conscientious objector
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What is a conscientious objector?
A conscientious objector is someone who opposes military service, refusing to bear arms or participate in military training due to moral or religious beliefs.
Conscientious objection has historical roots, particularly among religious groups like the Mennonites and Quakers. While governments have often been unsympathetic, some have offered exemptions or alternative service options. The United States, for instance, has granted alternative service since the Civil War. Great Britain also offered various levels of exemption during World War II. France, Belgium, and Scandinavian countries eventually provided legal recognition and alternative service for objectors.
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Why might someone become a conscientious objector?
A conscientious objector is someone who opposes military service or bearing arms due to moral or religious beliefs. While their stance is rooted in conscience, the reasons vary from religious to philosophical or political convictions.
Historically, objectors faced unsympathetic governments, but some pacifist religious groups have been excused. Certain Christian sects like Mennonites, Quakers, and others have doctrines against military activities. Not all objectors are religious, though most base their refusal on pacifist principles. Some may offer non-combatant service, while others avoid aiding war efforts.
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What are some reasons people say no to military service?
Conscientious objectors refuse military service or bearing arms due to moral or religious beliefs. These objections are based on conscience, stemming from religious, philosophical, or political reasons.
Historically, governments were unsympathetic, but some pacifist religious groups were sometimes exempt. The U.S. has granted alternative service since the Civil War, initially only for recognized pacifist religious sect members. Now, philosophical, political, or personal moral objections are considered valid reasons for refusing military service in many countries. Some nations offer noncombatant roles or civilian service options.
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How do different countries treat conscientious objectors?
A conscientious objector is someone who opposes military service due to moral, religious, or philosophical reasons.
Historically, governments have been largely unsympathetic to conscientious objectors, but certain pacifistic religious groups have sometimes been exempt.
In the United States, alternative service has been granted since the Civil War. Great Britain offered noncombatant roles during World War I and, by World War II, provided options for civil work or exemption from combat. France and Belgium legally recognized objectors in the 1960s, offering civilian service. Scandinavian countries recognize various types of objectors, while the Netherlands recognizes religious and moral objectors. During its partition, West Germany recognized all objector types.
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What alternatives might conscientious objectors have instead of serving in the military?
A conscientious objector is someone who opposes military service due to moral, philosophical, or religious beliefs.
Historically, options for conscientious objectors have varied by country and time. Some countries have offered alternative non-combatant roles in the military, while others provide opportunities to engage in civilian service like the Peace Corps. Such service is typically unrelated to military activities.
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How have conscientious objectors influenced laws or society over time?
Conscientious objectors have influenced laws and society by challenging military service norms based on religious, philosophical, or moral grounds. Historically, governments were unsympathetic, but exceptions arose, such as in colonial Pennsylvania, led by Quaker pacifists.
The U.S. later granted alternative service during the Civil War and in 1940, but initially only to members of recognized pacifist religious sects. Great Britain offered noncombatant roles and exemptions during both World Wars. France (1963) and Belgium (1964) legally recognized religious and philosophical objectors, offering alternative civilian service. Scandinavian countries also recognize various types of objectors. These changes reflect a growing global acceptance and legal accommodation of conscientious objection.
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conscientious objector, one who opposes bearing arms or who objects to any type of military training and service. Some conscientious objectors refuse to submit to any of the procedures of compulsory conscription. Although all objectors take their position on the basis of conscience, they may have varying religious, philosophical, or political reasons for their beliefs.
Conscientious objection to military service has existed in some form since the beginning of the Christian era and has, for the most part, been associated with religious scruples against military activities. It developed as a doctrine of the Mennonites in various parts of Europe in the 16th century, of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in England in the 17th century, and of the Church of the Brethren and of the Dukhobors in Russia in the 18th century.
Throughout history, governments have been generally unsympathetic toward individual conscientious objectors; their refusal to undertake military service has been treated like any other breach of law. There have, however, been times when certain pacifistic religious sects have been exempted. During the 19th century, Prussia exempted the Mennonites from military service in return for a military tax, and until 1874 they were exempted in Russia. Such exceptions were unusual, however.
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The relatively liberal policy of the United States began in colonial Pennsylvania, whose government was controlled until 1756 by Quaker pacifists. Since the American Civil War and the enactment of the first U.S. conscript law, some form of alternative service has been granted to those unwilling to bear arms. Under the conscript laws of 1940, conscientious objector status, including some form of service unrelated to and not controlled by the military, was granted, but solely on the basis of membership in a recognized pacifistic religious sect. Objections of a philosophical, political, or personal moral nature were not considered valid reasons for refusing military service.
In Great Britain a noncombatant corps was established during World War I, but many conscientious objectors refused to belong to it. During World War II, three types of exemption could be granted: (1) unconditional; (2) conditional on the undertaking of specified civil work; (3) exemption only from combatant duties. Conscription in Great Britain ended in 1960, and in 1968 recruits were allowed discharge as conscientious objectors within six months from the date of their entry into the military.
Until the 1960s neither France nor Belgium had legal provision for conscientious objectors, although for some years in both countries growing public opinion—fortified in France by the unpopularity of the Algerian War of Independence—had forced limited recognition administratively. A French law of 1963 finally gave legal recognition to religious and philosophical objectors, providing both noncombatant and alternative civilian service with a term of service twice that of the military term. Belgium enacted a similar law in 1964, recognizing objection to all military service on religious, philosophical, and moral grounds.
Scandinavian countries recognize all types of objectors and provide both noncombatant and civilian service. In Norway and Sweden civil defense is compulsory, with no legal recognition of objection to that type of service. A Swedish law of 1966 provided complete exemption from compulsory service for Jehovah’s Witnesses. In the Netherlands, religious and moral objectors are recognized. During the period of German partition (1949–90), the Federal Republic (West Germany) recognized all types of objectors, providing noncombatant service and alternative civilian service, while after 1964 East Germany provided noncombatant military services for conscientious objectors.
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