive length. Nevertheless, Rowlands again excelled as a stage actress suffering an existential crisis after a fan dies on the opening night of her new play. Cassavetes the actor (every bit the equal of Cassavetes the director) also gave a notably strong performance, as did veteran character actress Joan Blondell.

1980s

Gloria (1980), made for Columbia rather than Faces International, featured yet another superb effort by Rowlands as a former prostitute who goes on the lam with an eight-year-old boy after his family is killed by the mobsters who employed his dad as an accountant. In between killings the film offers plenty of Cassavetes’s distinctive humour. Though the narrative was more loosely structured than that of the standard crime drama, Gloria remained one of Cassavetes’s most accessible films.

Cassavetes’s most significant turns as an actor in the late 1970s came in Elaine May’s Mikey and Nicky (1976) and Brian De Palma’s The Fury (1978). In 1982 he and Rowlands played the leads in Paul Mazursky’s 1982 Tempest, the first time they had acted together in a picture not directed by Cassavetes. They then starred together in Cassavetes’s moving and unusual love story Love Streams (1984) as a brother and sister who lead wildly differing lifestyles but who care deeply about each other.

Cassavetes’s final project was the little-seen mainstream comedy Big Trouble (1985), in which Alan Arkin starred as an insurance salesman who becomes involved in a scheme to fake the death of another man (Falk). It provided an unfortunate and premature end to Cassavetes’s adventurous filmmaking career. He died of cirrhosis of the liver at age 59.