Jabneh, ancient city of Palestine (now Israel) lying about 15 miles (24 km) south of Tel Aviv–Yafo and 4 miles (6 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Settled by Philistines, Jabneh came into Jewish hands in the time of Uzziah in the 8th century bc. Judas Maccabeus (d. 161 bc) attacked the harbour of

Peyo Yavorov was a Bulgarian poet and dramatist, the founder of the Symbolist movement in Bulgarian poetry. Yavorov took part in the preparation of the ill-fated Macedonian uprising against Ottoman hegemony in August 1903, edited revolutionary papers, and crossed twice into Macedonia with partisan

Selim I was an Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and the Hejaz and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. Selim came to the throne in the wake of civil strife in which he, his brother, and their father, Bayezid II, had been involved. Selim

Bosporus: The third, the Yavuz Sultan Selim (Bosporus III) Bridge, was completed in 2016 and has a main span of 4,620 feet (1,408 metres). A rail tunnel under the Bosporus opened in 2013, and a road tunnel opened in 2016.

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: Hilmi Yavuz worked as a journalist in London, where he also completed a degree in philosophy, and he later taught history and philosophy in Istanbul. In his poems the aesthetics of Ottoman civilization become the object of deep, at times nostalgic, reflection within a thoroughly…

ship: Ship motions in response to the sea: In maneuvering, a ship experiences yaw (rotation about a vertical axis) and sway (sideways motion). More generally, motions are possible in all six degrees of freedom, the other four being roll (rotation about a longitudinal axis), pitch (rotation about a transverse axis), heave (vertical motion), and surge (longitudinal motion superimposed…

Ellen Beach Yaw was an American operatic soprano who enjoyed critical and popular acclaim on European and American stages during the early 20th century. Yaw gave perhaps her first public concert in Brooklyn in 1888. Six years later, to raise money for European study, she made her first national

José María Arguedas: Literary and anthropological career: …novels, including Yawar fiesta (1941; Bloody Feast) and Los ríos profundos (1958; Deep Rivers), expanded on these concerns through detailed portrayals of Indigenous life and the social divisions that structure Peruvian society.

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: …of sons, one of whom, Yahuar Huacac (Yawar Waqaq), was kidnapped by a neighboring group when he was about eight years old. The boy’s mother, Mama Mikay, was a Huayllaca (Wayllaqa) woman who had been promised to the leader of another group called the Ayarmaca (’Ayarmaka). When the promise was…

jujitsu, form of martial art and method of fighting that makes use of few or no weapons and employs holds, throws, and paralyzing blows to subdue an opponent. It evolved among the warrior class (bushi, or samurai) in Japan from about the 17th century. Designed to complement a warrior’s

Tani Ryōko is a Japanese judoka, who became the first woman to win two Olympic titles (2000 and 2004) in judo. At age eight Tani followed her elder brother to the dojo (school for martial arts) and within months was throwing larger boys in competition. She achieved her first major victory in 1988

Kitakyūshū: The industrial nucleus, Yahata, specializes in iron and steel, heavy chemicals, cement, and glass. Wakamatsu produces metals, machinery, ships, and chemicals and is a major coal port for northern Kyushu. Tobata is one of the main deep-sea-fishing bases of western Japan, has a large output of cotton textiles,…

Nippon Steel Corporation: …by the 1970 merger of Yawata Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., and Fuji Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. It ranks among the world’s largest steel corporations. Its headquarters are in Tokyo, and it has several offices overseas.

Nippon Steel Corporation: …by the 1970 merger of Yawata Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., and Fuji Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. It ranks among the world’s largest steel corporations. Its headquarters are in Tokyo, and it has several offices overseas.

Yawatahama, city, Ehime ken (prefecture), Shikoku, Japan. It lies along the Uwa Sea. A castle town and fishing port during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867), it later developed as a trade centre for silk cocoons and raw silk. The city is now an important base for deep-sea trawling and has

Tom Yawkey was an American professional baseball executive, sportsman, and owner of the American League Boston Red Sox (1933–76)—the last of the patriarchal owners of early baseball. Austin was taken into the home of his maternal uncle William Yawkey and received a B.S. degree (in mining

Tom Yawkey was an American professional baseball executive, sportsman, and owner of the American League Boston Red Sox (1933–76)—the last of the patriarchal owners of early baseball. Austin was taken into the home of his maternal uncle William Yawkey and received a B.S. degree (in mining

yawl, two-masted sailboat, usually rigged with one or more jibsails, a mainsail, and a mizzen. In common with the ketch, the forward (main) mast is higher than the mizzenmast, but the mizzenmast of a yawl is placed astern of the rudder post, while that of the ketch is closer amidships. Like most

Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm: …Yawmīyāt nāʾib fī al-aryāf (1937; The Maze of Justice), is a satire on Egyptian officialdom.

speech: Intensity: …automatic reflexes of laughing and yawning illustrate the resonator action of the vocal organ. Together with a widely opened mouth, flat tongue, elevated palate, and maximally widened pharynx, the larynx assumes a lowered position with maximally elevated epiglottis. This configuration is ideal for the unimpeded radiation of the vocal cord…

speech: Intensity: …automatic reflexes of laughing and yawning illustrate the resonator action of the vocal organ. Together with a widely opened mouth, flat tongue, elevated palate, and maximally widened pharynx, the larynx assumes a lowered position with maximally elevated epiglottis. This configuration is ideal for the unimpeded radiation of the vocal cord…

yaws, contagious disease occurring in moist tropical regions throughout the world. It is caused by a spirochete, Treponema pallidum pertenue, that is structurally indistinguishable from T. pallidum, which causes syphilis. The spirochetes of yaws are present in the discharge from lesions on the skin

Ottoman Empire: Military organization: …organized as infantry were called yayas; those organized as cavalry, müsellems. Although the new force included some Turkmens who were content to accept salaries in place of booty, most of its men were Christian soldiers from the Balkans who were not required to convert to Islam as long as they…

Girish Karnad: Education and early works: …first play, the critically acclaimed Yayati (1961), while at Oxford. The play, which draws from the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, recounts the story of King Yayati, an ancestor of the Pandavas. The king is condemned to premature old age by sage Shukracharya as retribution for his infidelity. The play established Karnad’s…

Yayoi culture, (c. 300 bce–c. 250 ce), prehistoric culture of Japan, subsequent to the Jōmon culture. Named after the district in Tokyo where its artifacts were first found in 1884, the culture arose on the southern Japanese island of Kyushu and spread northeastward toward the Kantō Plain. The

Yayoi culture: Yayoi pottery, like earlier Jōmon ware, was unglazed. Pottery of the Early Yayoi period (c. 300–100 bce) was characterized by knife-incised surface decoration. During the Middle Yayoi period (100 bce–100 ce) pottery objects with comb-mark decorations appeared. Forms of this warm russet-coloured ware included tall…

yazata, in Zoroastrianism, member of an order of angels created by Ahura Mazdā to help him maintain the flow of the world order and quell the forces of Ahriman and his demons. They gather the light of the Sun and pour it on the Earth. Their help is indispensable in aiding man to purify and elevate

Yazd, city, capital of Yazd province, central Iran. The city dates from the 5th century ce and was described as the “noble city of Yazd” by Marco Polo. It stands on a mostly barren sand-ridden plain about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) above sea level. The climate is completely desertic. A network of

Islamic arts: Early religious buildings: …Ḥamāh in Syria and at Yazd-e Khvāst in Iran, where archaeological proof exists of the change. There are also several literary references to the fact that Christian churches, Zoroastrian fire temples, and other older abandoned sanctuaries were transformed into mosques. Altogether, however, those instances probably were not too numerous, because…

Yazīdī, member of a Kurdish religious minority found primarily in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northern Syria, the Caucasus region, and parts of Iran. The Yazīdī religion includes elements of ancient Iranian religions as well as elements of Judaism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Yazdegerd II was the king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V. Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and

Yazdegerd III was the last king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 632–651), the son of Shahryār and a grandson of Khosrow II. A mere child when he was placed on the throne, Yazdegerd never actually exercised power. In his first year the Arab invasion began, and in 636/637 the Battle of al-Qādisīyah

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Iranian languages: Dialects: …related to this group is Yāzgulāmī. A period of a Yāzgulāmī-Shughnī common language (protolanguage) has been postulated by some scholars, after which it separated first into Yāzgulāmī and Common Shughnī; and then Common Shughnī gradually divided into Sarīkolī, Oroshorī-Bartangī, Roshānī-Khufī, and Bajuvī-Shughnī. Sarīkolī, the easternmost of these dialects, is spoken…

Pamirs: Physiography: …metres]); and the Vanch and Yazgulem ranges, with Independence Peak (22,880 feet [6,974 metres]; formerly Revolution Peak). The ranges are separated by deep ravines. To the east of the Yazgulem Range, in the central portion of the Pamirs, is the east-west Muzkol Range, reaching 20,449 feet (6,233 metres) in Soviet…

Yazīd I was the second Umayyad caliph (680–683), particularly noted for his suppression of a rebellion led by Ḥusayn, the son of ʿAlī. The death of Ḥusayn at the Battle of Karbalāʾ (680) made him a martyr and made permanent a division in Islam between the party of ʿAlī (the Shīʿites) and the

Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab was a provincial governor in the service of several caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty. In the first years of the 8th century Yazīd became governor of Khorāsān. He soon came into conflict with the powerful governor of Iraq, al-Ḥajjāj, at whose instigation the caliph, al-Walīd, had

Yazīd I was the second Umayyad caliph (680–683), particularly noted for his suppression of a rebellion led by Ḥusayn, the son of ʿAlī. The death of Ḥusayn at the Battle of Karbalāʾ (680) made him a martyr and made permanent a division in Islam between the party of ʿAlī (the Shīʿites) and the

al-Farazdaq: …chance to recover patronage under Yazīd II (720–724), when an insurrection occurred and he wrote poems excoriating the rebel leader.

Yazīdī, member of a Kurdish religious minority found primarily in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northern Syria, the Caucasus region, and parts of Iran. The Yazīdī religion includes elements of ancient Iranian religions as well as elements of Judaism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.

Nāṣīf Yāzijī was a Lebanese scholar who played a significant role in the revitalization of Arabic literary traditions. Until 1840 Yāzijī was employed in the service of Bashīr Shihāb II, the emir of Lebanon. He then moved to Beirut, where he continued his literary work. He was a Christian, and for a

Yazılıkaya, (Turkish: “Inscribed Rock”), Hittite monument about a mile northeast of Boğazköy; it was the site of the Hittite capital Hattusa in eastern Turkey. Two recesses in the rock, one to the northeast and the other to the east, form natural open-air galleries. In a northeastern recess is

Gahanbar: …or fravashis (guardian spirits); the Yasna, the central Zoroastrian rite, which includes the sacrifice of the sacred liquor, haoma; and the Pavi, prayers honoring God and his spirits, performed jointly by the priest and the faithful. A solemn feast then follows, in which the sacrificial offerings made in the preceding…

Mississippi: Relief and soils: …the great fertile crescent called the Delta is the old floodplain of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers, comprising some 6,250 square miles (16,200 square km) of black alluvial soil several feet deep. Once subject to disastrous floods, the land is now protected by levee and reservoir systems.

Yazoo City, city, seat (1848) of Yazoo county, west-central Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Yazoo River, 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Jackson. Founded as a planned community in 1826, it was later called Manchester; it was renamed for the Yazoo Indians in 1839. Its riverfront was a scene of

Mississippi: Relief and soils: …the great fertile crescent called the Delta is the old floodplain of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers, comprising some 6,250 square miles (16,200 square km) of black alluvial soil several feet deep. Once subject to disastrous floods, the land is now protected by levee and reservoir systems.

Yazoo land fraud, in U.S. history, scheme by which Georgia legislators were bribed in 1795 to sell most of the land now making up the state of Mississippi (then a part of Georgia’s western claims) to four land companies for the sum of $500,000, far below its potential market value. News of the

Yazoo River, river formed by the confluence of the Tallahatchie and Yalobusha rivers north of Greenwood, Mississippi, U.S. It meanders about 190 miles (306 km) generally south and southwest, much of the way paralleling the Mississippi River, which it joins at Vicksburg. The Yazoo flows with only a

Jacob, Hebrew patriarch who is considered the traditional ancestor of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He is renamed Israel after the pivotal scene in which he wrestles with a divine being. In the genealogy recounted in the Hebrew Bible, Jacob is the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and the son of Isaac

history of Arabia: Omani expansion: The Yaʿrubid dynasty—founded about 1624 when a member of the Yaʿrub tribe was elected imam—expelled the Portuguese from Muscat and set to harrying Portuguese possessions on the Indian coast. Embarking on expansion overseas—to Mombasa in 1698, then to Pemba, Zanzibar, and Kilwa—the Omanis became the supreme…

history of Arabia: Yemen: The Banū Yaʿfur, lords north of Sanaa, expelled the Ziyādid governor and ruled independently from 861 to 997. Najāḥid rule ended when ʿAlī ibn Mahdī captured Zabīd in 1159.

Jacob, Hebrew patriarch who is considered the traditional ancestor of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He is renamed Israel after the pivotal scene in which he wrestles with a divine being. In the genealogy recounted in the Hebrew Bible, Jacob is the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and the son of Isaac

Shaykh Ḥaydar: …brought him into conflict with Yaʿqūb, the Ak Koyunlu ruler who was also Ḥaydar’s brother-in-law, with the result that the alliance between the order and that dynasty was weakened. Ḥaydar was killed in battle by Ak Koyunlu troops while he was leading an expedition to Circassian territory. Ḥaydar’s major achievement…

Yaʿqūb ibn Layth al-Ṣaffār was the founder of the Ṣaffarid Empire, who rose from obscurity to rule much of present Iran as well as portions of Afghanistan and Pakistan; at one point he came close to capturing Baghdad, the seat of the caliph (the religious leader of all Islam). After an

Yaʿqūb ibn Layth al-Ṣaffār was the founder of the Ṣaffarid Empire, who rose from obscurity to rule much of present Iran as well as portions of Afghanistan and Pakistan; at one point he came close to capturing Baghdad, the seat of the caliph (the religious leader of all Islam). After an

Afghanistan: Yaʿqūb Khan (1879): The Treaty of Gandamak (Gandomak; May 26, 1879) recognized Yaʿqūb Khan as emir, and he subsequently agreed to receive a permanent British embassy at Kabul. In addition, he agreed to conduct his foreign relations with other states in accordance “with the wishes…

al-Yaʿqūbī was an Arab historian and geographer, author of a history of the world, Tāʾrīkh ibn Wāḍiḥ (“Chronicle of Ibn Wāḍiḥ”), and a general geography, Kitāb al-buldān (“Book of the Countries”). Until 873 al-Yaʿqūbī lived in Armenia and Khorāsān, under the patronage of the Iranian dynasty of the

history of Arabia: Omani expansion: The Yaʿrubid dynasty—founded about 1624 when a member of the Yaʿrub tribe was elected imam—expelled the Portuguese from Muscat and set to harrying Portuguese possessions on the Indian coast. Embarking on expansion overseas—to Mombasa in 1698, then to Pemba, Zanzibar, and Kilwa—the Omanis became the supreme…

ytterbium (Yb), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Ytterbium is the most volatile rare-earth metal. It is a soft, malleable silvery metal that will tarnish slightly when stored in air and therefore should be stored in vacuum or in an inert

John Knudsen Northrop: …propellers; its jet-propelled version, the YB-49, first flew in 1947. The following year the U.S. Air Force rejected the flying wing, citing as one factor the instability caused by its lack of a vertical tail fin, but four decades later the Northrop Corporation adapted Northrop’s design to new control mechanisms…

Tracey Emin: …one of the YBAs (Young British Artists; also known as the BritArtists) who came to prominence in the 1990s.

ceramic composition and properties: Crystal structure: These cases are illustrated by yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO; chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7), shown in Figure 2D. YBCO is a superconducting ceramic; that is, it loses all resistance to electric current at extremely low temperatures. Its structure consists of three cubes, with yttrium or barium at the centre, copper at…

Székesfehérvár: …fine and applied arts of Miklós Ybl, the great Hungarian architect, along with the work of other artists. Museums and galleries also include the King St. Stephen Museum, the Black Eagle Chemist’s Museum, the Hetedhét Toy Museum, and the Town Gallery Deák Collection.

Tampa: …by Vicente Martinez Ybor, and Ybor City, Tampa’s Latin quarter, became a centre of that industry; although some cigars are still made in Ybor City, the enclave is now mainly a tourist spot.

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): Juan de Yciar was the first in Spain to publish a copybook, the Recopilacion subtilissima (1548; “Most Delicate Compilation”). Two years later he published his Arte subtilissima (1550; “The Most Delicate Art”), in which he acknowledged his debt to the printed books of Arrighi, Tagliente,…

yard, Unit of length equal to 36 inches, or 3 feet (see foot), in the U.S. Customary System or 0.9144 metre in the International System of Units. A cloth yard, used to measure cloth, is 37 in. long; it was also the standard length for arrows. In casual speech, a yard (e.g., of concrete, gravel, or

Ull: He resided at Ydalir (Yew Dales).

Denmark: Relief: …568 feet (173 meters), is Yding Forest Hill (Yding Skovhøj) in east-central Jutland.

Fuzhou, city and capital of Fujian sheng (province), southeastern China. It is situated in the eastern part of the province on the north bank of the estuary of Fujian’s largest river, the Min River, a short distance from its mouth on the East China Sea. The Min gives the city access to the interior

Kanye West is an American producer, rapper, and fashion designer who parlayed his production success in the late 1990s and early 2000s into a career as a popular, critically acclaimed solo artist. One of the most controversial and influential celebrities of his generation, West attracted notoriety

Kanye West: Social media controversies, ye, Donald Trump, and Donda: …released the chaotic and unsettling ye, on which he declared that he is bipolar. Kids See Ghosts, a collaboration with rapper Kid Cudi, followed shortly thereafter. Like ye, it focused on mental health but to much better effect; intense and spooky, the album was widely viewed as more interesting and…

Ye Jianying was a Chinese communist military officer, administrator, and statesman who held high posts in the Chinese government during the 1970s and ’80s. Born of a middle-class family, Ye graduated from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919 and joined Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist movement shortly

History of film: China: …such Sixth Generation directors as Ye Lou, Jia Zhangke, and Zhang Meng tended to be more personal and idiosyncratic than those of the Fifth Generation. Ye first gained wide international notice with Suzhou Ye (2000; Suzhou River), a noirlike love story set in contemporary Shanghai. The action of Zi hu…

China: The anti-foreign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War): …Guangzhou, where the xenophobic governor-general, Ye Mingchen, was inciting the Cantonese to annihilate the British, the Arrow incident occurred in October 1856. Guangzhou police seized the Arrow, a Chinese-owned but British-registered ship flying a British flag, and charged its Chinese crew with piracy and smuggling. The British consul Harry Parkes…

Ye Shengtao was a Chinese writer and teacher known primarily for his vernacular fiction. Ye taught at primary schools after his graduation from secondary school and in 1914 began writing short stories in classical Chinese for several periodicals. Influenced by the May Fourth Movement, he turned to

Ye Shengtao was a Chinese writer and teacher known primarily for his vernacular fiction. Ye taught at primary schools after his graduation from secondary school and in 1914 began writing short stories in classical Chinese for several periodicals. Influenced by the May Fourth Movement, he turned to

Ye Shiwen is a Chinese swimmer, who specialized in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley (IM). In IMs the swimmer performs four different strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle) during the same race. Ye was a breakout star at the London 2012 Olympic Games, winning two

Ye Ting was an outstanding Chinese military leader. Ye is thought to have been of peasant origin, but he was educated at the Baoding Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1918. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1924 and was commander of a vanguard unit on the Northern Expedition

Ye Ting was an outstanding Chinese military leader. Ye is thought to have been of peasant origin, but he was educated at the Baoding Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1918. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1924 and was commander of a vanguard unit on the Northern Expedition

Hong Kong literature: Ye Xi (Liang Bingjun) was a writer, cultural critic, and scholar who contributed to the introduction of a number of modern literary conventions into Hong Kong literature in the 1970s. Other writers who came into prominence at that time and had strong local identities are…

Ye Jianying was a Chinese communist military officer, administrator, and statesman who held high posts in the Chinese government during the 1970s and ’80s. Born of a middle-class family, Ye graduated from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919 and joined Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist movement shortly

Yarkand River, a headstream of the Tarim River in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, in extreme western China. The Yarkand, which is 600 miles (970 km) long, rises in the Karakoram Pass of the Karakoram Range in the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region. In its upper course it

Kyiv: City layout: …bridge and by the imposing Ye. O. Paton road bridge, which is 4,920 feet (1,500 metres) long and named for its designer.

Chuck Yeager was an American test pilot and U.S. Air Force officer who was the first man to exceed the speed of sound in flight. Yeager enlisted in the U.S. Army in September 1941, shortly after graduating from high school, and was assigned to the Army Air Corps. He was commissioned a reserve

Chuck Yeager was an American test pilot and U.S. Air Force officer who was the first man to exceed the speed of sound in flight. Yeager enlisted in the U.S. Army in September 1941, shortly after graduating from high school, and was assigned to the Army Air Corps. He was commissioned a reserve

Voyager: Piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, the craft took off on December 14 from Edwards Air Force Base, 60 miles (100 km) northeast of Los Angeles, and landed at that same base 9 days later after completing a course of 25,012 miles (40,251 km) around the world. The Voyager…

Marshall B. Clinard: …his collaboration with American sociologist Peter Cleary Yeager on a study that was published in two forms: Illegal Corporate Behavior (1979) and Corporate Crime (1980). In the Sutherland tradition, Clinard and Yeager examined crimes committed by the 477 largest manufacturing corporations and the 105 largest wholesale, retail, and service corporations…

TV on the Radio: …worked with art punk group the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, and they had a hand in that band’s 2009 album It’s Blitz!, which featured Adebimpe as a guest artist and Sitek as coproducer. Sitek also produced Scarlett Johansson’s Anywhere I Lay My Head (2008), which featured the actress’s interpretation of Tom…

year, time required for Earth to travel once around the Sun, about 365 1 4 days. This fractional number makes necessary the periodic intercalation of days in any calendar that is to be kept in step with the seasons. In the Gregorian calendar a common year contains 365 days, and every fourth year

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin: In his celebrated painting The Year 1918 in Petrograd, also known as the Petrograd Madonna (1920), the events of the revolution are treated as bloodless and humanitarian, as if they were somehow abstract. This form of idealization was characteristic of the mature works of Petrov-Vodkin, and it is evident…

Y2K bug, a problem in the coding of computerized systems that was projected to create havoc in computers and computer networks around the world at the beginning of the year 2000 (in metric measurements, k stands for 1,000). After more than a year of international alarm, feverish preparations, and

Y2K bug: … in October 1998 signed the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act. The law was designed to encourage American companies to share Y2K data by offering them limited liability protection for sharing information about Y2K products, methods, and best practices.

futurology: …Arts and Sciences formed its Commission on the Year 2000 “to anticipate social patterns, to design new institutions, and to propose alternative programs”; the commission’s 1967 report constituted the first wide-ranging futurological study in the United States.

Louis-Sébastien Mercier: …imagination, L’An 2440 (1770; “The Year 2440”), and Le Tableau de Paris (2 vol., 1781; 12 vol., 1782–89; “The Tableau of Paris”), a work that classifies social types in a way that foreshadows the novels of Honoré de Balzac.

Jane Smiley: …of Charles Dickens (2002) and A Year at the Races (2004), a memoir of her experiences as a racehorse owner. Thirteen Ways of Looking at the Novel (2005) is a highly personal study of the form and function of the novel. Smiley was elected to the American Academy of Arts…

common law: Inns of Court and the Year Books: …be referred to as the Year Books.

chronology: Babylonian chronology before 747 bc: …lists of these names, called year lists or date lists, constitute as reliable a source in Babylonian chronology as the eponym lists do in Assyrian chronology. One of the events which almost invariably gave a name to the following year was the accession of a new king. Hence, the first…

Year of Jubilee, in the Roman Catholic Church, a celebration that is observed for one full year every 25 years, during which Catholics may be granted remission of sins (in the form of an indulgence) by the pope under certain conditions, such as completing a pilgrimage. Many Catholics undertake

Michael Ondaatje: Poetry collections: (1989), Handwriting: Poems (1998), and A Year of Last Things (2024).