- Also called:
- The Greatest Show on Earth
- Formerly:
- Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows
- Date:
- 1907 - May 1917
- Areas Of Involvement:
- circus
- freak show
- clown
- Related People:
- P.T. Barnum
- Philippe Petit
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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What is the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus?
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, known as "The Greatest Show on Earth," was a famous traveling circus in the United States. The circus's origins began in Wisconsin in 1867 and grew to include the Barnum & Bailey Circus by 1900.
The circus faced declining attendance due to changing audience tastes and animal welfare concerns, leading to the discontinuation of animal acts and, ultimately, the ceasing of operations in 2017. However, the circus returned in 2023 with a reimagined show that excluded live animals and introduced musical, dance, and narrative elements.
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When and how did this circus begin?
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus started as a traveling circus in Wisconsin in 1867. Later, P.T. Barnum branded it as “The Greatest Show on Earth” by 1872.
In 1882, the Ringling Brothers formed a song-and-dance troupe before establishing their first small circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin, on May 19, 1884. They toured the U.S. Midwest, expanding rapidly after acquiring their first elephant in 1888. The Ringling Brothers bought the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907 and combined the two circuses in 1919 into one.
Changing audience tastes and controversies led to the circus ceasing operations in 2017 but resuming in 2023 without animals.
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What types of performances and acts were included in the circus?
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus featured a variety of performances and acts. Traditional shows included trapeze artists, acrobats, clowns, and human cannonballs.
Other stars included May Wirth, who performed on horseback, and Lillian Leitzel, an aerialist who performed acrobatics on Roman rings. The circus also included animal trainers like Mabel Stark, who commanded tigers, and Clyde Beatty, who worked with lions and tigers.
In 2023, the circus began a North American tour that included musical, dance, and narrative elements.
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Who were the Ringling Brothers and who was P.T. Barnum?
The Ringling Brothers were comprised of Albert, Otto, Alfred, Charles, John, August, and Henry Ringling, sons of a German harness maker. In 1882, five of the brothers formed a song-and-dance troupe before adding circus acts and establishing their first circus in Baraboo, Wisconsin, in 1884. They expanded and began using railway cars in 1890 to transport their circus. By 1900, they were competing with the Barnum & Bailey Circus.
P.T. Barnum (1810-1891) was an American showman known for popularizing the public museum, musical concert, and three-ring circus. In partnership with James A. Bailey, he created the "Greatest Show on Earth," making the American circus a large spectacle. Barnum had a knack for sensational presentations and publicity.
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How did the circus travel and set up its shows across the country?
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus employed over 1,000 people, traveling with animals and equipment on 90–100 double-length train cars. In the early 20th century, larger shows sent an advance car to publicize the circus two or three weeks ahead of its arrival.
On show day, the train arrived with stock cars and flatcars loaded with wagons, animals, and equipment. The show grounds became a hub of activity as performers, musicians, and workers assembled for the grand street parade. After two daily shows, the circus was disassembled at night, loaded back onto the trains, and moved to the next town.
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Why did the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus stop performing for a while, and when did it return?
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, known as "The Greatest Show on Earth," initially stopped performing in 2017 due to declining attendance, changing audience tastes, and controversies over animal treatment. Animal welfare groups protested the circus's training methods, particularly regarding elephants, leading to decreased revenues and increased costs.
However, the circus resumed performances in 2023, without animals, marking a new chapter in its long history.
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News •
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus became the best-known traveling circus in the United States during the 20th century. Its origins can be traced to a traveling circus founded in Wisconsin in 1867. By 1872, under the direction of showman P.T. Barnum, it was branded as “The Greatest Show on Earth.” Changing audience tastes and controversies over the circus’s treatment of animals resulted in Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus ceasing operations in 2017. The circus resumed performances, without animals, in 2023.
Beginnings: Castello, Coup, and Barnum
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus had its roots in Dan Castello’s Great Circus & Egyptian Caravan, which was founded in Delavan, Wisconsin, in 1867 by two veteran circus men, Dan Castello and William Cameron Coup. Featuring eight camels that had belonged to the U.S. Army’s experimental Camel Corps, Castello and Coup’s circus toured the Upper Midwest, both overland and by boat. It also traveled west by train shortly after the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869.
In 1870 Castello and Coup persuaded renowned impresario P.T. Barnum to join their venture, which reemerged in Brooklyn, New York, on April 10, 1871, as P.T. Barnum’s Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan and Hippodrome. Barnum, then age 60 and one of the most famous people in the United States, had already earned a considerable reputation by satisfying the public’s hunger for spectacle with his American Museum in New York City, which presented all manner of human and animal curiosities, mixing exoticized reality with fantastic fabrications.
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Coup contributed to the growth of their circus and circuses in general by designing a railcar and method of end-loading that increased the efficiency of transporting circuses by railroad. His railroad flatcars were joined by “crossover” metal plates, and a pulley-and-rope system allowed fully loaded circus wagons to be rolled on and off the train with unprecedented ease.
By 1872 the Barnum circus, branded the “The Greatest Show on Earth,” had been redesigned to travel by train. Coup also introduced the use of specially chartered “excursion trains” that brought people from small towns in the surrounding area to the sites of the circus on performance days. Coup and Castello parted ways with Barnum in 1875 and started a new entrancement, the Centennial Circus, in 1876.
Beginnings: Barnum & Bailey
On a parallel track, in the early 1870s, James A. Bailey became a partner in the circus of which James E. Cooper was the principal owner. From 1876 to 1878 Cooper, Bailey and Co.’s Great International Circus traveled abroad, from Australia to South America and on to Great Britain, before returning to the United States and expanding its operations to include the Great London Circus and Sanger’s Royal British Menagerie. Thereafter, Cooper and Bailey’s circus often performed as the Great London Circus & Grand International Allied Shows, combined with Sanger’s Royal British Menagerie. In the process, it became a rival of Barnum’s circus, with which it agreed in 1880 to join forces, combining shows in 1881 and ultimately adopting the name Barnum & Bailey Circus.
In 1882 Barnum purchased Jumbo, an enormously popular elephant at the London Zoo, and transported him to the United States, where the larger-than-average elephant—called by Barnum “the largest elephant ever seen”—became the star attraction of Barnum’s circus. In May 1884 Barnum engineered a bounty of publicity for the circus by parading Jumbo, 20 other elephants, and 17 camels across the recently constructed Brooklyn Bridge to prove its structural integrity.
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When Barnum died in 1891, his widow sold her interest in the circus to Bailey, who began a five-year tour of Europe with the circus in 1897. By the end of the century, the Barnum & Bailey Circus featured five performance rings and more than 1,000 employees and traveled in some 85 railroad cars.
Beginnings: The Ringling Brothers
Meanwhile, elsewhere in Wisconsin, “the cradle of circuses,” five siblings of German-French heritage, the Rüngeling (later Ringling) brothers (Albert, Otto, Alfred, Charles, and John), were in the process of founding their own circus in Baraboo. Beginning as a song-and-dance troupe in 1882, it grew into a one-ring circus by 1884 and added its first elephant in 1888. After taking the show—the Ringling Bros. United Monster Shows, Great Double Circus, Royal European Menagerie, Museum, Caravan, and Congress of Trained Animals—on the road in horse-drawn wagons, the Ringlings began transporting their circus by railroad in 1890, making it possible for them to take a larger production on longer tours.
In 1895, as the rivalry grew between the Ringling brothers’ circus and Barnum and Bailey’s circus, the two organizations agreed to divide the market geographically.