state (sovereign political entity)

Detail from School of Athens by Raphael

Plato (center left) and Aristotle, detail from School of Athens, fresco...

Art Media—Print Collector/Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images

Portrait of Niccolo Machiavelli by Santi di Tito shows Machiavelli in black and red robes, holding a document, against a plain background.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli, oil on canvas by Santi di Tito; in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.

Oval portrait painting of John Locke, wearing a long dark wig and formal 17th-century attire, with a white cravat, set against a dark background.

Michael Dahl: John Locke

English philosopher John Locke, oil on canvas by Michael Dahl, c. 1693; in the National...

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, undated aquatint.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Elisha Whittelsey Collection, the Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1975 (accession no. 1975.616.11); www.metmuseum.org

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, engraving by Lazarus Gottlieb Sichling...

Courtesy Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, Portrait Collection 21/32

Karl Marx

Karl Marx, c. 1870.

From "Karl Marx's Oekonomische Lehren", by Karl Kautsky, 1887

state: Media

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