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history of Ghana
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Ghana Map of Ghana showing international boundaries, major cities, rivers, and neighboring countries including Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, and a small section of Benin and Nigeria. The map includes a locator inset highlighting Ghana's position on the west coast of Africa along the Atlantic Ocean. Map of western Africa showing the greatest territorial extent of major historical states from the 11th to 16th centuries. The 14th-century Kingdom of Mali is outlined in green, the 16th-century Songhai Empire in purple, and the 16th-century Hausa Bakwai states in red. Major cities, rivers, and regional names are labeled within and around these territories. Elmina Castle Map of western Africa showing the locations and territorial extents of major kingdoms and peoples from the 17th to 19th centuries. The Hausa Bakwai states are outlined in orange, representing their largest area in the 17th-18th centuries, while the Fulani kingdom is outlined in green, showing its 19th-century peak. Major cities, rivers, and regions such as the Niger and Benue Rivers, the Bauchi Highlands, and the Adamawa Plateau are labeled for context. Kumasi Map of western Africa in the late 19th century showing areas under French and British control in 1880, and illustrating the advance of French, British, and German colonial forces with dated arrows. French-controlled territory is shaded green and British-controlled territory is shaded purple, with major advances and key cities labeled. Boundaries between mandates established in 1919 are also marked, and an inset locates the region within Africa. Colonization of Africa: Maps, Timeline, Decolonization, & Independence Map of Africa showing the territorial divisions and colonial possessions by European powers from the late 19th to early 20th century. Countries and regions are color-coded to indicate British, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Belgian, and German control, with independent countries and British-Egyptian condominium also marked. The map highlights the extent and timing of colonization, with most of the continent under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia. Kwame Nkrumah
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history of Ghana: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • John D. Fage
  • Oliver Davies
    Associate Professor of Archaeology, University of Ghana, 1952–66.
  • Donna J. Maier
    Professor, Department of History, University of Northern Iowa.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Revised discussion of Asante expansion in the 18th century. Sep 24, 2025
Updated with the 2024 election results and developments during Mahama's presidency. Aug 27, 2025
Modified link of Web site: History World - History of Ghana. Dec 23, 2024
Add new Web site: Village Volunteers - History of Ghana. Mar 12, 2024
New article added. Jul 25, 2023
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