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Aristotle
Detail of a Roman copy (2nd century bce) of a...
© A. Dagli Orti—De Agostini/Getty Images
René Descartes
Portrait of the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes, oil on oak by...
Statens Museum for Kunst (National Gallery of Denmark); www.smk.dk (Public domain)
John Smibert: George Berkeley
Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley, oil painting by John Smibert, c. 1732; in...
Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, London
William Orpen: G.E. Moore
British philosopher G.E. Moore, a cofounder of analytic philosophy, pencil drawing...
Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher of hermeneutics and existentialism Martin Heidegger.
© Bettmann/Getty Images
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, engraving, c. 1701.
© GeorgiosArt—iStock/Getty Images
David Hume
Scottish philosopher David Hume, oil on canvas by Allan Ramsay, 1766; in the Scottish...
Fine Art Images—Heritage Images/age fotostock
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant, print published in London, 1812.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Philosopher Benedict de Spinoza
Benedict de Spinoza, oil painting, c. 1665; in the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel,...
Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images
David Lewis
American philosopher of possible worlds David Lewis.
Courtesy of Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Raphael: School of Athens
Detail of the School of Athens, fresco by Raphael, 1508–1511, in the Stanza...
© The Picture Art Collection/Alamy
St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas, from the Demidoff Altarpiece, tempera on poplar by Carlo...
Art Collection/Alamy
Scottish philosopher David Hume
David Hume, oil painting by Allan Ramsay, 1766; in the Scottish National Portrait...
Courtesy of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. Bequeathed by Mrs. Macdonald Hume to the National Gallery of Scotland and transferred
Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte, drawing by Tony Toullion, 19th century; in the Bibliothèque Nationale,...
H. Roger-Viollet
A.J. Ayer
British philosopher and educator A.J. Ayer, late 1980s.
Geoff A Howard/Alamy
Ludwig Wittgenstein
British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy
Rembrandt: Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, oil on canvas by Rembrandt, 1653; in the...
Photos.com/Getty Images