Paul de Man: Life and career: An earlier volume, Wartime Journalism (1988), provided all the disputed texts in the original French and Flemish and in English translation.

rules of engagement: …to constrain military action, and wartime ROE (WROE), which do not limit military responses to offensive actions.

Joseph Warton was an English critic and classical scholar who anticipated some of the critical tenets of Romanticism. His brother Thomas was poet laureate from 1785 to 1790. Warton was impatient with some aspects of Neoclassical poetry, as is shown by his poem The Enthusiast; or the Lover of Nature

Thomas Warton, the Younger was a poet laureate from 1785 and author of the first history of English poetry. He was the brother of the poet and critic Joseph Warton, and son of Thomas Warton the Elder, who was a professor of poetry at Oxford University (1718–26). Warton gained an early reputation as

celandine: The greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) is native to deciduous woods of Europe and Asia and is the only member of its genus. Once a valued plant of the Old World herbalist for its reputed power to remove warts, it was formerly known as wartweed. Its orange-coloured…

Wilson Harris was a Guyanese author noted for the broad vision and abstract complexity of his novels. Harris attended Queen’s College in Georgetown, British Guiana (1934–39). From 1942 until 1958 he was a government surveyor, and he used his intimate knowledge of the savannas and vast, mysterious

Warwick, city, Kent county, east-central Rhode Island, U.S., lying on the western shore of Narragansett Bay. It is basically a southern residential suburb of Providence comprising a group of about 20 scattered villages united administratively. The first European settlement on the site was made at

Warwick, city, southeastern Queensland, Australia, on the Condamine River, in the southern Darling Downs. It became associated with sheep breeding in 1840 when Patrick Leslie, the area’s first settler, who later played a prominent role in the movement for separating Queensland from New South Wales,

Jean-François de La Harpe: …are perhaps his first tragedy, Warwick (1763), and Mélanie (1778), a pathetic drama never performed. He wrote criticism for and was editor of the Mercure de France, becoming respected, though often disliked, for his unsympathetic views. In 1786, after being coldly admitted to the French Academy, he began to lecture…

Warwick, district in the central part of the administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. It lies on the southern fringe of West Midlands metropolitan county, just south of the industrial city of Coventry. Its southern boundary adjoins the rural district of

Warwick, town (parish), Warwick district, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. It is best known for its historic castle. Warwick originated at a crossing place on the River Avon (Upper Avon) and was fortified about 915. By 1086 “Warwic” was a royal borough with 225

Warwick Castle, medieval castle in Warwick, Warwickshire, England, U.K., around which the town of Warwick developed. Five important families in succession in English history—the Beaumonts, Beauchamps, Nevilles, Dudleys, and Grevilles—have owned the castle as earls of Warwick, and it was they who

the Moody Blues: Graeme Edge, Denny Laine, and Clint Warwick. Later members included Justin Hayward, John Lodge, and Patrick Moraz.

Dionne Warwick is an American pop and rhythm and blues (R&B) singer whose soulful sound earned her widespread appeal. She is perhaps best known for her collaborations with such high-profile artists as Burt Bacharach and Barry Manilow. Warrick was raised in a middle-class, racially integrated

John Dudley, duke of Northumberland was an English politician and soldier who was the virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability. His

Richard Beauchamp, 13th earl of Warwick was a soldier and diplomatist, a knightly hero who served the English kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. (Read Sir Walter Scott’s 1824 Britannica essay on chivalry.) Richard Beauchamp succeeded his father, Thomas II de Beauchamp, the 12th earl of Warwick,

Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick was an English nobleman called, since the 16th century, “the Kingmaker,” in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist

Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick was an English nobleman called, since the 16th century, “the Kingmaker,” in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist

Richard Neville, 16th earl of Warwick was an English nobleman called, since the 16th century, “the Kingmaker,” in reference to his role as arbiter of royal power during the first half of the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He obtained the crown for the Yorkist

Robert Rich, 2nd earl of Warwick was an English colonial administrator and advocate of religious toleration in the North American Colonies. As admiral of the fleet in 1642, he secured the adherence of the navy to the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil Wars (1642–51). He was the eldest son of

Robert Rich, 2nd earl of Warwick was an English colonial administrator and advocate of religious toleration in the North American Colonies. As admiral of the fleet in 1642, he secured the adherence of the navy to the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil Wars (1642–51). He was the eldest son of

Thomas II de Beauchamp, 12th earl of Warwick was the 12th earl of Warwick and one of the leaders in the resistance to England’s King Richard II. He succeeded his father, Thomas I de Beauchamp, as earl in 1369. He served on the lords’ committee of reform in the Good Parliament in 1376 and again in

Dionne Warwick is an American pop and rhythm and blues (R&B) singer whose soulful sound earned her widespread appeal. She is perhaps best known for her collaborations with such high-profile artists as Burt Bacharach and Barry Manilow. Warrick was raised in a middle-class, racially integrated

Warwickshire, administrative and historic county of central England, in the Midlands region. As an administrative and geographic unit, the county dates from the 10th century, with the historic county town (seat) of Warwick lying roughly at its centre. Covering a smaller and somewhat different area

River Avon, river, eastern tributary of the River Severn that rises near Naseby in central England and flows generally southwestward for 96 miles (154 km) through the counties of Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The river shares the name Avon (derived from a

Joseph Arch: He also served on the Warwickshire County Council from 1889 to 1892. His political skills were put to use on behalf of farm workers, for Arch is credited with having played an instrumental part in obtaining the vote for them in the Reform Act of 1884–85.

Go Down, Moses: The first story, “Was,” is considered a comic masterpiece. It opens with a raucous fox chase that suggests the theme and action of the story. Buck and Buddy, twin sons of Carothers McCaslin, chase their slave and half-brother, Turl; Turl chases his girlfriend Tennie, slave of Hubert and…

Before he wrestled with the future of American democracy as the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln earned a reputation as a stud “catch-as-catch-can” frontier grappler. Imagine the 6-foot-4-inch Lincoln (a giant in his day) as the ultimate WWE good guy: “Put your hands together

The murder of Colombian football (soccer) player Andrés Escobar just days after the team suffered a shock exit from the 1994 FIFA World Cup is one of the darkest chapters in the history of the sport. More than three decades later, the motives behind the killing remain unclear. Some theories have

German literature: After reunification: …Wolf’s narrative Was bleibt (1990; What Remains) had unleashed a violent controversy about the form and function of reflections on the East German past. The subject of the story was Wolf’s reactions to surveillance by the East German state security police. Some readers saw the tale as a self-serving portrayal…

Mary Tudor was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife, the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon. Mary’s early life was chaotic, as her father’s frequent remarriages threatened both her claim to the throne and her very survival. Henry’s pursuit of a male heir led to his split

The city of Chicago is known for many things: the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, 1930s gangster Al Capone, the Democratic political machine, the city’s storied sports teams, and most recently, the Chicago “rat hole.” The hole itself, which appeared in a 20–30-year-old sidewalk slab located in the

Historians generally agree that Coco Chanel had ties to Nazi officials and tried to benefit from Nazi policies, but the extent of her intelligence work and ideological commitment to Nazism remains debated. During the German occupation of Paris (1940–44), Chanel lived in the Ritz Hotel, where she

Ernst Zahn: Zahn’s Was das Leben zerbricht (1912; “What Life Breaks”) is about the middle-class society of Zürich.

Bram Stoker’s Dracula is popularly associated with Vlad the Impaler, and some scholars do believe that the literary bloodsucker is derived in part from the historical Walachian prince. If Stoker did indeed base the archetypal vampire on Vlad, what led him to do so? Among the other possible

Elfriede Jelinek: …oder, Stützen der Gesellschaften (1980; What Happened After Nora Left Her Husband; or, Pillars of Society, 1994), which she wrote as a sequel to Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House; Clara S.: musikalische Tragödie (1984; Clara S., 1997); and Bambiland (2003).

phenomenology: In France: …Heidegger’s Was ist Metaphysik? (1929; What Is Metaphysics?), in fact, are copied literally. The meaning of nothingness, which Heidegger in this lecture made the theme of his investigations, became for Sartre the guiding question. Sartre departs from Heidegger’s analytic of Dasein and introduces the position of consciousness (which Heidegger had…

By early 1933 Adolf Hitler had effectively become the dictator of Germany. All non-Nazi parties, organizations, and labor unions had ceased to exist. The reciprocal ideologies of pan-Germanic expansionism and antisemitism had taken root. Members of “non-Aryan” (non-white and Jewish) races were

American folklore is populated with larger-than-life heroes. But for those of us who have been out of school a long time, it can be difficult to remember which ones are fictional concoctions and which are real historical figures who have over time come to be credited with fanciful deeds. Paul

“Un poco con la cabeza de Maradona y otro poco con la mano de Dios” (“A little with the head of Maradona and a little with the hand of God”) was how legendary Argentine footballer Diego Maradona described one of the sport’s most controversial moments, a technically illegal goal he scored against

Political parties are always looking for endorsements from community leaders and other influencers. Having support from prominent figures can make or break a candidate or party. It’s no surprise that sometimes political groups will also try to claim affiliation with historical figures of note. One

Johann Sebastian Bach: The Weimar period: …mir behagt, also called the Hunt Cantata (BWV 208).

At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles IV, king of Spain, commissioned the preeminent artist Jacques-Louis David to commemorate Napoleon’s successful campaign against Austria at the Battle of Marengo with a painting. David’s finished work, Napoleon Crossing the Alps (1801), portrays the

For many children living in the United States, especially those who have behaved well all year, the most exciting part of Christmas is the discovery of wrapped packages tucked under the Christmas tree and sweets hidden in stockings hung by the fireplace. Kids are often told that the gifts were left

Egyptian art and architecture: Faience: Quite exceptional is the extraordinary was-scepter (a symbol of divine power) found at Tūkh, near Naqādah. It is dated to the reign of Amenhotep II and originally measured about six and a half feet (two meters) in length.

history of logic: Georg Cantor: …this technique, Dedekind gave in Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (1888; “What Are and Should Be the Numbers?”) a precise definition of an infinite set. A set is infinite if and only if the whole set can be put into one-to-one correspondence with a proper part of the…

The big-bang theory was first proposed by Georges Lemaître in 1927 sans its contemporary name, which was coined in the 1950s. The common name has allowed for the beginnings of our universe to be too often depicted as a massive explosion similar to that of an epic supernova. But was our universe

While two men were convicted of the crimes associated with the serial killer known as the Monster of Florence, many believe that the actual killer (or killers) was never caught. From 1968 to 1985 the Monster of Florence caused panic in the area around the Italian city, killing at least 16 people.

The Apollo project was one of humanity’s greatest achievements. For the first time, people walked on another world. Between 1968 and 1972, across nine crewed missions—six of which landed successfully—12 people walked on the Moon, and another 12 went to the Moon but remained in lunar orbit. However,

In April 1947 William Faulkner was invited to visit the University of Mississippi. While conducting a question-and-answer session in a creative writing class, Faulkner was asked to name “the five most important contemporary writers.” He listed (in order) American novelists Thomas Wolfe, John Dos

Juan Guas was an architect, the central figure of the group of Spanish architects who developed the Isabelline (q.v.) style, a combination of medieval structure, Mudéjar (Spanish Muslim) ornament, and Italian spatial design. Considered the finest architect of late 15th-century Spain, he originated

wasabi, (Eutrema japonicum), plant of the mustard family and a pungent paste made of its ground rhizomes. The plant is native to Japan, South Korea, and Sakhalin, Russia, and its cultivation is limited because of its specific growing requirements. Given the high price and limited availability of

wasabi: Wasabi paste: Wasabi paste is spicy and pungent in flavor and is most commonly served with sushi and sashimi. The vapors tend to stimulate the nose more than the taste buds, and its unique taste and smell are due to the formation of volatile compounds known as…

Ardem Patapoutian: …led to the discovery of TRPA1 (the so-called wasabi receptor), which acts as a sensor for noxious stimuli, including cold and pain.

East Asian mathematics: The elaboration of Chinese methods: …Japanese tradition of mathematics, or wasan. Seki founded what became the most important school of mathematics in Japan. (At this time, mathematics was widely practiced in Japan as a leisure activity.) As in other schools, disciples had to keep the school methods secret, and only the best among them knew…

Tertiary Period: Volcanism and orogenesis: These fault zones (particularly the Wasatch Fault in central Utah and the San Andreas zone in California) remain active today and are the source of most of the damaging earthquakes in North America. The Andean mountains were uplifted during the Neogene as a result of subduction of the South Pacific…

Utah: Settlement patterns: The Wasatch Front (often shortened to “the Front”), extending some 105 miles (170 km) north-south from Brigham City to Provo and including Salt Lake City, is the main area of urban and industrial development; more than three-fourths of the state’s total population lives there. Salt Lake…

Wasatch Range, segment of the south-central Rocky Mountains, extending southward for about 250 miles (400 km), from the bend of the Bear River in southeastern Idaho, U.S., to beyond Mount Nebo, near Nephi in north-central Utah. It lies east of the Great Salt Lake and Salt Lake City and includes the

Wasatch-Cache National Forest, popular recreational region of forests and streams in the Stansbury, Monte Cristo, Bear River, Wasatch, and Uinta mountain ranges of northern Utah and southwestern Wyoming, U.S. It adjoins Ashley and Uinta national forests in Utah and Caribou National Forest in Idaho

Regina: The focus of Regina is Wascana Centre, a parklike development around Wascana Lake (an artificial widening of Wascana Creek) that includes some of the most important civic buildings, including the domed Legislative Building, the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, the Mackenzie Art Gallery, the Diefenbaker Homestead (home of Canadian Prime Minister John…

Regina: …Centre, a parklike development around Wascana Lake (an artificial widening of Wascana Creek) that includes some of the most important civic buildings, including the domed Legislative Building, the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, the Mackenzie Art Gallery, the Diefenbaker Homestead (home of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, which was moved from Borden…

Wase, town, Plateau state, east-central Nigeria, near the Wase River and at the intersection of roads from Bashar, Langtang, and Shendam. It was founded about 1820 by Hassan, a Fulani official from Bauchi, 85 miles (137 km) north, in an area traditionally inhabited by the Basherawa people and at

Thebes, one of the famed cities of antiquity, the capital of the ancient Egyptian empire at its heyday. Thebes lay on either side of the Nile River at approximately 26° N latitude. The modern town of Luxor, or Al-Uqṣur, which occupies part of the site, is 419 miles (675 km) south of Cairo. Ancient

Waseda University, coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1882 in Tokyo. The school is private but receives some government financing and is subject to some degree of government control. Originally known as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), the institution was renamed Waseda University

directing: Directorial styles: …so that when Suzuki Tadashi’s Waseda company from Tokyo arrived in Europe in 1972, it found itself being compared in its intense physicality to Jerzy Grotowski’s Polish Laboratory Theatre from Wrocław in Poland, though the two companies had been founded independently in the early 1960s.

Waseda University, coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1882 in Tokyo. The school is private but receives some government financing and is subject to some degree of government control. Originally known as Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College), the institution was renamed Waseda University

Johann Heinrich Waser was the burgomaster (mayor) of Zürich and one of the most prominent Swiss political figures of the mid-17th century. Waser enjoyed an active role as an arbiter among the Protestant cantons and in the confederation Diet, and in 1644 he presided over a tribunal adjudicating an

Arabic literature: Description: …from the outset: description (waṣf). Analysts of the earliest poetry chose to devote particular attention to the ways in which poets depicted animals and other aspects of nature and often indulged in complex patterns of imagery that likened attributes of one animal to those of another. The images of…

arroyo, a dry channel lying in a semiarid or desert area and subject to flash flooding during seasonal or irregular rainstorms. Such transitory streams, rivers, or creeks are noted for their gullying effects and especially for their rapid rates of erosion, transportation, and deposition. There have

wash drawing, artwork in which a fine layer of colour—usually diluted ink, bistre, or watercolour—is spread with a brush over a broad surface evenly enough so that no brush marks are visible in the finished product. Usually the technique is used in conjunction with lines made by a pen or pencil

dye: Standardization tests and identification of dyes: Colourfastness tests are published by the International Organization for Standardization. For identification purposes, the results of systematic reaction sequences and solubility properties permit determination of the class of dye, which, in many cases, may be all that is required. With modern instrumentation, however, a variety…

The Wash, shallow bay of the North Sea, 15 miles (24 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, between the counties of Lincolnshire and Norfolk, England. It once extended as far inland as Peterborough and Cambridge but was largely filled in by silt, brought chiefly by rivers but partly washed in by

nuclear reactor: The Reactor Safety Study of 1972–75: …1975 of a report titled Reactor Safety Study, also known as WASH-1400. The most useful aspect of the study was its delineation of components and accident sequences (scenarios) that were determined to be the most significant contributors to severe accidents.

Washakie was a Shoshone chief who performed extraordinary acts of friendship for white settlers while exhibiting tremendous prowess as a warrior against his people’s tribal enemies. The son of a Umatilla father and Shoshone mother, Washakie left the Umatilla while an adolescent to join his mother’s

Béla Fleck: Collaborations: Fleck joined clawhammer banjo player Abigail Washburn on Abigail Washburn and the Sparrow Quartet (2008), a bold experiment that fused American roots music and traditional Chinese folk songs. Fleck and Washburn were later married, and the two frequently performed and recorded together; their duet albums included Béla Fleck & Abigail…

Margaret Floy Washburn was an American psychologist whose work at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie made it a leading institution in undergraduate psychological research and education. Washburn graduated from Vassar College in 1891. She then studied briefly at Columbia University, New York City, where

Carleton Washburne was an American educator noted for his innovations in school programs known as the Winnetka Plan. Washburne attended Chicago schools administered by John Dewey and Francis Parker before earning his bachelor’s degree at Stanford University (1912) and completing a doctorate in

Carleton Washburne was an American educator noted for his innovations in school programs known as the Winnetka Plan. Washburne attended Chicago schools administered by John Dewey and Francis Parker before earning his bachelor’s degree at Stanford University (1912) and completing a doctorate in

Ulysses S. Grant: The Civil War: …general through the influence of Elihu B. Washburne, a U.S. congressman from Galena. On learning this news and recalling his son’s previous failures, his father said, “Be careful, Ulyss, you are a general now—it’s a good job, don’t lose it!” To the contrary, Grant soon gained command of the District…

blood transfusion: Transfusion procedures and blood storage: Washed red cells, used for patients with severe allergic transfusion reactions. Platelets, used to prevent or control bleeding caused by low platelet counts or platelet dysfunction. Plasma and fresh-frozen plasma, used to replace clotting factors in patients with bleeding disorders, liver disease, or massive transfusion.…

washer, machine component that is used in conjunction with a screw fastener such as a bolt and nut and that usually serves either to keep the screw from loosening or to distribute the load from the nut or bolt head over a larger area. For load distribution, thin flat rings of soft steel are usual.

washstand, from the beginning of the 19th century until well into the 20th, an essential piece of bedroom furniture. The washstand consisted of a wooden structure of varying shape and complexity intended to accommodate a large basin, a pitcher, a toothbrush jar, and various other toilet

fruit processing: Fruit juice: …processing of fruit juice involves washing, extraction, clarification, and preservation.

waste disposal: …“white goods” such as refrigerators, washing machines, and microwave ovens and “brown goods” such as televisions, radios, computers, and cellular telephones. E-waste differs from traditional municipal waste. Although e-waste contains complex combinations of highly toxic substances (such as lead and

detergent, any of various surfactants (surface-active agents) particularly effective in dislodging foreign matter from soiled surfaces and retaining it in suspension. The term usually denotes a synthetic substance that is not prepared by saponifying fats and oils (as is soap). A brief treatment of

washing soda, sodium carbonate decahydrate, efflorescent crystals used for washing, especially textiles. It is a compound of sodium

Piqua, city, Miami county, western Ohio, U.S., on the Great Miami River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Dayton. The original Shawnee village of Piqua (the name, from a term meaning “man who arose from the ashes,” comes from a local Shawnee clan’s creation story), near present-day Springfield, was

Washington, town in Sunderland metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Durham, northeastern England. It lies along the north side of the River Wear below Chester-le-Street. The site was an area of early coal mining and industrial activity and was associated

Washington, constituent state of the United States of America. Lying at the northwestern corner of the 48 conterminous states, it is bounded by the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north, the U.S. states of Idaho to the east and Oregon to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

Macomb, city, seat (1830) of McDonough county, western Illinois, U.S. It lies along the East Fork La Moine River, about 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Peoria. Settled in 1829 by John Baker, a Baptist minister, and originally called Washington, it was renamed the following year for General Alexander

Washington, county, northern Maryland, U.S., bounded by Pennsylvania to the north and the Potomac River (which constitutes the border with Virginia and West Virginia) to the south and southwest. The county lies in the Cumberland Valley between the Allegheny (west) and the Blue Ridge (east)

Washington, county, eastern Maine, U.S., bordered to the east by New Brunswick, Canada (the Chiputneticook Lakes, the St. Croix River, and Passamaquoddy Bay constituting the boundary), and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a hill-and-valley region and includes several islands in

Washington, county, eastern New York state, U.S. It is bordered by Lake George to the northwest, Vermont to the northeast and east (Lake Champlain and the Poultney River constituting the northeastern boundary), and the Hudson River to the west. The lowlands of the Hudson valley and central area

Washington, county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by West Virginia to the west, Enlow Fork and Tenmile Creek to the south, and the Monongahela River to the east. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau. The county was created in 1781 and named for George Washington. It

Washington, county, southwestern Rhode Island, U.S. It is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Narragansett Bay to the east, and Block Island Sound to the south and includes Block Island south of the mainland. The Pawcatuck River flows through the western portion of the county and defines the

Washington, county, central Vermont, U.S. It comprises a piedmont region in the east that rises up into the Green Mountains in the west. The Winooski River rises near the village of Cabot. Its tributaries are the Little, Mad, and Dog rivers and the North, Stevens, and Kingsbury branches. Dominated

Washington, city, seat (1805) of Wilkes county, northeastern Georgia, U.S., roughly halfway between Athens and Augusta. First settled by the Stephen Heard family from Virginia in 1773, it was laid out in 1780 and was one of the first U.S. communities to be named in honour of George Washington.

Washington, city, seat of Beaufort county, eastern North Carolina, U.S., along the Pamlico-Tar estuary just east of Greenville. Founded by Colonel James Bonner in 1771 and originally known as Forks of Tar River, it was one of the first places in the United States to be named (December 7, 1776) for

Washington, city, seat (1781) of Washington county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Pittsburgh. Prior to the American Revolution the area was the centre of a land dispute with Virginia. Pennsylvania’s claim was finally validated by the Virginia constitution of

Henry Miller Shreve: …built to his specifications the Washington, with a flat, shallow hull, a high-pressure steam engine on the main deck instead of in the hold, and a second deck. His round trip in the Washington in 1816 from Pittsburgh to New Orleans and back to Louisville definitely established the Mississippi steamboat…