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whaling
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whaling Infographic titled A Brief History of Whaling, showing illustrated ships and whales to depict key periods in whaling history from early Inuit and Basque hunting, through the 17th century, the 1850s sailing era, the industrial modern era with factory ships, and present-day practices. Text and images highlight technological advances, whale species targeted, and the shift to limited whaling by a few countries and aboriginal groups. After being killed by whaleboat crews, the whale was secured alongside the ship and cut into pieces, which were cooked in the try-pots. The resulting oil was casked and stored below the decks. The whaleboat was towed by a harpooned whale until the animal tired. Lances were then used for the kill. The powerful engines of mid-20th-century catcher boats allowed these vessels to overtake even the fastest whales. A moratorium on commercial whaling was finally imposed in 1986 after decades of overhunting had already depleted the populations of many whale species. whaling harpoon
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whaling
whaling Japanese factory ship hauling a minke whale through a slipway in the ship's stern, 1992.

whaling

human predation
Written by
Gordon Jackson
Reader in Economic History, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Author of The British Whaling Trade and others.
Gordon Jackson
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History

whaling, the hunting of whales for food and oil. Whaling was once conducted around the world by seafaring nations in pursuit of the giant animals that seemed as limitless as the oceans in which they swam. However, since the mid-20th century, when whale populations began to drop catastrophically, whaling has been conducted on a very limited scale. It is now the subject of great scrutiny, both by formal regulatory bodies and by nongovernmental organizations.

Whaling has been documented in many sources—from Neolithic cave art to present-day annual reports of the International Whaling Commission—but there is no firm proof as to what people first engaged in the practice. Prehistoric inhabitants of far northern coastal regions, lacking adequate agriculture, developed successful whaling techniques using Stone Age weapons. By the time the Inuit (Eskimo) of eastern and western North America were first encountered by Europeans, they had already mastered whale hunting, and many Inuit methods were used as recently as 1900. For the Inuit, a captured whale supplied food, fuel, and light; sinews provided cordage, and bones were used for tools and construction. Not until the 20th century, when floating factory ships came into use, did other civilizations succeed in the same efficient use of the whole carcass. Elsewhere, from the first intensive hunting of whales in the early 17th century to the early 20th century, little more than blubber and baleen was used, and the remainder of the animal was discarded. Each successive discovery of new whaling grounds resulted in the near disappearance of a particular species. The efficiency of modern hunting methods hastened this trend to the point that the industry has all but taken its place in history, leaving only a few enterprises to carry on in a limited fashion.

The history of whaling

Infographic titled A Brief History of Whaling, showing illustrated ships and whales to depict key periods in whaling history from early Inuit and Basque hunting, through the 17th century, the 1850s sailing era, the industrial modern era with factory ships, and present-day practices. Text and images highlight technological advances, whale species targeted, and the shift to limited whaling by a few countries and aboriginal groups.
whaling historyA brief history of whaling.

International whaling developed in stages that were determined by changing demand, diminishing stocks, and advancing technology. A lengthy primitive stage eventually led to commercial whaling; new markets and technical and chemical advances then produced modern whaling, which led to virtual extinction of the quarry and a return to a primitive stage. The commercial stages were dominated overwhelmingly by northern Europeans and Americans—first the Dutch, then the British and Americans, and finally the Norwegians and British. Only at the very end, when Europeans no longer found the trade profitable, did they surrender the remaining whales to the Russians and Japanese.

Primitive whaling

Archaeological evidence suggests that primitive whaling was practiced by the Inuit and others in the North Atlantic and North Pacific by 3000 bce, and it continues in a number of remote cultures to the present. The quarry has always been small, easily beached whales, such as belugas and narwhals, or larger species that would come close to shore to breed in sheltered bays. The Japanese used nets, and the Aleuts used poisoned spears. The Inuit successfully hunted large whales from skin boats, employing toggle-head harpoons attached by hide ropes to inflated sealskin floats. A number of harpoons were darted into a whale, impeding its escape until a safe kill could be made with a lance. In Europe, Nordic people hunted small whales, and in Iceland laws addressed whaling in the 13th century.

The forerunners of commercial whaling were the Basques, who caught northern right whales as they gathered to breed in the Bay of Biscay. Docile, slow-moving, and sleeping on the surface, the whales were chased by rowboat, struck by harpoon, “played” like fish, and then lanced. Their bodies, which floated after death, were towed to shore for stripping and boiling of the thick blubber and processing of the baleen. When seaworthy oceangoing ships were built, Basques set off in search of other whaling bays and found them—perhaps as early as the 14th century and certainly by the 16th—across the Atlantic off the coast of southern Labrador.