Aaron continued to live as a symbol in Jewish religion and traditions, and the position of the priests was strengthened after the exile. Also, in the Qumrān sect, a Jewish community that flourished in the era just before and contemporary with the birth of Christianity, Aaron was a symbol for a strong priesthood, as can be seen from the Dead Sea Scrolls. At the end of time, men of the community should be set apart, as a select group in the service of Aaron. Only the sons of Aaron should “administer judgment and wealth,” and, according to the Manual of Discipline, two messiahs were expected, one of Aaron, the priestly one, and one of Israel. According to a fragment found near Qumrān, the priest would have the first seat in the banquets in the last days and bless the bread before the messiah of Israel. Here “the sons of Aaron” have the highest position.

In Talmud and Midrash, Aaron is seen less as a symbol than as the leading personality at the side of Moses. The relationship between the two brothers is painted as prototypical in the Haggada (“Narrative”—the nonlegal parts of Talmud and Midrash). Rabbi Hillel, the great liberal sage, praised Aaron as peace-loving, a man of goodwill, who wanted to teach his people the Torah (“Law” or “Teaching”; also another name for the Pentateuch).

In Jewish exegesis little is said about him, though he is mentioned as a man who created peace among men. Many attempts have been made to explain Aaron’s participation in the episode of the golden calf. According to some exegetes, Aaron had to make the calf in order to avoid being killed. In the 11th century, the French commentator Rashi contended that the calf was a symbol of the leader, Moses, who was at that time on the mountain. The relationship between Moses and Aaron is also discussed in the Talmud. Some traditionists have wondered why Aaron, and not Moses, was appointed high priest. The answer has been found in an indication that Moses was rejected because of his original unwillingness when he was called by God. It also seems to have been hard for some traditionists to accept that Aaron was described as older than Moses. The death of Aaron is related in the Midrash Petirat Aharon.

The first Christian communities admitted that Aaron, “the sons of Aaron,” or “the order of Aaron” constituted symbols of the highest priesthood. But in the Letter to the Hebrews, Christ is described as a high priest according to the order of Melchizedek, which was set against “the order of Aaron.” Of the Church Fathers, St. Cyril of Alexandria says that Aaron was divinely called to a priesthood and that he was a type of Christ. St. Gregory I translates the name Aaron as “mountain of strength” and sees in him a redeemer who mediated between God and man.