• Anguilla

  / History of Anguilla
• Anguilla

  / Cultural milieu
• Animal rights

  / Animals and the law
• Barbados

  / History
• domestic service
• economic system

  / Preconditions for market society
• Jean-Jacques Dessalines
• Haiti

  / Plantations and enslaved people
• Race

  / The institutionalizing of race
• Montserrat

  / History of Montserrat
• Charles Lavigerie
• slave trade
• Trinidad and Tobago

  / Colonial period
• history of the organization of work

  / Social classes
• history of the organization of work

  / Slavery

• Western Africa

  / The slave-trade era
• Samuel Cotton
• Olaudah Equiano

• Slavery Abolition Act

  / Legal challenges to slavery in British North America

• East India Company

  / Role as enslavers
• Native American

  / Spain
• Native American

  / Southeast peoples
• Plantation

• history of Latin America

  / Indians and Spaniards
• history of Latin America

  / Africans
• history of Latin America

  / The early period
• history of Latin America

  / Mobility and hierarchy

• Mamluk
• history of Mesopotamia

  / Territorial states
• history of Mesopotamia

  / Babylonian law
• Ottoman Empire

  / Military organization

• Mexico

  / The early republic
• Mexico

  / La Reforma
• Northwest Coast Indian

  / Stratification and social structure
• slave code

• California to apologize for complicity in slavery

• Judaism

  / Mosaic religion
• Ethics

  / Ethics in the New Testament
• Christianity

  / The problem of slavery and persecution
• Islam

  / Social service

• the South
• African Americans

  / The early history of Black people in the Americas
• Juneteenth
• Lost Cause
• sectionalism
• Robert William Fogel

General works

Theoretical works on slavery include H.J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System: Ethnological Researches, 2nd rev. ed. (1910, reprinted 1971); and Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (1982). Several cultures are presented in David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966, reissued 1971), The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (1975), and Slavery and Human Progress (1984).

Slavery in early history

On slavery in the ancient Middle East, see Muhammad A. Dandamaev, Slavery in Babylonia: From Nabopolassar to Alexander the Great (626–331 bc), rev. ed. (1984; originally published in Russian, 1974); and Isaac Mendelsohn, Slavery in the Ancient Near East: A Comparative Study of Slavery in Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, and Palestine, from the Middle of the Third Millennium to the End of the First Millennium (1949, reprinted 1978).

Central works on slavery in classical antiquity are Moses I. Finley, “Was Greek Civilization Based on Slave Labor?” in his Slavery in Classical Antiquity: Views and Controversies (1960); the same author’s Ancient Economy, 2nd ed. (1985); and Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (1980). See also Moses I. Finley (ed.), Classical Slavery (1987). Other works of major interest include Keith R. Bradley, Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: A Study in Social Control (1984, reissued 1987); William W. Buckland, The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian (1908, reprinted 1970); Yvon Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece (1988; originally published in French, 1982); Keith Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (1978); Ramsay MacMullen, “Late Roman Slavery,” Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte, 36(3):359–382 (1987); Alan Watson, Roman Slave Law (1987); and William L. Westermann, The Slave System of Greek and Roman Antiquity (1955).

Slavery in Europe

The following works study slavery in Europe, including Russia, after the fall of the Roman Empire: Marc Bloch, Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages: Selected Essays (1975; originally published in French, 1963); Pierre Dockès, Medieval Slavery and Liberation (1982; originally published in French, 1979); Peter Foote and David M. Wilson, The Viking Achievement: The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia (1970, reprinted 1984); Anna Chatzēnikolaou-Marava, Recherches sur la vie des esclaves dans le monde byzantyn (1950); Charles Verlinden, L’Esclavage dans l’Europe médiévale (1955); Agnes Mathilde Wergeland, Slavery in Germanic Society During the Middle Ages (1916); Carl O. Williams, Thraldom in Ancient Iceland (1937); Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (1982); Richard Hellie (ed. and trans.), The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649 (1988); and, on the modern period, S. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development: An Enquiry into the Experience of Soviet Industrialization (1965, reprinted 1985); and David J. Dallin and Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (1947, reprinted 1974).

Slavery in Africa and Asia

James L. Watson (ed.), Asian and African Systems of Slavery (1980), is a collection of informative essays. Slavery in the non-African Islāmic world is explored in David Ayalon, L’Esclavage du mamelouk (1951); R. Brunschvig, “ʾAbd,” in The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 24–40 (1960); Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (1980); Halil Inalcik, “Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire,” in The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, ed. by Abraham Ascher, Tibor Halasi-Kun, and Béla K. Király (1979); Daniel Pipes, Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System (1981); and Ehud R. Toledano, The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890 (1982).

Important works on slavery in other parts of Asia are D.R. Banaji, Slavery in British India (1933); Benedicte Hjejle, “Slavery and Agricultural Bondage in South India in the Nineteenth Century,” The Scandinavian Economic History Review, 15:71–126 (1967); Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney (eds.), Chains of Servitude: Bondage and Slavery in India (1985); E.G. Pulleyblank, “The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1:185–220 (April 1958); James L. Watson, “Chattel Slavery in Chinese Peasant Society: A Comparative Analysis,” Ethnology, 15(4):361–375 (October 1976); Marinus J. Meijer, “Slavery at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty,” in Essays on China’s Legal Tradition, ed. by Jerome Alan Cohen, R. Randle Edwards, and Fu-Mei Chang Chen (1980); C. Martin Wilbur, Slavery in China During the Former Han Dynasty, 206 bc–ad 25 (1943, reprinted 1968); and Richard Hellie, “Slavery Among the Early Modern Peoples on the Territory of the USSR,” Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 17:454–465 (Winter 1983).

For the study of slavery in sub-Saharan Africa, see the following collections: Paul E. Lovejoy (ed.), Africans in Bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade (1986), and The Ideology of Slavery in Africa (1981); Claude Meillassoux (ed.), L’Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale (1975); Suzanne Miers and Igor Kopytoff (eds.), Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives (1977); and Claire C. Robertson and Martin A. Klein (eds.), Women and Slavery in Africa (1983). Also recommended are the following individual works: Frederick Cooper, Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa (1977); Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade (1975); Allan G.B. Fisher and Humphrey J. Fisher, Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa: The Institution in Saharan and Sudanic Africa, and the Trans-Saharan Trade (1970); John Grace, Domestic Slavery in West Africa, with Particular Reference to the Sierra Leone Protectorate, 1896–1927 (1975); and Paul E. Lovejoy, “Indigenous African Slavery,” Historical Reflections, 6(1)19–61 (1979), and his Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (1983).

Slavery in the New World

Three significant works that deal with the entire circum-Caribbean slave environment or that compare different New World countries in both North and South America are Carl N. Degler, Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (1971, reprinted 1986); Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D. Genovese (ed.), Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere (1975); and Vera Rubin and Arthur Tuden (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation Societies (1977).

On slavery in the United States, see John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South, rev. ed. (1979); Helen Tunnicliff Catterall (ed.), Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, 5 vol. (1926–37, reprinted 1968); Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity (1981), and his Slavery in the Courtroom: An Annotated Bibliography of American Cases (1985); Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974); David W. Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis (1981); Eugene D. Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy & Society of the Slave South (1965), Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974), and The World the Slaveholders Made, rev. ed. with a new introduction (1988); Claudia Dale Goldin, Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820–1860 (1976); Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (1976); Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (1968, reissued 1977); Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (1987); Allan Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800 (1986); Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (1977); Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979); Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975); Gerald W. Mullin, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (1972); James Oakes, The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders (1982); Ulrich Bonne Phillips, American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Régime (1918, reissued 1966); Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (1956, reprinted 1975); Eric Williams, Capitalism & Slavery (1944, reissued 1980); and Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1974).

For information on slavery in the rest of the circum-Caribbean world and the transatlantic slave trade, see the following: Frederick P. Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524–1650 (1974); Roger Norman Buckley, Slaves in Red Coats: The British West India Regiments, 1795–1815 (1979); Robert Conrad, The Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, 1850–1888 (1972); Michael Craton, Sinews of Empire: A Short History of British Slavery (1974); Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (1969); Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn (eds.), The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (1979); David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (1987); David W. Galenson, Traders, Planters, and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America (1986); B.W. Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807–1834 (1976), and Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834 (1984); Herbert S. Klein, The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade (1978); Franklin W. Knight, Slave Society in Cuba During the Nineteenth Century (1970, reprinted 1977); Rolando Mellafe, Negro Slavery in Latin America (1975; originally published in Spanish, 1974); Orlando Patterson, The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development, and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica (1967); Richard Price, Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, 2nd ed. (1979); Stuart B. Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835 (1985); Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775 (1974); and Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras, a Brazilian Coffee County, 1850–1900: The Roles of Planter and Slave in a Plantation Society (1957, reprinted 1985).