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Bond ratings, also known as credit ratings, are assessments of an issuer's creditworthiness, helping investors gauge the risk of default. These ratings are assigned by agencies like Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch, using scales that typically range from AAA (highest quality) to D (default).12

Bonds rated BBB or higher are considered "investment grade," indicating a lower risk of default and suitability for institutional investors. Bonds rated below BBB are classified as "junk" or "speculative grade" bonds. These carry a higher risk of default but offer higher interest rates to compensate investors for that increased risk. Junk bonds are often issued by newer or more speculative companies. Investors can manage default risk by investing in bonds with higher credit ratings.1342

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