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Cooperative game theory explores situations where players can communicate and form binding agreements to achieve mutual gain. Unlike constant-sum games where interests are opposed, cooperative games involve players with both common and conflicting interests.1

In cooperative games, the ability to communicate and coordinate decisions is crucial. The von Neumann–Morgenstern theory analyzes these games by considering coalitions of players and their associated values. A "solution" in this context is a set of stable outcomes where no player within a coalition has an incentive to deviate. However, finding a single, universally applicable solution can be complex, and some games may have multiple potential solutions or even no solution at all.2

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