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metaphysics: Quick Facts

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Marble bust of Aristotle with a beard and draped robe, showing detailed facial features and wavy hair, set against a dark background.
René Descartes
John Smibert: George Berkeley
William Orpen: G.E. Moore
Headshot of Martin Heidegger wearing a dark suit and light tie, looking slightly to the side with a neutral expression.
Engraved portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz with long curly hair, wearing a buttoned coat and cravat, facing forward.
David Hume
Profile portrait of Immanuel Kant facing right, framed by a green Ouroboros serpent forming an oval, with a geometric symbol below the frame.
Portrait of Benedict de Spinoza, 17th-century Dutch-Jewish philosopher, with shoulder-length dark hair, white collar, and black robe, set against a dark background.
David Lewis
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Key People

Marble bust of Aristotle with a beard and draped robe, showing detailed facial features and wavy hair, set against a dark background.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher
The Greek philosopher Plato
Plato
Greek philosopher
Profile portrait of Immanuel Kant facing right, framed by a green Ouroboros serpent forming an oval, with a geometric symbol below the frame.
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher
René Descartes
René Descartes
French mathematician and philosopher
Engraved portrait of Benedict de Spinoza by Friedrich Roth-Scholtz, showing Spinoza in formal 17th-century attire with a circular symbol in the upper left corner.
Benedict de Spinoza
Dutch-Jewish philosopher
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Putnam
American philosopher
Headshot of Martin Heidegger wearing a dark suit and light tie, looking slightly to the side with a neutral expression.
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher
Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead
British mathematician and philosopher
Engraved portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz with long curly hair, wearing a buttoned coat and cravat, facing forward.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German philosopher and mathematician
Scratchpad: Black-and-white formal portrait of philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson smiling, wearing a tailored jacket with a brooch and a bow-tied blouse before a curtain. Alt text: Black-and-white portrait of philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson smiling in a tailored jacket, brooch, and bow-tied blouse.
Judith Jarvis Thomson
American philosopher
George Berkeley
George Berkeley
Irish philosopher
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder
German philosopher
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher
Henri Bergson
Henri Bergson
French philosopher
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte
German philosopher
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Tommaso Campanella
Italian philosopher and poet
Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche
French priest
Suárez, Francisco
Francisco Suárez
Spanish theologian and philosopher
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Vincenzo Gioberti
Italian philosopher and statesman