dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …appeared the first edition by John Withals of A Short Dictionary for Young Beginners, which gained greater circulation (to judge by the frequency of editions) than any other book of its kind. Many other lexicographers contributed to the development of dictionaries. Certain dictionaries were more ambitious and included a number…

River Witham, main river of Lincolnshire, England, with a total length of about 80 miles (130 km). It flows from the northeastern Midlands, first northward past Grantham to Lincoln, where it cuts through the Lincoln Edge (a limestone ridge) in a steep-sided gap, and then eastward and later

Withania somnifera, evergreen shrub in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), native to India, North Africa, and the Middle East, that is used in traditional systems of medicine, particularly Ayurvedic medicine in India, where it is known as ashwagandha. A Sanskrit term, ashwagandha translates to

Withania somnifera: saponins, and steroids known as withanolides. Other substances that have been isolated from W. somnifera include amino acids, flavonoids, glucose, glycosides, and tannins. These compounds and their metabolites are thought to underlie the claimed health benefits that are associated with ashwagandha.

contraception: Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation, is one of the oldest methods, and, though it is not reliable, it is still widely practiced. Documents surviving from ancient Egypt record various methods for averting conception. The most lucid and detailed early account of…

alcoholism: Defining alcoholism: …effects and that causes a withdrawal syndrome when drinking is stopped. This definition is inadequate, however, because alcoholics, unlike other drug addicts, do not always need ever-increasing doses of alcohol. Opium addicts, on the other hand, become so adapted to the drug that they can survive more than a hundred…

withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan, the United States government’s removal of its last remaining armed forces in Afghanistan following the Afghanistan War (2001–14). The withdrawal was completed on August 30, 2021, despite the Taliban’s toppling of the Afghan government earlier

alcoholism: Defining alcoholism: …effects and that causes a withdrawal syndrome when drinking is stopped. This definition is inadequate, however, because alcoholics, unlike other drug addicts, do not always need ever-increasing doses of alcohol. Opium addicts, on the other hand, become so adapted to the drug that they can survive more than a hundred…

George Wither was an English poet and Puritan pamphleteer, best remembered for a few songs and hymns. Wither entered Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1604 but left in 1606 without a degree. In 1610 he settled in London and in 1615 began to study law. His Abuses Stript and Whipt (1613)—with its satiric

d4vd: Music career: His debut album, Withered, appeared on April 25, 2025, and it peaked at number 13 on the Billboard 200 chart.

tea: Withering: Plucking the leaf initiates the withering stage, in which the leaf becomes flaccid and loses water until, from a fresh moisture content of 70 to 80 percent by weight, it arrives at a withered content of 55 to 70 percent, depending upon the type…

William Withering was an English physician best known for his use of extracts of foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) to treat dropsy (edema), a condition associated with heart failure and characterized by the accumulation of fluid in soft tissues. Withering’s insights on the medical uses of foxglove

William Withering: Influence on medicine and science: The flowering plant Witheringia solanacea (order Solanales) was also named in his honor.

postal system: Growth of the post as a government monopoly: ” Thomas Witherings, a London merchant, was given the task of organizing regular services to run by day and night along the great post roads.

witherite, a carbonate mineral, barium carbonate (BaCO3), that is, with the exception of barite, the most common barium mineral, despite its rarity. It is ordinarily found in fairly pure form in association with barite and galena in low-temperature hydrothermal veins, as in the north of England and

Thomas Erastus: …Heidelberg by the English Puritan George Withers, who affirmed both the presbyterian system of church government (assemblies of elected representatives) and the practice of excommunication, Erastus drew up 100 theses (later reduced to 75) to refute him. Erastus maintained that excommunication is unscriptural, that the sacraments should not be withheld…

George Wither was an English poet and Puritan pamphleteer, best remembered for a few songs and hymns. Wither entered Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1604 but left in 1606 without a degree. In 1610 he settled in London and in 1615 began to study law. His Abuses Stript and Whipt (1613)—with its satiric

death-qualified jury: …of the United States in Witherspoon v. Illinois, in which the court ruled that philosophical opposition to capital punishment did not disqualify a juror automatically, as a person might oppose capital punishment generally yet believe it is his duty to uphold the laws as they are until changed. The court…

John Witherspoon was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. After completing his theological studies at the University of Edinburgh (1743), he was called to

Reese Witherspoon is an American actress who has appeared in a wide range of genres but is perhaps best known for her romantic comedies, in which she often portrayed charming yet determined characters. Witherspoon won an Academy Award for best actress for her portrayal of June Carter in the Johnny

Reese Witherspoon is an American actress who has appeared in a wide range of genres but is perhaps best known for her romantic comedies, in which she often portrayed charming yet determined characters. Witherspoon won an Academy Award for best actress for her portrayal of June Carter in the Johnny

tax law: Computation of the tax: …provide for prepayment of the withholding tax on dividends and other income from personal property and have set up a “pay-as-you-go” system for professional income. Such provisional payments are calculated by the taxpayer. Advance payment of all or part of the income tax (on a voluntary or compulsory basis) before…

Baron de Charlus: …introduced in the second novel, Within a Budding Grove (1919).

Sean O’Casey: Another Expressionist play, Within the Gates (1934), followed, in which the modern world is symbolized by the happenings in a public park. The Star Turns Red (1940) is an antifascist play, and the semiautobiographical Red Roses for Me (1946) is set in Dublin at the time of the…

Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band: Composition and design: His dreamy piece “Within You, Without You,” which was inspired by a trip he had taken to India to study the country’s music and culture, includes accompaniment from several Indian session musicians.

gender wage gap: Within-job segregation: Within-job discrimination occurs when men are paid more than women who hold the same job and have comparable levels of skill and experience. Most scholars agree that, although within-job discrimination was a major contributor to the gender wage gap at one point, it no longer…

Wayne Shorter: …Atlantis (1985), High Life (1995), Without a Net (2013), and Emanon (2018); the last two were among several that featured the quartet of Shorter, Danilo Pérez (piano), John Patitucci (bass), and Brian Blade (drums). Shorter received more than 10 Grammy Awards, including a lifetime achievement award in 2015. He was…

Robert William Fogel: …a defense of his work, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (1989), which included a moral condemnation of slavery and clarified his earlier research. His later publications include Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearings of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy…

Billy Crudup: Early roles and breakout performance in Almost Famous: …long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine in Without Limits (1998), and a congressional candidate haunted by his deceased girlfriend in Waking the Dead (2000). His breakout performance, however, was in Cameron Crowe’s 2000 film Almost Famous, playing a musician based on American guitarist Glenn Frey, who performed in the 1970s country rock…

Lucille Ball: Early life and career: …Barry Was a Lady (1943), Without Love (1945), Ziegfeld Follies (1946), and Sorrowful Jones (1949) and Fancy Pants (1950), both with Bob Hope. All of her comedies were box office successes, but they failed to make the most of her wide-ranging talents.

Meena Alexander: …I Root My Name (1977), Without Place (1978), Stone Roots (1980), House of a Thousand Doors (1988), and The Storm: A Poem in Five Parts (1989). She also wrote a one-act play, In the Middle Earth (1977); a volume of criticism, Women in Romanticism (1989); a semiautobiographical novel set in…

Michael B. Jordan: Stardom: Creed, Black Panther, and Sinners: …directed by Denzel Washington, and Without Remorse, an adaptation of a Tom Clancy novel. In 2023 Jordan made his directorial debut with Creed III, which earned widespread acclaim. He costarred with Tessa Thompson, who reprised the role of Bianca, and Jonathan Majors, who was cast as a former childhood friend.…

Agnès Varda: …Without Roof or Law, or Vagabond).

Richard Howard: …Traveller (1989), Selected Poems (1991), Without Saying (2008), and A Progressive Education (2014).

Paula White: …to prominence as cofounder of Without Walls International Church, a Florida-based megachurch, and later as head of Paula White Ministries and host of her own television program, Paula Today. She is also known for her long-standing relationship with U.S. Pres. Donald Trump, serving as an informal spiritual adviser during his…

Harry Nilsson: Fame as songwriter and singer: …his cover of Badfinger’s “Without You,” which appeared on his gold-selling album Nilsson Schmilsson (1971), produced by Richard Perry, who had won acclaim for his work with Barbra Streisand. “Without You” garnered Nilsson the Grammy for best pop male vocal performance. The album also featured the whimsically quirky

IMDb: The other was Withoutabox, founded in 2000 as an electronic interface between film festivals in search of films and filmmakers in search of audiences. Like many other Web sites, IMDb moved into mobile applications during the 21st century.

Witigis was an Ostrogoth soldier who became king of Italy and led his people in an unsuccessful last-ditch struggle against the Eastern Roman Empire. Witigis was elected king in the autumn of 536 to replace Theodahad, who had been deposed and killed as the Byzantine general Belisarius advanced on

Adalbert Stifter: His epic Witiko (1865–67) uses medieval Bohemian history as a symbol for the human struggle for a just and peaceful order. Other stories followed, but he was too ill to finish his project of expanding Die Mappe meines Urgrossvaters into a novel: only the first volume was…

Al-Andalus: Initial Muslim conquests: On the death of Witiza, his dispossessed family appealed to the Muslims, ceded Ceuta, and enabled Ṭāriq to land in Spain with a Berber army. On hearing the news, Roderick, who had succeeded Witiza as king of the Visigoths, hastened southward, and Ṭāriq called on Mūsā for reinforcements. Roderick…

Simpson Desert: The 3,000-square-mile (7,770-square-km) Witjira National Park (1985), also in northern South Australia, covers an area on the western edge of the desert.

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz was a Polish painter, novelist, and playwright, well known as a dramatist in the period between the two world wars. After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Witkiewicz traveled in Germany, France, and Italy. In 1914 he left for Australia as the artist and

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz was a Polish painter, novelist, and playwright, well known as a dramatist in the period between the two world wars. After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Witkiewicz traveled in Germany, France, and Italy. In 1914 he left for Australia as the artist and

Evelyn M. Witkin was an American geneticist whose groundbreaking research on mutagenesis (the induction of mutations) in bacteria provided insight into mechanisms of DNA repair, the fundamental process by which living organisms maintain their genetic integrity in order to survive. Witkin’s

personality: Cognitive controls and styles: Klein and Herman Witkin in the 1940s and ’50s were able to show that several cognitive controls were relatively stable over a class of situations and intentions. For example, the psychologists found a stable tendency in some people to blur distinctions between successively appearing stimuli so that…

Steve Witkoff is an American businessman who has worked in real estate, first as an attorney and then as an investor and developer. He amassed a fortune, much of it from the Witkoff Group (founded 1997), which buys, finances, and constructs buildings. In 2025 he became U.S. special envoy to the

Steve Witkoff is an American businessman who has worked in real estate, first as an attorney and then as an investor and developer. He amassed a fortune, much of it from the Witkoff Group (founded 1997), which buys, finances, and constructs buildings. In 2025 he became U.S. special envoy to the

Maximilian Felix Ernst Harden was a political journalist, a spokesman for extreme German nationalism before and during World War I and a radical socialist after Germany’s defeat. Initially an actor, Harden founded and edited the weekly Die Zukunft (1892–1923; “The Future”), which attained great

chicory: Another method produces witloef, or witloof, the tighter heads or crowns preferred in Belgium and elsewhere. Throughout Europe the roots are stored to produce leaves for salads during winter.

chicory: Another method produces witloef, or witloof, the tighter heads or crowns preferred in Belgium and elsewhere. Throughout Europe the roots are stored to produce leaves for salads during winter.

applied psychology: …at the University of Pennsylvania, Lightner Witmer established the world’s first psychological clinic and in so doing originated the field of clinical psychology. Intelligence testing began with the work of French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon in the Paris schools in the early 1900s. Group testing, legal problems, industrial…

evidence: Sources of proof: …five separate sources of evidence: witnesses, parties, experts, documents, and real evidence.

Whittaker Chambers: …Chambers published a best-selling autobiography, Witness, which was also serialized in The Saturday Evening Post and condensed in Reader’s Digest. Aside from working briefly in the late 1950s as an editor for the National Review at the behest of founder William F. Buckley, Jr., Chambers hardly appeared in print again.…

Peter Weir: …directed his first Hollywood film, Witness, a character-driven thriller for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He continued to earn acclaim with films such as Dead Poets Society (1989), a drama set in a boys’ preparatory school in the 1950s, The Truman Show (1998), a fable about the tyranny…

Katy Perry: Later music projects, American Idol, and Blue Origin spaceflight: Perry’s fifth studio album, Witness (2017), more introspective than her earlier work, was less well received. She returned to mainstream pop with the empowerment-oriented Smile (2020). Perry later released 143(2024), which was notable for its negative reviews.

Witness for Peace (WFP), U.S. nonprofit organization founded in 1983 by faith-based activists in response to the U.S. government’s funding of the contras, the counterrevolutionaries fighting to overthrow the left-wing Sandinista government of Nicaragua. WPF sought to change U.S. policies toward

Witness for the Prosecution, American courtroom-drama film, released in 1957, that was based on a short story and play by English writer Agatha Christie. The film, set in London, centres on Leonard Vole (played by Tyrone Power), who is accused of having murdered a wealthy widow. Though his attorney

witness protection program, a government service designed to protect persons whose lives are endangered as a result of their testimony implicating suspects or defendants in criminal investigations or prosecutions. The safety guarantees provided in witness protection programs are usually contingent

Robert Frost: Move to Franconia, teaching career, and Pulitzer Prizes: …A Further Range (1936) and A Witness Tree (1942). His other poetry volumes include West-Running Brook (1928), Steeple Bush (1947), and In the Clearing (1962).

inheritance: Formalities of wills: Under the system of the witnessed will, which prevails throughout the United States and in all common-law parts of the British Commonwealth, the instrument, which may be typed or printed or written by anyone, must be subscribed by the testator, and his signature must be attested to by two (in…

evidence: Examination and cross-examination: …option, finally, to reestablish the credibility of his witness by reexamination. These interrogations are formally regulated and require a great deal of skill and experience on the part of the attorneys. Such formal questioning of the witness is unknown to the continental European rules of procedure, even though cross-examination is…

Wincenty Witos was a Polish statesman and leader of the Peasant Party, who was three times prime minister of Poland (1920–21, 1923, 1926). Witos sat during 1908–14 in the Galician Sejm (Diet) of Austria-Poland and in 1911–18 in the Austrian Reichsrat (lower house of parliament). After World War I

Witoto, South American Indians of southeastern Colombia and northern Peru, belonging to an isolated language group. There were more than 31 Witotoan tribes in an aboriginal population of several thousand. Exploitation, disease, and assimilation had reduced the Witoto to fewer than 1,000 individuals

whistleblower: Legal protections: …the same personalized protection that witness-protection programs offer witnesses at risk of retaliation.

Phuthaditjhaba, town, northeastern Free State province, South Africa. It was the capital of the territory formerly designated by South Africa as the nonindependent Bantustan of Qwaqwa. Phuthaditjhaba lies near the merger point of the Free State–Lesotho borders. The inhabitants of the town are

Qwaqwa, former nonindependent Bantustan, Orange Free State, South Africa, designated for the southern Sotho (often called Basuto) people. Located in a section of the Drakensberg, Qwaqwa was a glen among mountains at elevations from 5,500 feet to more than 10,000 feet (1,675 m to more than 3,050 m).

Athabaskan language family: The Witsuwit’en (spoken in British Columbia) words kw’əsdəde ‘chair’ and həda ‘moose’ were borrowed from the Carrier kw’əts’əzda and the Sekani xəda, respectively. Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken to the west, contributed xwts’a:n or pts’a:n (‘totem pole’), which became ts’an in Witsuwit’en. The Witsuwit’en ləmes ‘mass’…

Eros: …13, 1898, by German astronomer Gustav Witt at the Urania Observatory in Berlin. It is named for the god of love in Greek mythology.

Katarina Witt is a German former figure skater who was the first woman to win consecutive Olympic gold medals (1984 and 1988) in singles figure skating since Sonja Henie in 1936. The charismatic Witt defined the sport in the 1980s with her flirtatious and graceful performances. She won four world

dye: Dye structure and colour: In 1876 German chemist Otto Witt proposed that dyes contained conjugated systems of benzene rings bearing simple unsaturated groups (e.g., ―NO2, ―N=N―, ―C=O), which he called chromophores, and polar groups (e.g., ―NH 2, ―OH), which he named auxochromes. These ideas remain valid, although they have been broadened by

Ernest Claes: …mark with De Witte (1920; Whitey), a regional novel about a playful, prankish youngster. The partly autobiographical tale was made into a film in 1934 and again in 1980.

Emanuel de Witte was a Dutch painter whose scenes of church interiors represent the last phase of architectural painting in the Netherlands. His artistic career began in Delft, where he concentrated on historical subjects and portraits. About mid-century he seems to have developed an interest in

Köhler effect: Discovery: …article by the German psychologist Erich Witte rekindled research interest. Köhler’s motivation-gain effect was then replicated repeatedly, not only for physical-persistence tasks but also for simple computations and tasks involving visual attention.

Albrecht von Wallenstein: Rise to power: …charges upon the imperial treasury: Hans de Witte, Wallenstein’s financial agent, was to advance the ready cash for equipment and pay to be reimbursed by taxes and tributes from the conquered districts. On this basis, Wallenstein was on April 7, 1625, appointed capo of all imperial forces in the Holy…

Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte was a Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and the first constitutional prime minister of the Russian Empire (1905–06), who sought to wed firm authoritarian rule to modernization along Western lines. Witte’s father, of Dutch ancestry, directed the agricultural

Witteberg series, uppermost member of the Cape System of sedimentary rocks in South Africa. It consists of about 805 metres (2,640 feet) of shales and sandstones and is transitional between the Late Devonian epoch and the Early Carboniferous epoch (the Carboniferous began about 360,000,000 years

house of Wittelsbach, German noble family that provided rulers of Bavaria and of the Rhenish Palatinate until the 20th century. The name was taken from the castle of Wittelsbach, which formerly stood near Aichach on the Paar in Bavaria. In 1124, Otto V, count of Scheyern (died 1155), removed the

Otto was the first king of the modern Greek state (1832–62), who governed his country autocratically until he was forced to become a constitutional monarch in 1843. Attempting to increase Greek territory at the expense of Turkey, he failed and was overthrown. The second son of King Louis I of

Hans Sachs: …wrote a verse allegory, Die Wittembergisch Nachtigall (1523; “The Nightingale of Wittenberg”) that immediately became famous and advanced the Reformation in Nürnberg. His 2,000 other poetic works include 200 verse dramas, 85 of which are Fastnachtsspiele, or homely comedies written to entertain Shrovetide carnival crowds.

Witten, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the Ruhr River, bordering Dortmund (north) and Bochum (northwest). Chartered in 1825, it was severely damaged in World War II but was rebuilt along modern lines with numerous commercial enterprises. Industries

Edward Witten is an American mathematical physicist who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990 for his work in superstring theory. He also received the Dirac Medal from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (1985). Witten was educated at Brandeis University (B.A., 1971) in Waltham,

Wittenberg, city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), north-central Germany. It lies on the Elbe River, southwest of Berlin. First mentioned in 1180 and chartered in 1293, it was the residence of the Ascanian dukes and electors of Saxony from 1212 until it passed, with electoral Saxony, to the house of

Martin Bucer: Melanchthon subsequently drew up the Wittenberg Concord incorporating the agreement, but, to Bucer’s and Melanchthon’s disappointment, it failed to effect a lasting union. The Swiss were unhappy that Bucer had made concessions that leaned toward the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and some thought that…

Wittenberg: Wittenberg University, made famous by its teachers, the religious reformers Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, was founded by the elector Frederick the Wise in 1502 and merged in 1817 with the University of Halle to form the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In 1547, when…

Germany: Northern Germany: …split by partition between the Wittenberg and Lauenburg branches; the Wittenberg line was formally granted an electoral vote by the Golden Bull of 1356. The strength of the duchy lay in the military and commercial qualities of its predominantly free population. But the vigor of its eastward expansion into the…

Annie Turner Wittenmyer was an American relief worker and reformer who helped supply medical aid and dietary assistance to army hospitals during the Civil War and was subsequently an influential organizer in the temperance movement. Wittenmyer and her husband settled in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1850. At

Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht: …edition of Våra försök, entitled Witterhetsarbeten (1759, 1762; “Literary Works”). In 1761 Nordenflycht fell in love with a man much younger than herself. This love was unrequited, and her tender and controlled poems of this difficult period are considered to be her highest achievement. Her collected works were edited by…

Agostini v. Felton: Background: The cases in question were Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind (1986), in which the court ruled that the establishment clause did not preclude the state of Washington from extending financial assistance to a blind person who chose to study at a Christian college to become a…

hydraulic civilization: Wittfogel, any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks—productive (for irrigation) and protective (for flood control). Wittfogel advanced the term in his book Oriental Despotism (1957). He believed that such civilizations—although neither all in the Orient nor characteristic of all…

Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-born British philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. Wittgenstein’s two major works, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922) and Philosophische Untersuchungen (published posthumously in

Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-born British philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. Wittgenstein’s two major works, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922) and Philosophische Untersuchungen (published posthumously in

Leon Fleisher: …and Paul Hindemith—were written for Paul Wittgenstein, a gifted pianist who lost his right arm in World War I.) In addition, Fleisher commissioned or inspired new works from William Bolcom, Lukas Foss, Gunter Schuller, and several other notable composers. During his years of affliction, Fleisher sought relief in numerous treatments,…

aldehyde: Addition of carbon nucleophiles: …a carbon nucleophile is the Wittig reaction, in which an aldehyde reacts with a phosphorane (also called a phosphorus ylide), to give a compound containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The result of a Wittig reaction is the replacement of the carbonyl oxygen of an aldehyde by the carbon group bonded…

Georg Wittig was a German chemist whose studies of organic phosphorus compounds won him a share (with Herbert C. Brown) of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1979. Wittig graduated from the University of Marburg in 1923, received his doctorate there in 1926, and remained as a lecturer in chemistry

Monique Wittig was a French avant-garde novelist and radical feminist whose works include unconventional narratives about utopian nonhierarchical worlds, often devoid of men. Wittig attended the Sorbonne and immigrated to the United States in 1976. Her first novel, L’Opoponax (1964; The Opoponax),

wendigo, a mythological cannibalistic monster in the spiritual tradition of North American Algonquian-speaking tribes. It is associated with winter and described as either a fearsome beast that stalks and eats humans or as a spirit that possesses humans, causing them to turn into cannibals. There

Třeboň, town, southern Czech Republic, on the main road to Vienna. It lies in the basin of the Lužnice River, which is floored with heavy impermeable clays upon which a good deal of peat has formed. The area has many artificial lakes, and, since the Middle Ages, a freshwater fishing economy has

Bohemian school: …1380 and 1390), was the Master of Wittingau (or Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece). His major works are the Wittingau altar Passion scenes, originally painted in about 1380 for the town of Třeboň (German: Wittingau). His style is evolved from that of Theodoricus: in their mystical quality and almost abstract…

Józef Wittlin was a Polish novelist, essayist, and poet, an Expressionist noted for his humanist views. Having graduated from a classical gimnazjum in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), Wittlin studied philosophy at the University of Vienna. Mobilized in 1914 in the Austro-Hungarian army as a soldier, he

Battle of Wittstock, (Oct. 4, 1636), military engagement of the Thirty Years’ War, the greatest victory of the Swedish general Johan Banér, pupil of Gustavus II Adolphus. The battle took place at a time when the Swedish army in Germany desperately needed a victory to improve the prospects of the