Arsaces: …authorities believe that a brother, Tiridates I, succeeded Arsaces about 248 and ruled until 211; other authorities consider Arsaces I and Tiridates I to be the same person.)

Tiridates II was an Arsacid prince of the Parthian Empire who revolted against King Phraates IV and drove him into exile (32 bc) among the Scythians. The next year Phraates returned, and Tiridates fled to Syria, taking Phraates’ son as hostage. The Roman emperor Augustus returned the son, but not

Armenia: The Arsacids: …successor, Macrinus, recognized Vagharshak’s son Tiridates II (Khosrow the Great in Armenian sources) as king of Armenia (217).

Tiridates III was a grandson of the Parthian king Phraates IV and an unsuccessful contender for the Parthian throne. He was captured by the Romans, taken to Rome as a hostage, and educated there. In ad 35, the Roman emperor Tiberius sent him and an army under Lucius Vitellius, governor of Syria,

Diocletian: Reorganization of the empire of Diocletian: Tiridates, the king of Armenia and a protégé of the Romans, was able to return to his throne; the Tigris became the eastern border of the empire; and peace reigned in that part of the world until the reign of Constantine I (306–337).

Guti: …when Utu-khegal of Uruk defeated Tirigan, the last king of the Gutian dynasty. Although the Guti, from their home in the Zagros, continued to menace the subsequent dynasties and kingdoms, they were never again able to take control of southern Mesopotamia.

astronomical map: Atlases for stargazing: The Tirion Sky Atlas 2000.0 (1981) includes some 43,000 stars to magnitude eight and is based primarily on the SAO Star Catalog. Its 26 charts, measuring 47 by 33 cm (18.5 by 13 inches), include bright star names, boundaries of the Milky Way, and about 2,500…

al-Tirmidhī was an Arab scholar and author of one of the six canonical collections of spoken traditions (Hadith) attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. The life of al-Tirmidhī is poorly documented. He journeyed to Khorāsān, to Iraq, and to the Hejaz in search of material for his collection and studied

Veliko Tŭrnovo, majestic old town in northern Bulgaria. Veliko Tŭrnovo (“Great Tŭrnovo”) occupies near-vertical slopes above the 800-foot (240-metre) meandering gorge of the Yantra (Jantra) River. The houses, built in terraces, appear to be stacked one atop the other. The river divides the town

shorthand: History and development of shorthand: Marcus Tullius Tiro, a learned freedman who was a member of Cicero’s household, invented the notae Tironianae (“Tironian notes”), the first Latin shorthand system. Devised in 63 bc, it lasted over a thousand years. Tiro also compiled a shorthand dictionary. Among the early accomplished shorthand…

Saint Prosper of Aquitaine ; feast day July 7) was an early Christian polemicist famous for his defense of Augustine of Hippo and his doctrine on grace, predestination, and free will, which became a norm for the teachings of the Roman Catholic church. Prosper’s chief opponents were the

Tirol, Bundesland (federal state), western Austria, consisting of North Tirol (Nordtirol) and East Tirol (Osttirol). It is bounded by Germany on the north, by Bundesländer Salzburg and Kärnten (Carinthia) on the east, by Vorarlberg on the west, and by Italy on the south. Tirol (area 4,883 square

Tirol avalanches of 1916, series of massive avalanches in December 1916 that killed as many as 10,000 troops in the mountainous Tirol region, an area now occupying the northern part of Italy and the western part of Austria. As World War I escalated, Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers positioned

Jean Tirole is a French economist who was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for Economics in recognition of his innovative contributions to the study of monopolistic industries, or industries that consist of only a few powerful firms. Tirole’s work has had a significant impact across a wide range of

shorthand: History and development of shorthand: …of Cicero’s household, invented the notae Tironianae (“Tironian notes”), the first Latin shorthand system. Devised in 63 bc, it lasted over a thousand years. Tiro also compiled a shorthand dictionary. Among the early accomplished shorthand writers were the emperor Titus, Julius Caesar, and a number of bishops. With the beginning…

TIROS, any of a series of U.S. meteorological satellites, the first of which was launched on April 1, 1960. The TIROS satellites comprised the first worldwide weather observation system. Equipped with specially designed miniature television cameras, infrared detectors, and videotape recorders, they

Sir Barnes Wallis: …that destroyed the German warship Tirpitz, the V-rocket sites, and much of Germany’s railway system. Wallis was chief of aeronautical research and development at the British Aircraft Corporation at Weybridge, Surrey, from 1945 to 1971. In 1971 he designed an aircraft that could fly five times the speed of sound…

Alfred von Tirpitz was a German admiral, the chief builder of the German Navy in the 17 years preceding World War I and a dominant personality of the emperor William II’s reign. He was ennobled in 1900 and attained the rank of admiral in 1903 and that of grand admiral in 1911; he retired in 1916.

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): Richards, whose collected rhymes in Tirra Lirra (1932) will almost bear comparison with those of Edward Lear. Less memorable are the works of Lucy Fitch Perkins, Joseph Altsheler, Ralph Henry Barbour, Kate Douglas Wiggin, Eliza Orne White, and the two Burgesses—Thornton and Gelett. During these decades, de la Mare, Miss…

Tyrrhenian Sea, arm of the Mediterranean Sea between the western coast of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. It is connected with the Ligurian Sea (northwest) through the Tuscan Archipelago and with the Ionian Sea (southeast) through the Strait of Messina. Chief inlets of the

Morocco: Soils: …dark clay-marl soil known as tirs, which is found on the Chaouïa, Doukkala, and Abda plains, produces good yields of wheat and barley when precipitation is sufficient and can retain enough moisture to support summer pasture. Hamri, a light reddish siliceous soil found throughout the Saïs Plain surrounding Meknès and…

Niki de Saint Phalle: Tir paintings: …of Tinguely, Saint Phalle produced Tirs, a series of “shooting paintings.” The works consisted of a surface on which found objects and bags of coloured paint were plastered. Saint Phalle then added a performance aspect, shooting the work with a rifle and puncturing the bags of paint to release their…

Baldassare Castiglione: Life: …cousin on a pastoral drama, Tirsi, in which the speeches of nymphs and shepherds conceal references to the court. Castiglione was sent to Rome in 1513 as ambassador of the new duke of Urbino, Francesco Maria della Rovere, and later entered the pope’s service. He knew the master painter and…

Claudio Monteverdi: Three decades in Venice: The ballet Tirsi e Clori, written for Mantua in 1616, shows, on the contrary, a complete acceptance of the simple tunefulness of the modern aria.

Tirso de Molina was one of the outstanding dramatists of the Golden Age of Spanish literature. Tirso studied at the University of Alcalá and in 1601 was professed in the Mercedarian Order. As the order’s official historian he wrote Historia general de la orden de la Merced in 1637. He was also a

Tirso River, river in central Sardinia, Italy, the chief stream of that island. It rises on a plateau near Buddusò and flows about 90 miles (150 km) southwest through Lake Omodeo and across the marshy plain of Oristano to enter the Gulf of Oristano. It is used for hydropower and

tirtha, in Hinduism, a holy river, mountain, or other place made sacred through association with a deity or saint. The seven holiest Hindu cities are said to be the sites of events recounted in mythological texts: Kashi (modern Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh), where the god Shiva founded a shrine of

Tirthankara, in Jainism, a saviour who has succeeded in crossing over life’s stream of rebirths and has made a path for others to follow. Mahavira (6th century bce) was the last Tirthankara to appear. According to tradition, his predecessor, Parshvanatha, lived about 250 years earlier; the other

Tirthankara, in Jainism, a saviour who has succeeded in crossing over life’s stream of rebirths and has made a path for others to follow. Mahavira (6th century bce) was the last Tirthankara to appear. According to tradition, his predecessor, Parshvanatha, lived about 250 years earlier; the other

Erté was a fashion illustrator of the 1920s and creator of visual spectacle for French music-hall revues. His designs included dresses and accessories for women; costumes and sets for opera, ballet, and dramatic productions; and posters and prints. (His byname was derived from the French

Tiruchchirappalli, city, east-central Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies at the head of the Kaveri (Cauvery) River delta, about 30 miles (50 km) west of Thanjavur. The city also includes administratively the pilgrimage center of Srirangam. Tiruchchirappalli was an important regional

Tiruchchirappalli, city, east-central Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies at the head of the Kaveri (Cauvery) River delta, about 30 miles (50 km) west of Thanjavur. The city also includes administratively the pilgrimage center of Srirangam. Tiruchchirappalli was an important regional

Tirukkural, the most celebrated of the Patiren-kirkkanakku (“Eighteen Ethical Works”) in Tamil literature and a work that has had an immense influence on Tamil culture and life. It is usually attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar, who is thought to have lived in India in the 6th century, though some

Tirukkural, the most celebrated of the Patiren-kirkkanakku (“Eighteen Ethical Works”) in Tamil literature and a work that has had an immense influence on Tamil culture and life. It is usually attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar, who is thought to have lived in India in the 6th century, though some

Tirukkural, the most celebrated of the Patiren-kirkkanakku (“Eighteen Ethical Works”) in Tamil literature and a work that has had an immense influence on Tamil culture and life. It is usually attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar, who is thought to have lived in India in the 6th century, though some

Aravidu dynasty: Its founder was Tirumala, whose brother Rama Raya had been the masterful regent of the Sadasiva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty. Rama Raya’s death at the Battle of Rakasa-Tangadi (also known as Talikota) in 1565 and the subsequent destruction of Vijayanagar by the combined forces of the Muslim…

Tirupati: …Hill in the town of Tirumala is situated about 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Tirupati in Sri Venkateswara Sanctuary and National Park. The hill is considered so holy that before 1870 non-Hindus were not permitted to ascend it. At the hill’s summit, at an elevation of 2,800 feet (850…

Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, the most visited and wealthiest Hindu temple in India, dedicated to the deity Venkateswara and located in Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh state. The temple receives millions of visitors every year, and its estimated value in 2024 was about $30 billion, or more than 2.5 lakh

Venkateswara: Temples: …the organizational umbrella of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), a conglomeration of Hindu temples predominantly in southeastern Andhra Pradesh. The TTD directly administers more than 60 temples in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, and across India, and many of them, although not all, are dedicated to the god Venkateswara. Furthermore, not all…

South Asian arts: Bhakti poetry: Tirumūlar was a mystic and reformer in the so-called Siddhānta (Perfected Man) school of Śaivism, which rejected caste and asceticism, and believed that the body is the true temple of Śiva. There were 12 early Nāyaṉār saints. Similar poets, in the tradition of devotion to…

Swati Tirunal was the maharaja of Travancore and one of the best-known musicians in the South Indian Carnatic music tradition. Swati Tirunal was anointed the ruler of Travancore at age 16, and he became known for his extensive patronage of the arts. He spoke and wrote poetry in several languages,

Tirunelveli, city, southern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies along the Tambraparni River slightly upstream from the town of Palayankottai, with which it is now merged administratively. Its name is derived from the Tamil words tiru (“holy”), nel (“paddy”), and veli (“fence”), referring

Tirupati, city, southeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies in the Palkonda Hills, about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Chandragiri and 67 miles (108 km) northwest of Chennai in Tamil Nadu state. Tirupati is known as the abode of the Hindu god Venkateswara, “Lord of Venkata Hill,” a

Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, the most visited and wealthiest Hindu temple in India, dedicated to the deity Venkateswara and located in Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh state. The temple receives millions of visitors every year, and its estimated value in 2024 was about $30 billion, or more than 2.5 lakh

Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, the most visited and wealthiest Hindu temple in India, dedicated to the deity Venkateswara and located in Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh state. The temple receives millions of visitors every year, and its estimated value in 2024 was about $30 billion, or more than 2.5 lakh

Tiruppan, was one of the “later” or “minor” South Indian poet-saint devotees of Vishnu known as the Āḻvārs. Very little is known about either the work or the life of Tiruppan. His name means “the saint who was a bard,” and legend has it that Tiruppan was indeed a member of this group, which, by the

Tiruppan, was one of the “later” or “minor” South Indian poet-saint devotees of Vishnu known as the Āḻvārs. Very little is known about either the work or the life of Tiruppan. His name means “the saint who was a bard,” and legend has it that Tiruppan was indeed a member of this group, which, by the

Tiruppur, city, western Tamil Nadu state, south-central India. It lies on an upland plateau, on the Noyil River (a tributary of the Kaveri [Cauvery] River), about 25 miles (40 km) east of Coimbatore. Tiruppur is an active cotton-ginning and distribution centre with rail connections to Coimbatore

Manikkavachakar: His best-known work is the Tiruvachakam, or “Blessed Utterance,” which became the inspiration for later Tamil bhakti poetry. The text is a collection of poems and songs dedicated to Shiva, who is said to take on human form and teach the means to salvation to people of all classes. The…

Tiruvalluvar was a Tamil poet-saint known as the author of the Tirukkural (“Sacred Couplets”), considered a masterpiece of human thought, compared in India and abroad to the Bible, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and the works of Plato. Little is known about the life of Tiruvalluvar except that he is

Thiruvananthapuram, city, capital of Kerala state, southwestern India. It is situated along the Arabian Sea with isolated hills on a coastal plain. The community became prominent under Raja Martanda Varma, who made it the capital of his kingdom of Travancore in 1745. The city’s former name,

Tiryns, prehistoric city in the Argolis, Greece, noted for its architectural remains of the Homeric period. Excavations show the area to have been inhabited from the Neolithic Age. Not later than the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, or Early Helladic Period (c. 3000–c. 2200 bc), a pre-Greek

tirzepatide, synthetic antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Tirzepatide is the first drug in a class of agents known as dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor agonists. Because both GLP-1 and GIP are so-called incretin

Frank McCourt: McCourt also wrote the memoirs ’Tis (2000) and Teacher Man (2005).

’Tis Pity She’s a Whore, five-act tragedy by John Ford, performed sometime between 1629 and 1633 and published in 1633. The story concerns the incestuous love of Giovanni and his sister Annabella. When she is found to be pregnant, she agrees to marry her suitor Soranzo. The lovers’ secret is

Tisza River, a major tributary of the middle Danube River, rising in the Bukovina segment of the Carpathian Mountains. Its two headstreams, the Black and White Tisza, unite east of Sighet, Romania, on the Ukraine-Romania border. From Sighet the Tisza flows northwest through a small portion of

evolution: Overdominance: …in the marine copepod crustacean Tisbe reticulata. Three populations of colour variants (morphs) are found in the lagoon of Venice; they are known as violacea (homozygous genotype VVVV), maculata (homozygous genotype VMVM), and violacea-maculata (heterozygous genotype VVVM

Nicaragua: Drainage: …properties ascribed to them; and Lake Tiscapa is located in the capital city.

Lawrence Rhodes: …at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he eventually became chairman of the dance department. From 1989 to 1999 he was artistic director of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. In 2002 Rhodes became artistic director of the Juilliard School’s dance division; he held the post until 2017.

Television in the United States: Reorganization and deregulation: …acquired ABC, and shortly thereafter Lawrence Tisch, the chair of the investment conglomerate Loew’s, Inc., purchased a quarter of CBS’s stock and took over as head of the company.

Television in the United States: Reorganization and deregulation: …acquired ABC, and shortly thereafter Lawrence Tisch, the chair of the investment conglomerate Loew’s, Inc., purchased a quarter of CBS’s stock and took over as head of the company.

Jeffrey Epstein: The Epstein files: New York Giants co-owner Steven Tisch: The release shows email exchanges between Tisch and Epstein in 2013. In a statement Tisch acknowledged that they sometimes discussed “adult women.” Federal Reserve chair nominee Kevin Warsh: Warsh’s name appears on a guest list for an event titled “St. Barth’s Christmas 2010.”…

Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein was a German portraitist and friend of the writer J.W. von Goethe. Tischbein began his career painting portraits at the Prussian court in Berlin. In 1779 he went to Italy and in 1789 was appointed director of the art academy in Naples. Forced to leave in 1799

Konstantin von Tischendorf was a German biblical critic who made extensive and invaluable contributions to biblical textual criticism. He is famous for his discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus, a celebrated manuscript of the Bible. While a student at the University of Leipzig, Tischendorf began his

Konstantin von Tischendorf was a German biblical critic who made extensive and invaluable contributions to biblical textual criticism. He is famous for his discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus, a celebrated manuscript of the Bible. While a student at the University of Leipzig, Tischendorf began his

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths) Approximately 80 species predominantly in North America; not found in Australia or the rest of Oceania. Superfamily Incurvarioidea More than 500 species; all females with an extensible, piercing ovipositor for inserting eggs into plant tissue. Family Incurvariidae

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Tischerioidea Approximately 80 species in a single family. Family Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths) Approximately 80 species predominantly in North America; not found in Australia or the rest of Oceania. Superfamily Incurvarioidea

Martin Luther: Controversies after the Diet of Worms: Table Talks, a collection of Luther’s comments at the dinner table as recorded by one of his student boarders, pays tribute to “Dr. Katie” as a skillful household manager and as a partner in theological conversations. The couple had six children: Johannes (“Hans”), Elizabeth, Magdalene,…

Hubert de Givenchy: Later lead designers include Riccardo Tisci (2005–17), Clare Waight Keller (2017–20), and Matthew M. Williams (2020–24).

gerrymandering: A satirical cartoon by Elkanah Tisdale that appeared in the Boston Gazette graphically transformed the districts into a fabulous animal, “The Gerry-mander,” fixing the term in the popular imagination.

Arne Tiselius was a Swedish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1948 for his work on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis. As an assistant to The Svedberg at the University of Uppsala (1925–32), Tiselius developed the use of electrophoresis for the delicate task of separating

Arne Tiselius was a Swedish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1948 for his work on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis. As an assistant to The Svedberg at the University of Uppsala (1925–32), Tiselius developed the use of electrophoresis for the delicate task of separating

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: …of the Vancouver poetry magazine Tish, explored his roots in the Kootenays in Pictograms from the Interior of B.C. (1975), later turning to his mixed heritage and Chinese background in Rooftops (1988) and So Far (1991). David Zieroth (who has also published as Dale Zieroth) recalled his childhood on a…

Tisha b’Av, in Judaism, a traditional day of mourning for the destruction of the First and Second Temples that is also associated with other disastrous events that befell the Jews. It is often called the saddest day in the Jewish year. The holiday’s name is based on its date according to the Hebrew

Elijah Bokher Levita: His lexicon Tishbi (1542) explained much of the Mishnaic Hebrew language and was a supplement to two important earlier dictionaries.

Judaism: Months and notable days:

ancient Iranian religion: Tishtrya and Tīri: ” Astral deities seem to have figured much more prominently in ancient Iranian religion than in Vedic religion, and this may well be attributed to the influence of Babylonian science on the Iranians, particularly the western groups. In the Avesta such stars and…

Benvenuto Garofalo was an Italian painter, one of the most prolific 16th-century painters of the Ferrarese school. Garofalo’s first apprenticeship was with Domenico Panetti and later with the Cremonese painter Boccaccio Boccaccino. Garofalo’s two visits to Rome in the first and second decades of

Benvenuto Garofalo was an Italian painter, one of the most prolific 16th-century painters of the Ferrarese school. Garofalo’s first apprenticeship was with Domenico Panetti and later with the Cremonese painter Boccaccio Boccaccino. Garofalo’s two visits to Rome in the first and second decades of

Furies: …them Allecto (“Unceasing in Anger”), Tisiphone (“Avenger of Murder”), and Megaera (“Jealous”). They lived in the underworld and ascended to earth to pursue the wicked. Being deities of the underworld, they were often identified with spirits of the fertility of the earth. Because the Greeks feared to utter the dreaded…

river: Waterfalls: …Tugela Falls, in South Africa; Tisisat Falls, at the headwaters of the Blue Nile on the Ethiopian Plateau; and Angel Falls, in Venezuela.

Jozef Tiso was a Slovak priest and statesman who fought for Slovak autonomy within the Czechoslovak nation during the interwar period and headed the German puppet state of independent Slovakia (1939–45) until he was overthrown by the Red Army and Czechoslovak Partisans at the end of World War II.

Squanto was a Native American interpreter and guide. Squanto was born into the Pawtuxet people who occupied lands in present-day Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Little is known about his early life. Some authorities believe that he was taken from home to England in 1605 by George Weymouth and

Mahavihara: …by the Sinhalese king Devanampiya Tissa not long after his conversion to Buddhism by the Indian monk Mahendra. Until about the 10th century, it was a great cultural and religious centre and the chief stronghold of Theravada Buddhism. Because of the extreme importance of Buddhism in Ceylon, the prestige of…

airship: In 1883 Albert and Gaston Tissandier of France became the first to successfully power an airship using an electric motor. The first rigid airship, with a hull of aluminum sheeting, was built in Germany in 1897. Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian living in Paris, set a number of…

airship: In 1883 Albert and Gaston Tissandier of France became the first to successfully power an airship using an electric motor. The first rigid airship, with a hull of aluminum sheeting, was built in Germany in 1897. Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian living in Paris, set a number of records in…

Tissaphernes was a Persian satrap (governor) who played a leading part in Persia’s struggle to reconquer the Ionian Greek cities of Asia Minor that had been held by Athens since 449. In 413 Tissaphernes, who was then satrap of Lydia and Caria, formed an alliance with Sparta, and by the next year he

History of film: The Soviet Union: …therefore enlisted the aid of Eduard Tisse, a brilliant cinematographer at the state-owned Goskino studios, beginning a lifelong artistic collaboration. Strike is a semidocumentary representation of the brutal suppression of a strike by tsarist factory owners and police. In addition to being Eisenstein’s first film, it was also the first…

comet: Dynamics: …involved a quantity called the Tisserand parameter:

comet: Dynamics: …involved a quantity called the Tisserand parameter:

Félix Tisserand was a French astronomer noted for his textbook Traité de mécanique céleste, 4 vol. (1889–96; “Treatise on Celestial Mechanics”). This work, an update of Pierre-Simon Laplace’s work on the same subject, is still used as a sourcebook by authors writing on celestial mechanics. Before

Félix Tisserand was a French astronomer noted for his textbook Traité de mécanique céleste, 4 vol. (1889–96; “Treatise on Celestial Mechanics”). This work, an update of Pierre-Simon Laplace’s work on the same subject, is still used as a sourcebook by authors writing on celestial mechanics. Before

James Tissot was a French painter, engraver, and enameler noted for his portraits of late Victorian society. After receiving a religious education, Tissot went to Paris at age 19 to study art. In 1859 he exhibited at the Salon (an official exhibition sponsored by the French government). Turning

James Tissot was a French painter, engraver, and enameler noted for his portraits of late Victorian society. After receiving a religious education, Tissot went to Paris at age 19 to study art. In 1859 he exhibited at the Salon (an official exhibition sponsored by the French government). Turning

tissue, in physiology, a level of organization in multicellular organisms; it consists of a group of structurally and functionally similar cells and their intercellular material. By definition, tissues are absent from unicellular organisms. Even among the simplest multicellular species, such as

transplant: Organ and tissue banks: Without a blood supply, organs deteriorate rapidly. Cooling can slow down the process but cannot stop it. Organs differ in their susceptibility to damage. At body temperature, irreversible destruction of the brain occurs after more than 3 to 5 minutes; of the heart,…

tissue culture, a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function. The cultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a population of cells, or a whole or part of an

tissue engineering, scientific field concerned with the development of biological substitutes capable of replacing diseased or damaged tissue in humans. The term tissue engineering was introduced in the late 1980s. By the early 1990s the concept of applying engineering to the repair of biological

therapeutics: Reconstructive surgery: Tissue expanders are another way of creating extra tissue that can be used to cover a defect. Inflatable plastic reservoirs are implanted under the normal skin of an adjacent area. For several weeks the reservoir is expanded with saline to stretch the overlying skin, which…

bleeding and blood clotting: The extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation: …blood clotting is known as tissue factor, or tissue thromboplastin. Tissue factor is found in many of the cells of the body but is particularly abundant in those of the brain, lungs, and placenta. The pathway of blood coagulation activated by tissue factor, a protein extrinsic to blood, is known…