printmaking: The Netherlands: …reworked one of his plates, Tobias and the Angel (c. 1633); keeping the landscape, he changed the figures, making it The Flight into Egypt (1653).

The Set-Up: Cast: Assorted Referencesdiscussed in biography

Tobit, apocryphal work (noncanonical for Jews and Protestants) that found its way into the Roman Catholic canon via the Septuagint. A religious folktale and a Judaicized version of the story of the grateful dead, it relates how Tobit, a pious Jew exiled to Nineveh in Assyria, observed the precepts

Tobin tax, proposed tax on short-term currency transactions. A Tobin tax is designed to deter only speculative flows of hot money—money that moves regularly between financial markets in search of high short-term interest rates. It is not meant to impact long-term investments. The shorter the

James Tobin: He introduced “Tobin’s q,” the ratio of the market value of an asset to its replacement cost. If an asset’s q is greater than one, then new investment in similar assets will be profitable.

Teamsters Union: …the union was headed by Daniel J. Tobin, who increased membership from 40,000 in 1907 to more than 1,000,000 by 1950. It had become the nation’s largest union by 1940. Presidents Dave Beck (1952–57) and James Hoffa (1957–71) shaped the Teamsters into a strongly centralized union capable of negotiating nationwide…

James Tobin was an American economist whose contributions to the theoretical formulation of investment behaviour offered valuable insights into financial markets. His work earned him the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1981. After taking degrees from Harvard University (B.A., 1939; Ph.D., 1947), Tobin

Molly Brown was an American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …provincial life under fascism—for example, Mario Tobino’s Bandiera nera (1950; “Black Flag”) and Goffredo Parise’s Prete bello (1954; “The Handsome Priest”; Eng. trans. The Priest Among the Pigeons). In contrast to the more topical appeal of these writings, the great virtue of Pavese’s narrative was the universality of its characters…

Pittosporaceae: Tobira, or house-blooming mock orange (P. tobira), is a popular aromatic hedge plant in warm climates but a handsome indoor plant elsewhere. Karo (P. crassifolium) often is planted as a windbreak on seacoasts. The genera Hymenosporum, Bursaria, and Sollya also contain ornamental species.

Tobit: …grateful dead, it relates how Tobit, a pious Jew exiled to Nineveh in Assyria, observed the precepts of Hebrew Law by giving alms and by burying the dead. In spite of his good works, Tobit was struck blind.

Tobit, apocryphal work (noncanonical for Jews and Protestants) that found its way into the Roman Catholic canon via the Septuagint. A religious folktale and a Judaicized version of the story of the grateful dead, it relates how Tobit, a pious Jew exiled to Nineveh in Assyria, observed the precepts

GIS: By 1959 the American geographer Waldo Tobler had developed a simple model to harness the computer for cartography. His MIMO (“map in–map out”) system made it possible to convert maps into a computer-usable form, manipulate the files, and produce a new map as the output. This innovation and its earliest…

tobogganing: …a runnerless sled called a toboggan. In Europe, small sleds with runners are also called toboggans (see lugeing; skeleton sledding).

penguin: Locomotion and orientation: … or ice, many penguins “toboggan,” sliding on the belly as they propel themselves with the feet and flippers. The flippers, along with the beak, are the prime weapons in defense and attack.

tobogganing, the sport of sliding down snow-covered slopes and artificial-ice-covered chutes on a runnerless sled called a toboggan. In Europe, small sleds with runners are also called toboggans (see lugeing; skeleton sledding). The runnerless toboggan was originally an American Indian sled made of

Tobol River, river, left-bank tributary of the Irtysh (Ertis) River, flowing through northern Kazakhstan into southern Russia. After rising in the low mountains of the Torghay Plateau, it flows northeast across the West Siberian Plain past the cities of Qostanay (Kazakhstan) and Kurgan (Russia)

Tobolsk, city, Tyumen oblast (region), west-central Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Irtysh and Tobol rivers. Founded in 1587, it was one of the chief centres of early Russian colonization in Siberia because it lay along an important river route to the east, but it declined when bypassed by

Arthur Hiller: Early work: …robber; and the action thriller Tobruk (1967), which featured Rock Hudson and George Peppard as U.S. soldiers on a mission in the Sahara. Popi (1969) was especially noted for the strong performance by Alan Arkin as an immigrant in Spanish Harlem who stages an elaborate scam to gain a better…

Tobruk, port, northeastern Libya. It was the site of Antipyrgos, an ancient Greek agricultural colony, and thereafter a Roman fortress guarding the Cyrenaican frontier. The town later became a way station on the coastal caravan route. Because it is Libya’s only natural harbour, Tobruk was occupied

pottery: 18th-century developments: …noted for the typical English Toby jug (first made soon after 1700), which is a beer jug in the form of a man, usually seated and holding a pipe and a mug, the hat (where present) forming a detachable lid. Very popular, it continued in production for many years. Enoch…

Wood Family: …model of the kind being “Toby Philpot” about 1762.

Tobol River, river, left-bank tributary of the Irtysh (Ertis) River, flowing through northern Kazakhstan into southern Russia. After rising in the low mountains of the Torghay Plateau, it flows northeast across the West Siberian Plain past the cities of Qostanay (Kazakhstan) and Kurgan (Russia)

Jorge Amado: …Goat Girl), Tocaia grande (1984; Show Down), and O sumiço da santa (1993; The War of the Saints). Amado published his memoirs, Navegaçãu de cabotagem (“Coastal Navigation”), in 1992.

Tocantins, inland estado (state) of north-central Brazil. Tocantins is bounded by the states of Maranhão and Piauí to the northeast, Bahia to the east, Goiás to the south, Mato Grosso to the west, and Pará to the northwest. Tocantins was created from the northern two-fifths of Goiás state in 1989.

Tocantins River, river that rises in several headstreams on the central plateau in Goiás estado (state), Brazil. It flows northward through Goiás and then Tocantins states until it receives the Manuel Alves Grande River. Looping westward, it marks the boundary of Tocantins and Maranhão states as

Brazil: Rivers of Brazil: The Tocantins-Araguaia river system rises in the highlands of Goiás and Mato Grosso states and discharges into the Pará River just south of the Amazon delta. The Tocantins, though popularly regarded as a tributary of the Amazon, is technically a separate system draining some 314,200 square…

toccata, musical form for keyboard instruments, written in a free style that is characterized by full chords, rapid runs, high harmonies, and other virtuoso elements designed to show off the performer’s “touch.” The earliest use of the term (about 1536) was associated with solo lute music of an

Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 565, two-part musical composition for organ, probably written before 1708, by Johann Sebastian Bach, known for its majestic sound, dramatic authority, and driving rhythm. The piece is perhaps most widely known by its appearance in the opening minutes of the 1940

Carlos Chávez: The Toccata for percussion instruments (1942) is scored for 11 types of percussion instruments, some of them indigenous, played by six performers. Chávez’s other works include the ballet Los cuatro soles (1925; “The Four Suns”), Xochipilli Macuilxochitl for orchestra with indigenous instruments (1940), the Violin Concerto…

Girolamo Frescobaldi: …in the title of his Toccate d’intavolature di cimbalo e organo (1637). The volume includes also partitas on various melodies and pieces on ground basses. These show Frescobaldi’s free inventiveness in genuine keyboard textures and figuration. The preface of another collection, first published in 1627, again gives information of great…

Toccoa, city, seat (1905) of Stephens county, northeastern Georgia, U.S. It lies on the Dahlonega Upland, northwest of Hartwell Dam and Lake near the South Carolina border, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Athens. Toccoa was laid out in 1873 and is at the edge of Chattahoochee National Forest in a

Toccoa: Toccoa Falls College (formerly Institute) was established in 1907 as an independent Christian school. Toccoa (probably from Cherokee toccoa, “beautiful”) Falls, a cascade 186 feet (57 metres) high on Toccoa Creek, is on the campus. In November 1977 the Kelley Barnes earthen dam on the…

Toccoa: Toccoa Falls College (formerly Institute) was established in 1907 as an independent Christian school. Toccoa (probably from Cherokee toccoa, “beautiful”) Falls, a cascade 186 feet (57 metres) high on Toccoa Creek, is on the campus. In November 1977 the Kelley Barnes earthen dam on the…

Ernst Toch was a composer whose works, noted for their perfection of form, fused elements from the classical tradition with modern musical ideas. Although he rarely carried innovation to great lengths, he was considered a leader of the avant-garde composers in pre-Nazi Germany and, like many of

Bactria: …Iranian people and included the Tocharoi, whose name was subsequently applied to the whole area (Tocharian kingdom). In the 1st century ce the new rulers of Bactria extended their rule into northwestern India. That movement is associated with a group known as the Kushans, under whom the country became a…

Indo-European languages: Tocharian: …are known, labeled A (East Tocharian, or Turfanian) and B (West Tocharian, or Kuchean). One group of travel permits for caravans can be dated to the early 7th century, and it appears that other texts date from the same or from neighbouring centuries. These languages became known to scholars…

Sylvain Lévi: …the dates of texts in Tocharian B and published Fragments de textes koutchéens . . . (1933; “Fragments of Texts from Kucha”).

Tocharian languages, small group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Tarim River Basin (in the centre of the modern Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China) during the latter half of the 1st millennium ad. Documents from ad 500–700 attest to two: Tocharian A, from the

Tocharian languages, small group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Tarim River Basin (in the centre of the modern Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China) during the latter half of the 1st millennium ad. Documents from ad 500–700 attest to two: Tocharian A, from the

Bactria: …Iranian people and included the Tocharoi, whose name was subsequently applied to the whole area (Tocharian kingdom). In the 1st century ce the new rulers of Bactria extended their rule into northwestern India. That movement is associated with a group known as the Kushans, under whom the country became a…

Tochigi, ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, in the northern Kantō chihō (region). Utsunomiya, in south-central Tochigi, is the prefectural capital. The southeastern portion of the prefecture constitutes the northern extent of the Kantō Plain. The land rises along the eastern border with Ibaraki

Coatlicue, Aztec earth goddess, symbol of the earth as both creator and destroyer, mother of the gods and mortals. The dualism that she embodies is powerfully concretized in her image: her face is of two fanged serpents and her skirt is of interwoven snakes (snakes symbolize fertility); her breasts

Sarah Winnemucca was a Native American educator, lecturer, tribal leader, and writer best known for her book Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883). Her writings, valuable for their description of Northern Paiute life and for their insights into the impact of white settlement, are

vitamin E: …E activity and classified as tocopherols or tocotrienols have been isolated.

Tocopilla, city, northern Chile. It is situated on the Pacific coast. Founded in 1843, it developed as a shipping point for copper mined inland. Now it is a major port and rail terminus for the nitrate and iodine mined at nearby María Elena and Pedro de Valdivia and for the copper mined at

Cuba: Plant and animal life: The endemic forest-dwelling tocororo (Trogon temnurus, or Priotelus temnurus), which is similar in appearance to the Guatemalan quetzal, was designated the national bird of Cuba because its bright plumes of red, white, and blue correspond to the colours of the Cuban flag; the tocororo is reputed to survive…

vitamin E: …E activity and classified as tocopherols or tocotrienols have been isolated.

Alexis de Tocqueville was a political scientist, historian, and politician, best known for Democracy in America, 4 vol. (1835–40), a perceptive analysis of the political and social system of the United States in the early 19th century. Tocqueville was a great-grandson of the statesman Chrétien de

Alexis de Tocqueville was a political scientist, historian, and politician, best known for Democracy in America, 4 vol. (1835–40), a perceptive analysis of the political and social system of the United States in the early 19th century. Tocqueville was a great-grandson of the statesman Chrétien de

Salomon Gessner: … (1756–72) and his epic poem Der Tod Abels (1758; “The Death of Abel”) were his most renowned works, making him the most successful and typical representative of a literary rococo movement. His pastorals were translated into 20 languages, including Welsh, Latin, and Hebrew. The English translation ran through many editions…

Friedrich Hölderlin: …Der Tod des Empedokles (The Death of Empedocles), the first version of which he nearly completed; fragments of a second and a third version have also survived. Symptoms of great nervous irritability alarmed his family and friends. Nevertheless, the years 1798–1801 were a period of intense creativity; in addition…

The Death of Virgil, novel by Hermann Broch, published simultaneously in German (as Der Tod des Vergil) and in English in 1945. The novel, the best known of the author’s works, imaginatively re-creates the last 18 hours of the Roman poet Virgil’s life as he is taken to Brundisium (now Brindisi)

Death in Venice, novella by Thomas Mann, published in German as Der Tod in Venedig in 1912. A symbol-laden story of aestheticism and decadence, Mann’s best-known novella exemplifies the author’s regard for Sigmund Freud’s writings on the unconscious. Gustav von Aschenbach is a revered author whose

Carl Heinrich Graun: …especially for his Passion oratorio Der Tod Jesu.

Paul Klee: Artistic maturity of Paul Klee: …to their former selves, and Death and Fire (1940), Klee’s evocation of the underworld, in which a rueful face of death is placed in an infernal setting of fiery red. These late images are among the most memorable of all Klee’s works and are some of the most significant depictions…

Richard Strauss: Works of Richard Strauss: …poem Tod und Verklärung (1888–89; Death and Transfiguration), in which a dying man surveys his life and ideals. The rondo form is used in the tone poem Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (1894–95; Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks), wherein Strauss found the exact instrumental sounds and colours to depict the 14th-century rogue…

Toda, city, Saitama ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the alluvial plain of the Ara River. During the Tokugawa era (1603–1867) it was a post town and ferry station. The city is now linked to Tokyo city by bridge and has developed into an industrial suburb of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area.

Toda, pastoral tribe of the Nīlgiri Hills of southern India. Numbering only about 800 in the early 1960s, they were rapidly increasing in population because of improved health facilities. The Toda language is Dravidian but is the most aberrant of that linguistic stock. The Toda live in settlements

Teda, people of the eastern and central Sahara (Chad, Niger, and Libya). Their language, also called Teda (or Tedaga), is closely related to the Kanuri and Zaghawa languages, and it belongs to the Saharan group of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Teda has northern and southern groups; the term

Sōka-gakkai: His chief disciple, Toda Jōsei, revived the organization in 1946, renaming it Sōka-gakkai.

Dravidian languages: South Dravidian languages: The remaining South Dravidian languages—Toda, Kota, Irula, and Kurumba—are spoken by Scheduled Tribes (officially recognized Indigenous peoples) in the Nilgiri Hills of southwestern Tamil Nadu, near Karnataka. Badaga, a dialect of Kannada, is also spoken in the Nilgiri Hills.

Teda, people of the eastern and central Sahara (Chad, Niger, and Libya). Their language, also called Teda (or Tedaga), is closely related to the Kanuri and Zaghawa languages, and it belongs to the Saharan group of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Teda has northern and southern groups; the term

Tōdai Temple, monumental Japanese temple and centre of the Kegon sect of Japanese Buddhism, located in Nara. The main buildings were constructed between 745 and 752 ce under the emperor Shōmu and marked the adoption of Buddhism as a state religion. The temple, built just west of the earlier Kinshō

Tōdai Temple, monumental Japanese temple and centre of the Kegon sect of Japanese Buddhism, located in Nara. The main buildings were constructed between 745 and 752 ce under the emperor Shōmu and marked the adoption of Buddhism as a state religion. The temple, built just west of the earlier Kinshō

Carlos Fuentes: …Todas las familias felices (2006; Happy Families: Stories).

On Kawara: …perhaps his best-known project, the Today series (sometimes known as the Date series). For the project, on every day he was so inclined, Kawara made a monochromatic painting upon which in white paint he carefully painted the date on which the painting was made. He followed several rules: any painting…

Today, more commonly known as the Today show, is an American morning talk show that has aired on NBC since 1952. Showcasing news, weather, interviews, pop-culture reports, human-interest stories, and musical performances, Today invented the morning television genre and remains one of the longest

history of publishing: The emergence of national newspapers: Entitled Today, it was the first national British paper produced entirely with the new technology and without cooperation from the traditional print unions. The paper was purchased in 1987 by Rupert Murdoch, who closed it in 1995. Before the end of the 20th century, USA Today…

On this spring day in 1633, people gathered outside a Holborn shop window in central London to stare at something few of them had ever seen before: a cluster of strange, curved fruits, green but yellowing gently in the English light. These were bananas—and for most Londoners, they were utterly

On this day in 1831, nearly 80 medieval-era Norse chess pieces went on exhibition at Edinburgh’s Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Carved from walrus tusk ivory and whale teeth, the striking pieces—with idiosyncratic expressions and detailed vestments and armaments—inspired more questions than

On this day in 1955, Thomas Francis, Jr., director of the Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center at the University of Michigan School of Public Health, spoke to a packed auditorium—scientists, doctors, reporters—and distilled a 113-page report down to three important words: safe, effective,

On this day in 1796, New York City welcomed America’s first elephant—an Asian elephant from Bengal. Jacob Crowninshield of Salem, Massachusetts, paid $450 (about $11,000 today) for the elephant; he planned to leverage the animal’s fame and resell her for $5,000 (about $125,000 today) later. The

On this day in 2010, Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in earnest. Small earthquakes had been rumbling since January, and in March, the 5,417-foot-tall subglacial volcano at the southern end of the country concluded 187 years of dormancy with the beginnings of a quiet lava flow. But on

“Fine voyage fine ship feeling fine what news.” That was a telegram sent from the Titanic by Isidor Straus, co-owner of Macy’s. When the ship set sail on its maiden voyage, it made headlines for its size and opulence. But it also was equipped with the latest technology: a powerful Marconi wireless

“Sit down. Be humble.” On this day in 2018 Kendrick Lamar did neither: He made history by becoming the first artist beyond the genres of classical and jazz to win the Pulitzer Prize for music, honored for his 2017 album, DAMN. The Pulitzer committee praised the album as “a virtuosic song collection

On this day in 1964, visitors to the largest exhibit at the New York World’s Fair didn’t just get to glimpse Ford Motor Company’s brand-new car—they got to ride in it. The Ford Mustang—a four-seat, two-door, V8 convertible—ferried fairgoers from prehistory to space on the Magic Skyway, a 12-minute,

A little more than a year after winning an Academy Award, an American actress stepped into a different role: that of real-life princess. On this day in 1956, the two-day wedding celebration of Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III began in the tiny European principality of Monaco. The marriage of a

On this day in 1943, Swiss research chemist Albert Hofmann conducted an outlandish experiment—on himself. He dosed himself with 0.25 milligrams of lysergic acid diethylamide, and then he…went for a bike ride. Hofmann’s work focused on isolating pharmacological compounds from medicinal plants. In

Under a blue moon, at 45 degrees below zero, on this night in 1999, the map of Canada split. For the first time in modern Canadian history, two things happened: A new territory was born, and a majority Indigenous population was granted self-government. Canada’s Northwest Territories were cleaved in

Nobody knows for certain when Harriet Tubman’s work on the Underground Railroad began. While many historians now believe she became a “conductor” on the hidden network that helped deliver hundreds of enslaved people to freedom in December 1850—and not on April 20, 1853, as is sometimes cited—April

On this day in 1986, one of the most anticlimactic reveals in history happened: A vault that had belonged to gangster Al Capone was blasted open on live TV, only to reveal dirt and a few empty bottles. No liquor stash, no bodies, no loot, nothing. The disappointed audience included IRS

Most baseball fans fall into one of two camps: National League or American League. It defines who you root for in the World Series. Before 2022 it probably defined how you felt about the dreaded “designated hitter rule.” (See what I did there? I indicated which camp I’m in.*) And thanks to this

After sticking to the same—secret—formula for 99 years, the Coca-Cola Company tweaked the recipe of its iconic soft drink on this day in 1985. Fans of the fizzy drink found this hard to stomach, but Coca-Cola had strong reason to shake things up. The beverage maker had steadily lost market share to

On this day in 1990, the longest quarantine of an island in history came to an end when the “island of death” was declared safe—after 48 years. (Guinness World Records really does have a category for everything.) Remote and rocky Gruinard Island, off Scotland’s west coast, had been off limits since

“Dr. Sigmund Freud, docent for nervous diseases at the university, has returned from his study trip to Paris and Berlin and has consulting hours at Rathausstrasse No. 7, from 1 to 2:30.” So read the ad for Freud’s first foray into private practice as a neurologist. No one showed up. Freud sat in

Paul Revere, but make it a 16-year-old girl. Enter Sybil Ludington. On this day in 1777, she rode some 40 miles in Putnam county, New York, to alert the scattered militia under her father’s command of the approaching British troops—two years after Revere’s more famous ride. At the time, sending

On this day in 1810, composer Ludwig van Beethoven shared his feelings in a beautiful piano piece, Für Elise, meaning “For Elise.” But it was not published during his lifetime—in fact not until 1867, 40 years after his death—presumably because he was never quite satisfied with the composition.

Picture Indiana Jones swapping his fedora for a Han dynasty helmet, dodging booby traps in dusty Chinese tombs. On this day in 1986, Chinese archaeologists announced a real-life blockbuster: the discovery of more than 400 artifacts from the Fangmatan site in Gansu province, including the world’s

On this day in 1943, a body was dropped in the ocean near the sleepy shores of Huelva, Spain. But this was no sailor lost at sea. This was espionage: a cunning World War II-era plot called Operation Mincemeat. We’ll warn you now: This story isn’t for the faint of heart. Operation Mincemeat got its

On this day in 1863 more than 100 women armed with knives, axes, and pistols marched to Richmond, Virginia’s capitol to demand a meeting with the governor. When questioned by passersby, some held up their emaciated arms in explanation: They were starving. Nine inches of snow had just fallen, the

The day began gray and overcast as a sunrise military salute from nearby Fort George broke the silence over New York City. At 9 am church bells pealed. By noon the skies had cleared, and it was 59 °F. On April 30, 1789, at 12:30 pm, a grand procession formed: mounted troops, grenadiers, Scottish

On this day at 7:15 pm, a cannon fired and a horse charged. Its rider leaned low over the saddle, carrying a bag packed with 49 letters and 5 telegrams. Off they raced toward a ferry waiting in St. Joseph, Missouri, to start the long journey west. The Central Overland California & Pike’s Peak

On this day in 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, as he was preparing to leave for dinner. King, the most prominent leader of the American civil rights movement, was standing on the balcony outside his room at the Lorraine Motel when he was struck by a rifle

Who gets to say how long an inch is anyway? On this day in 1893, physicist Thomas Corwin Mendenhall did. And it has more to do with the metric system than you might expect. Mendenhall was the superintendent of the Office of Weights and Measures in the U.S. Treasury Department, so he, in fact, got

Mamma Mia! On this day in 1974, most of the world met the band that would soundtrack Hollywood films, Broadway musicals, and the playlists of—we can only assume—every single one of your cousins’ weddings. But how did Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Agnetha Fältskog, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad go from

At 10:33 am on this day in 1966, Spain’s embassy sent out a message and a sigh of relief: The U.S. military had finally recovered the 20-megaton hydrogen bomb it had accidentally dropped in the Mediterranean. It was nearly 3,000 feet down, perched on a ledge. A slew of specialized equipment raised

On this day in 1820, the Venus de Milo was found on a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Well, most of it. We never did find her arms. The statue was found on the island of Mílos (hence its name) by a farmer looking for building materials he could reuse. He was excavating stone blocks from a

On this day in 1965, Mickey Mantle was given a big—if slightly strange—honor: The Yankees manager moved him to the leadoff spot so he could bat first in the world’s first professional baseball game played indoors, a bit like being first to golf on the Moon. Mantle singled in the first inning, and

It was on this day in 1932 that the Australian government officially surrendered after a monthlong battle: Despite a valiant effort, three machine gunners from the Royal Australian Artillery had failed in their mission to defeat invading forces in Western Australia. The opposition? Emus. The fast,