European Union: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- government budgetBudget of the European Union (EU)
- capital punishmentHistorical considerations
- communitarianismCultural relativism and the global community
- data protection
- dietary supplementRegulation and classification of dietary supplements
- economic regionalism
- Maastricht Treaty
- history of EuropeEver closer union?
- 20th-century international relationsEurope adrift after the Cold War
- euro-zone debt crisisThe crisis unfolds
- public opinionRegional and global surveys
- European Commission
- European lawThe European Union and the Council of Europe
- Euroskepticism
- functionalismNeofunctionalism
- genetically modified organismSociopolitical relevance of GMOs
- German E. coli outbreak of 2011Stages of the outbreak
- governance
- governanceRegional governance
- G20
- Treaty of Rome
- civil serviceInternational civil service
- InternetSociety and the Internet
- Today in History—January 1When Europe changed its money overnight
- Libya Revolt of 2011Uprising
- Lisbon Treaty
- minimum wageHistory and global adoption
- organic foodPolicy
- policeInternational police organizations
- policeComputerization
- renewable energyGrowth of renewables in the 21st century
- same-sex marriageInternational
- Why is Norway not part of the European Union?
- AustriaTrade
- AustriaAustria in the European Union
- Bank for International Settlements
- BelgiumBelgium after World War II
- Bulgaria
- CyprusEfforts toward reunification
- DenmarkDenmark since the 1990s
- Finland
- GreeceRestoration of democracy
- HungaryEconomic reforms
- HungaryEconomic and social change
- IcelandTrade
- IcelandEuropean integration
- ItalyTrade of Italy
- ItalyAgriculture, forestry, and fishing
- ItalyTrade of Italy
- LuxembourgIndependent Luxembourg
- MaltaModern history
- MontenegroIndependence of Montenegro
- North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATO in the former Yugoslavia and expansion into eastern Europe
- PolandPoland in the 21st century
- PortugalEconomy of Portugal
- PortugalThe 1976 constitution and subsequent reforms
- RomaniaTrade of Romania
- RomaniaNew constitution
- SlovakiaEconomy of Slovakia
- SloveniaTrade of Slovenia
- SloveniaThe postcommunist era
- SpainThe Aznar regime
- SwedenForeign policy into the 1990s
- Margaret ThatcherPrime minister
- AlgeriaRelations with Europe
- BalkansEconomic collapse and nationalist resurgence
- CroatiaIndependent Croatia
- Stephen HarperMajority government of Stephen Harper
- KosovoSelf-declared independence
- MoroccoAgriculture, forestry, and fishing
- MoroccoTrade
- MyanmarMyanmar since 1988
- MyanmarMyanmar since 1988
- New ZealandEconomy of New Zealand
- SerbiaIndependent Serbia
- SerbiaIndependent Serbia
- SurinamePolitical movements
- SwitzerlandEconomy
- SwitzerlandRecent developments
- SyriaUprising and civil war
- TogoTogo under Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma
- TunisiaFinance
- TurkeyPost-Cold War: Neoliberalism, attempt to join the European Union, and the zero problems doctrine
- UkraineThe Maidan protest movement
Additional Reading
General overviews of the EU are provided in Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration, 2nd ed. (1999); and Neill Nugent, The Government and Politics of the European Union, 5th ed. (2003). The diplomatic and political history of European integration is discussed in Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State, 2nd ed. (2000); and Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (1998). A detailed discussion of the various EU institutions is Simon Hix, The Political System of the European Union, 2nd ed. (2003). Economic studies include Ali M. El-Agraa, The European Union: Economics and Policies, 7th ed. (2004); and Loukas Tsoukalis, The New European Economy Revisited, 3rd ed. (1997).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Matthew J. Gabel
-
Michael Ray
Michael Ray is an assistant managing editor who has worked at Britannica since 2003. In addition to leading the Geography and History team, he oversees coverage of European history and military affairs. He earned a B.A. in history from Michigan State University in 1995.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Updated for the proposal that Canada could become an associate member of the EU. | Sep 17, 2026 | ||
| Cross-reference corrected. | Jun 11, 2025 | ||
| Cross-references corrected and added. | Dec 06, 2024 | ||
| Modified link of Web site: The Balance - What is the European Union? | May 06, 2024 | ||
| Link added. | Jul 19, 2023 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 20, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Council on Foreign Relations - How Does the European Union Work? | Dec 04, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: CNN - European Union Fast Facts. | Mar 21, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Investopedia - European Union (EU). | Mar 21, 2022 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 15, 2022 | ||
| Updated to mention the EU response to COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. | Mar 04, 2022 | ||
| Removed media. | Oct 28, 2021 | ||
| Updated for the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. | Jan 31, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Balance - What is the European Union? | Nov 08, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: ThoughtCo. - The History of the European Union. | May 10, 2018 | ||
| Updated to reflect ongoing Brexit negotiations. | Dec 26, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | Oct 17, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 07, 2016 | ||
| Updated with the results of the "Brexit" referendum. | Jun 24, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the European Union. | May 03, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the European Union. | May 03, 2016 | ||
| Added video. | Nov 26, 2014 | ||
| Updated for the 2014 European Parliament elections. | May 27, 2014 | ||
| Updated for the crisis in Crimea. | Mar 21, 2014 | ||
| Updated for Croatia's accession to the European Union. | Jul 01, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - European Union. | Jan 10, 2013 | ||
| Updated to mention developments in the euro-zone debt crisis. | Oct 18, 2012 | ||
| The EU's receipt of a Nobel Prize noted. | Oct 12, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: Spartacus Educational - European Union. | Dec 29, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indiana University - European Union. | Dec 19, 2011 | ||
| Updated with the Lisbon Treaty's entry into force. | Dec 01, 2009 | ||
| Added the date on which the Lisbon Treaty is scheduled to take effect. | Nov 25, 2009 | ||
| Updated with the Czech Republic's ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. | Nov 03, 2009 | ||
| Updated with Poland's ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. | Oct 23, 2009 | ||
| Updated with Ireland's approval of the Lisbon Treaty. | Oct 06, 2009 | ||
| Clarified that the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1951 and went into effect in 1952. | Aug 27, 2009 | ||
| Article updated to include mention that Great Britain in 1955 sent a representative to observe ongoing discussions about the development of the European Coal and Steel Community. | Aug 19, 2009 | ||
| Article updated to include mention of Great Britain's decision not to join the European Coal and Steel Community and the factors that potentially impacted that decision. | Aug 14, 2009 | ||
| Added 2004 map of the European Union. | Aug 03, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: History.com - European Union. | Aug 07, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Embassy of Germany in Washington - The European Union. | Jul 23, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 13, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Dec 13, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Europa - Gateway to European Union. | Aug 02, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Energy Information Administration - European Union. | Jan 19, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jan 04, 2007 | ||
| Media added. | Nov 10, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The World Factbook - European Union. | Jul 27, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The European Union - The Official Site of the Delegation of the European Commission to the USA. | Jul 05, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 18, 2005 | ||
| Article revised. | May 21, 2004 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 06, 2003 | ||
| Article revised. | May 10, 2002 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 15, 1999 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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