formal logic: Alternative systems of modal logic: The modal system known as T has as axioms some set of axioms adequate for PC (such as those of PM), and in addition

ton: The metric ton used in most other countries is 1,000 kg, equivalent to 2,204.6 pounds avoirdupois. The term derives from tun, denoting a large barrel used in the wine trade. Ton came to mean any large weight, until it was standardized at 20 hundredweight although the…

tesla, unit of magnetic induction or magnetic flux density in the metre–kilogram–second system (SI) of physical units. One tesla equals one weber per square metre, corresponding to 104 gauss. It is named for Nikola Tesla (q.v.). It is used in all work involving strong magnetic fields, while the

cartography: Those representations are often called T-maps because they show only three continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa), separated by the “T” formed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile River. More accurate geographical representation began in the 14th century when portolan (seamen’s) charts were compiled for navigation.

H II region: …Associations (with O stars) or T Associations (with T Tauri stars), have been observed. The component stars simultaneously generate extremely fast outflows from their atmospheres. These winds create regions of hot, tenuous gas surrounding the association. Eventually the massive stars in the association explode as supernovae, which further disturb the…

stellar classification: T brown dwarfs have prominent methane absorption in their spectra and temperatures between about 800 and 1,500 K. Class Y brown dwarfs are cooler than 800 K and have spectral lines from ammonia and water.

T cell, type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is an essential part of the immune system. T cells are one of two primary types of lymphocytes—B cells being the second type—that determine the specificity of immune response to antigens (foreign substances) in the body. T cells originate in the

star: Explosive variables: …novas, such as the star T Coronae Borealis, suggests that perhaps all novas repeat at intervals ranging up to thousands or perhaps millions of years; and probably, the larger the explosion, the longer the interval. There is strong evidence that novas are components of close double stars and, in particular,…

Student’s t-test: ) The t distribution is a family of curves in which the number of degrees of freedom (the number of independent observations in the sample minus one) specifies a particular curve. As the sample size (and thus the degrees of freedom) increases, the t distribution approaches the bell…

Gerardus ’t Hooft: The ’t Hooft-Veltman model allowed scientists to calculate the physical properties of other particles, including the mass of the top quark, which was directly observed in 1995.

T cell, type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is an essential part of the immune system. T cells are one of two primary types of lymphocytes—B cells being the second type—that determine the specificity of immune response to antigens (foreign substances) in the body. T cells originate in the

Truth or Consequences, city, seat (1937) of Sierra county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S. It lies along the Rio Grande, east of the Black Range in Gila National Forest, 60 miles (97 km) north-northwest of Las Cruces. The locality was first settled in the mid-19th century near the Palomas Springs,

square: …T-shaped instrument known as a T square is used for establishing a horizontal reference on the drafting board.

H II region: …Associations (with O stars) or T Associations (with T Tauri stars), have been observed. The component stars simultaneously generate extremely fast outflows from their atmospheres. These winds create regions of hot, tenuous gas surrounding the association. Eventually the massive stars in the association explode as supernovae, which further disturb the…

T Tauri star, any of a class of very young stars having a mass of the same order as that of the Sun. So called after a prototype identified in a bright region of gas and dust known as the Hind’s variable nebula, the T Tauri stars are characterized by erratic changes in brightness. They represent

T Tauri star, any of a class of very young stars having a mass of the same order as that of the Sun. So called after a prototype identified in a bright region of gas and dust known as the Hind’s variable nebula, the T Tauri stars are characterized by erratic changes in brightness. They represent

Italian literature: Other writings: …and Ti con zero [1968; t zero]). Paolo Volponi’s province is the human consequences of Italy’s rapid postwar industrialization (Memoriale [1962], La macchina mondiale [1965; The Worldwide Machine], and Corporale [1974]). Leonardo Sciascia’s sphere is his native Sicily, whose present

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), labour union that was the largest in Great Britain throughout much of the 20th century. It originated in 1889 with the formation of the Dockers’ Union. In 1922 that union led the merger of 14 unions to form an organization representing more than 300,000

Takla Makan Desert, great desert of Central Asia and one of the largest sandy deserts in the world. The Takla Makan occupies the central part of the Tarim Basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, western China. The desert area extends about 600 miles (960 km) from west to east, and it has

Tarim River, chief river of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, extreme northwestern China. It lies immediately north of the Plateau of Tibet. The river gives its name to the great basin between the Tien Shan and Kunlun mountain systems of Central Asia. It flows for most of its length through

Tarim Basin, vast depression drained by the Tarim River in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, western China, covering about 350,000 square miles (906,500 square km) and enclosed by the Tien Shan (mountains) to the north, the Pamirs to the west, the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the Altun

Korea: The emergence of provincial magnates: …the Later Baekje (892) and Later Goguryeo (also called Majin or Taebong; 901) kingdoms. Together with Silla, they are commonly referred to as the Later Three Kingdoms. In this period Seon (Zen) Buddhism was most popular, with its emphasis on the importance of realizing, through contemplation, the inborn Buddha nature…

flag of Korea, North: Previously, however, the traditional Korean t’aegŭk flag of white with a central red-blue disk and four sets of black bars was official in North Korea. Like many other countries, North Korea has utilized its flag as an instrument of foreign policy; a huge version flies outside the small building at…

Goguryeo: By the reign of King Taejo (53–146 ce), a royal hereditary system had been established. With the promulgation by King Sosurim (reigned 371–384) of various laws and decrees aimed at centralizing royal authority, Goguryeo emerged as a full-fledged aristocratic state. Its territory was extended greatly during the reign of King…

Chinese architecture: The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce): …also describe platforms or towers, tai, made of rammed earth and timber and used as watchtowers, as treasuries, or for ritual sacrifices and feasts, while pictures engraved or inlaid on late Zhou bronze vessels show two-story buildings used for this type of ritual activity. Some of these multistory buildings are…

taiji, in Chinese philosophy, the ultimate source and motive force behind all reality. In the Book of Changes (Yijing), the ancient philosophical text in which the concept is first mentioned, taiji is the source and union of the two primary aspects of the cosmos, yang (active) and yin (passive).

tai chi chuan, distinctive Chinese form of exercise or attack and defense that is popular throughout the world and closely related to the ancient Daoist system of qigong. As exercise, tai chi chuan is designed to provide relaxation in the process of body-conditioning exercise and is drawn from the

chronology: Chinese: …Han Wu Ti promulgated the T’ai-ch’u calendar by reverting to the Hsia cheng—i.e., by taking the third month of the Chou year, or the second lunation after the winter solstice, as the first month of the civil year. This lunar year (or Hsia cheng) was used till the last day…

Taixu was a Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher who sought to revitalize modern Buddhism throughout the world. Taixu received his early training in Buddhism in the Tiandong Monastery near Ningbo. In 1912 he helped organize the Association for the Advancement of Buddhism with headquarters in

Lake Tai, large lake between Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces, eastern China. Roughly crescent-shaped, it is about 45 miles (70 km) from north to south and 37 miles (59 km) from east to west; its total surface area is about 935 square miles (2,425 square km). The lake lies in a flat plain and is

Mount Tai, mountain mass with several peaks along a southwest-northeast axis to the north of the city of Tai’an in Shandong province, eastern China. Mount Tai consists of a much-shattered fault block, mostly composed of archaic crystalline shales and granites and some ancient limestones. The

Zhou Dunyi: …works was the short treatise Taijitushuo (“Explanation of the Diagram of the Great Ultimate”), in which he developed a metaphysics based on the idea that “the many are [ultimately] one, and the one is actually differentiated into the many.” Zhou combined Daoist schema of the universe with the Yijing’s concept…

Taizhou, city, southwest-central Jiangsu sheng (province), eastern China. It is situated about 30 miles (50 km) east of the city of Yangzhou, to which it is connected by the Tongyang Canal; the canal also joins Taizhou to Nantong (southeast) and to the coastal area of northern Jiangsu (northeast).

T’ai-chung, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), west-central Taiwan. Since 1959 it has been the seat of the provincial administration of Taiwan province. T’ai-chung grew in the early 19th century as the collecting centre for a fertile agricultural basin situated between the low

T’ai-chung, former county (hsien, or xian), west-central Taiwan. Since 2010 it has been incorporated administratively into the T’ai-chung special municipality, The enlarged special municipality is bordered by the counties of Miao-li (Miaoli) to the north, I-lan (Yilan) and Hua-lien (Hualian) to the

Taihang Mountains, mountain range of northern China, stretching some 250 miles (400 km) from north to south and forming the boundary between Shanxi and Hebei provinces and between the Shanxi plateau and the North China Plain. Some Western writers have erroneously called the mountains the T’ai-hsing

Beijing: Public and commercial buildings: …north is the massive, double-tiered Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian), once the throne hall. A marble terrace rises above the marble balustrades that surround it, upon which stand beautiful ancient bronzes in the shapes of caldrons, cranes, turtles, compasses, and ancient measuring instruments. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the…

Taihang Mountains, mountain range of northern China, stretching some 250 miles (400 km) from north to south and forming the boundary between Shanxi and Hebei provinces and between the Shanxi plateau and the North China Plain. Some Western writers have erroneously called the mountains the T’ai-hsing

T’ai-nan, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), southwestern Taiwan. In 2010 T’ai-nan municipality and T’ai-nan county surrounding it were combined administratively to form the special municipality, which has the status of a county. T’ai-nan is one of the oldest urban settlements on

T’ai-nan, former county (hsien, or xian), southwestern Taiwan. Since 2010 it has been incorporated administratively into the T’ai-nan special municipality. The former county is bordered by Chia-i (Jiayi) county to the north, Kao-hsiung (Gaoxiong) special municipality to the southeast, and the

I-lan: T’ai-p’ing (Taiping) Mountain, in the south-central part of the county, is a major logging station in Taiwan and a major tourist resort. The county produces much of the pan-ya (banya; smoked and salted ducks) in Taiwan. Su-ao (Suao), an important harbour on Taiwan’s eastern coast,…

Taipei, special (province-level) municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi) and seat of government of Taiwan (Republic of China). It is situated on the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, almost at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, about 15 miles (25 km) southwest of Chi-lung (Jilong, or

New Taipei City: The T’ai-pei basin, drained by the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, is fertile; citrus fruits, tea, rice, and sweet potatoes are grown. The Chi-lung and T’ai-pei coalfields are in the central part of the special municipality; bauxite, clay, sulfur, iron-ore, copper, and mercury deposits are also…

Taizu was the Chinese emperor (reigned 960–976), military leader, and statesman who founded the Song dynasty (960–1279). He began the reunification of China, a project largely completed by his younger brother and successor, the Taizong emperor. Zhao Kuangyin (who posthumously received the dynastic

Taizu was the leader of the nomadic Juchen (Chinese: Nüzhen, or Ruzhen) tribes who occupied north and east Manchuria. He founded the Jin, or Juchen, dynasty (1115–1234) and conquered all of North China. The Juchen were originally vassals of the Mongol-speaking Khitan tribes who had occupied part of

Taizong was the temple name (miaohao) of the second emperor of the Song dynasty (960–1279) and brother of the first emperor, Taizu. He completed consolidation of the dynasty. When the Taizu emperor died in 976, the throne was passed to Taizong rather than to the first emperor’s infant son,

Taizong was the temple name (miaohao) of the second emperor (reigned 626–649) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China. Li Shimin was the second son of the dynastic founder, the Gaozu emperor. Traditional historians have portrayed him as the driving force behind his father’s uprising against the

T’ai-tung, coastal shih (municipality) and seat, T’ai-tung hsien (county), southeastern Taiwan, on the southern bank of the Pei-nan River, 58 miles (94 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung. The city was founded and developed during the reigns of Chia-ch’ing (1796–1820) and Hsien-feng (1851–61), both

T’ai-tung, hsien (county), southeastern Taiwan. It is bordered by the hsiens of Hua-lien (north) and Kao-hsiung and P’ing-tung (southwest) and by the Philippine Sea (east). Thickly forested southeastern slopes of the Chung-yang Range extend over most of the area; Kuan Mountain, rising to 12,028

T’ai-nan, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), southwestern Taiwan. In 2010 T’ai-nan municipality and T’ai-nan county surrounding it were combined administratively to form the special municipality, which has the status of a county. T’ai-nan is one of the oldest urban settlements on

Taiwan, island in the western Pacific Ocean that lies roughly 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of southeastern China. It is approximately 245 miles (395 km) long (north-south) and 90 miles (145 km) across at its widest point. Taipei, in the north, is the seat of government of the Republic of China

Taiwan Strait, arm of the Pacific Ocean, 100 miles (160 km) wide at its narrowest point, lying between the coast of China’s Fukien province and the island of Taiwan (Formosa). The strait extends from southwest to northeast between the South and East China seas. It reaches a depth of about 230 feet

Taiyuan, city and capital of Shanxi sheng (province), China. One of the greatest industrial cities in China, it lies on the Fen River in the northern portion of the river’s fertile upper basin. Taiyuan commands the north-south route through Shanxi, as well as important natural lines of

T’ai-nan, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), southwestern Taiwan. In 2010 T’ai-nan municipality and T’ai-nan county surrounding it were combined administratively to form the special municipality, which has the status of a county. T’ai-nan is one of the oldest urban settlements on

T’aigo Wangsa was a Buddhist monk and the founder of the T’aigo sect of Korean Buddhism. T’aigo entered into Buddhism at the age of 13 and at 25 passed the national Buddhist service examination. He practiced at a temple in a mountain in the north of Seoul, which he built and named T’aigoam (whence

Platform Sutra, important text from the Ch’an (Zen) school of Chinese Buddhism, most likely composed in the 8th century ce. It is attributed to the sixth patriarch of the Ch’an tradition, Hui-neng (638–713), although it is most likely the work of subsequent disciples who sought to legitimate their

Buddhism: Pure Land: …sutras, meditation on the Buddha, worshiping of buddha images, and singing his praises.

Tang was the reign name of the Chinese emperor who overthrew the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 bc) and founded the Shang, the first historical dynasty ( c. 1600–1046 bc, though the dating of the Shang—and hence also of the Tang emperor’s founding of it—have long been the subject of much debate). As

Tang Jiyao was the military governor of China’s Yunnan province from 1913 to 1927. In 1915, Tang provided crucial military support to the rebels opposing Yuan Shikai’s reestablishment of the monarchy. Thereafter he remained a somewhat lukewarm supporter of Sun Yat-sen. After Sun’s death in 1925,

Tang dynasty, (618–907 ce), Chinese dynasty that succeeded the short-lived Sui dynasty (581–618), developed a successful form of government and administration on the Sui model, and stimulated a cultural and artistic flowering that amounted to a golden age. The Tang dynasty—like most—rose in

Adam Schall von Bell was a Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Schall arrived in China in 1622, having been trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He soon impressed the Chinese with the superiority

Min languages: …speakers use a pronunciation (called Tang Min) for the literary language that differs from that used in other Sinitic languages. The Tang Min pronunciation of the standard language preserves the final consonants of Ancient Chinese, but nonliterary spoken Min languages do not. Other differences between Min and other Sinitic languages…

Tang Yin was a Chinese scholar, painter, and poet of the Ming period whose life story has become a part of popular lore. Tang was a pupil of the great Shen Zhou, a friend of Wen Zhengming, and was aided by the latter’s father, Wen Lin. Tang came from a mercantile background and excelled in his

Tanggu, district, eastern Tianjin municipality, northeastern China. It is located on the Hai River where the Hai empties into the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli). Formerly the town of Tangda (it was renamed in 1952), Tanggu district has been under the administration of Tianjin since 1949. The district lies

Tanggula Mountains, mountain range in the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. On the high plateau south of the mountains, there are many large salt lakes. In its eastern part the range forms the boundary between Tibet and Qinghai province. Although many peaks are higher than 19,000 feet

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …Lhasa: Lakes Dangre Yong (Tibetan: Tangra Yum), Nam, and Siling. South of Lhasa lie two other large lakes, Yamzho Yun (Yangzho Yong) and Puma Yung (Pumo). In western Tibet two adjoining lakes are located near the Nepal border—Lake Mapam, sacred to both Buddhists and Hindus, and Lake La’nga.

Tangshan, industrial city, eastern Hebei sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated in the northeastern portion of the North China Plain, about 30 miles (48 km) north of the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli) and 65 miles (105 km) northeast of central Tianjin metropolis. Pop. (2002 est.) city,

Chinese literature: Classical literature: The Tang-Song school, on the other hand, accused its opponents of limited vision and reemphasized Han Yu’s dictum that literature should be the vehicle of Dao, equated with the way of life taught by orthodox Confucianism. These continuous squabbles ultimately led nowhere, and the literary products…

Yi Chŏng was a painter who was one of the most popular 16th-century Korean artists. The great-great-grandson of King Sejong (1397–1450), Yi is said to have personified the ideal Korean aristocrat. He is as famous for his regal and generous disposition and his scholarly tastes as he is for his

Tao Qian was one of China’s greatest poets and a noted recluse. Born into an impoverished aristocratic family, Tao Qian took a minor official post while in his 20s in order to support his aged parents. After about 10 years at that post and a brief term as county magistrate, he resigned from

Tao Hongjing was a Chinese poet, calligrapher, physician, naturalist, and the most eminent Daoist of his time. A precocious child, Tao was a tutor to the imperial court while still a youth. In 492 he retired to Mao Shan, a chain of hills southeast of Nanjing, to devote himself to the life and study

taotie, monster mask commonly found on ancient Chinese ritual bronze vessels and implements. The taotie characteristically consists of a zoomorphic mask in full face that may be divided, through the nose ridge at the centre, into profile views of two one-legged beasts (gui dragons) confronting each

T’ao-yüan, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), northern Taiwan. Until late 2014 it was the seat of T’ao-yüan county, at which time the county and T’ao-yüan municipality were administratively combined to form the special municipality. T’ao-yüan municipality became a city district

T’ao-yüan, former county (hsien, or xian), northern Taiwan. In 2014 it was combined administratively with the municipality of T’ao-yüan (the former county seat) to form a special municipality with the status of a county. The special municipality is bordered by the special municipality of New Taipei

tie rubbing, imprint taken from calligraphy engraved on stone or wood. The practice emerged in the Tang dynasty (618–907) as a method of studying the style of earlier calligraphers and developed into an important related art form in itself. The rubbings served as models for copying and training.

tian, in indigenous Chinese religion, the supreme power reigning over lesser gods and human beings. The term tian may refer to a deity, to impersonal nature, or to both. As a god, tian is sometimes perceived to be an impersonal power in contrast to Shangdi (“Supreme Ruler”), but the two are closely

Tian Han was a Chinese playwright and poet known for his expressive and powerful one-act plays. Tian wrote librettos for traditional Chinese opera when he was a teenager. He studied for several years in Japan, where he developed a lasting interest in modern drama. Under the influence of the May

Tianlong Shan, site in central Shanxi province in China containing a series of Buddhist cave temples dating from the mid-6th century. The sculptures in these temples represent the Tang dynasty style of the late 7th and 8th centuries. Many intact and fragmentary examples of these famous Tang

Tien Shan, great mountain system of Central Asia. Its name is Chinese for “Celestial Mountains.” Stretching about 1,500 miles (2,500 km) from west-southwest to east-northeast, it mainly straddles the border between China and Kyrgyzstan and bisects the ancient territory of Turkistan. It is about 300

Beijing: City layout: …on either side of the Tiananmen (Tian’anmen; “Gate of Heavenly Peace”), the southern, and main, entrance to the Imperial City that stands at the northern end of Tiananmen Square. Within the Imperial City, in turn, was the moated Forbidden City, with walls 2.25 miles (3.6 km) long. The Forbidden City…

Tiananmen Square, open square in the centre of Beijing, China, one of the largest public squares in the world. Tiananmen Square was originally designed and built in 1651. It was enlarged to four times its original size and cemented over in 1958. It covers an area of 100 acres (40.5 hectares), and

Tianqi was the reign name (niaohao) of the 16th and penultimate emperor (reigned 1620–27) of the Ming dynasty, under whose rule the infamous eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627) dominated the government while the dynasty disintegrated. Ascending the throne at the age of 15, the Tianqi emperor preferred

Tianjin, city and province-level shi (municipality), northern China. It is located to the east of Hebei province, at the northeastern extremity of the North China Plain. After Shanghai and Beijing, it is the third largest municipality of China. It is also the most important manufacturing centre and

tianming, in Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that heaven (tian) conferred directly upon an emperor, the son of heaven (tianzi), the right to rule. The doctrine had its beginnings in the early Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 bce). The continuation of the mandate was believed to be conditioned by the

Tianshidao, great popular Daoist movement that occurred near the end of China’s Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) and greatly weakened the government. The Tianshidao movement became a prototype of the religiously inspired popular rebellions that were to erupt periodically throughout China for the next

Tianshui, city, southeastern Gansu sheng (province), north-central China. It is situated along the Wei River and was historically an important place along the Silk Road, the great route westward from Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, Shaanxi province) to Central Asia and Europe. This route is today

Tiantai, rationalist school of Buddhist thought that takes its name from the mountain in southeastern China where its founder and greatest exponent, Zhiyi, lived and taught in the 6th century. The school was introduced into Japan in 806 by Saichō, known posthumously as Dengyō Daishi. The chief

Tiantai Mountains, mountain chain in eastern Zhejiang province, eastern China. Tiantai is also the name of a mountain in the chain. The range forms the northeastern extension of the great Xianxia Mountains in southern Zhejiang, which form the watershed between the Ling River and the Ou River,

lokapāla, in Hindu and Buddhist mythology, any of the guardians of the four cardinal directions. They are known in Tibetan as ’jig-rtenskyong, in Chinese as t’ien-wang, and in Japanese as shi-tennō. The Hindu protectors, who ride on elephants, are Indra, who governs the east, Yama the south, Varuṇa

eggshell porcelain, Chinese porcelain characterized by an excessively thin body under the glaze. It often had decoration engraved on it before firing that, like a watermark in paper, was visible only when held to the light; such decoration is called anhua, meaning literally “secret language.”

Tongyeong, city and port, South Gyeongsang do (province), southeastern South Korea. The city was created in 1995 when Chungmu city was combined with Tongyeong county. Until it was made a municipality in 1955, Chungmu was called Tongyeong, deriving its name from Tongjeyeong, which in Old Korean

tárogató, single-reed wind instrument, widely played in the folk music of Romania and, especially, Hungary. It resembles a wooden soprano saxophone, but its conical bore is narrower. The tárogató was originally a shawm (a loud double-reed instrument). At the end of the 19th century W. Joseph

Cai Yuanpei was an educator and revolutionary who served as head of Peking University in Beijing from 1916 to 1926 during the critical period when that institution played a major role in the development of a new spirit of nationalism and social reform in China. Cai passed the highest level of his

measurement system: The Egyptians: …or four palms, made one t’ser. Twenty-four digits, or six palms, were a small cubit.

Tujia, any member of a people distributed over western Hunan and southwestern Hubei provinces in China. The Tujia numbered more than eight million in the early 21st century. Their language, which remains unwritten and is spoken by only a few hundred thousand of the total population, belongs to the

Turkic peoples: …and linguistically connected with the Tujue, the name given by the Chinese to the nomadic people who in the 6th century ce founded an empire stretching from what is now Mongolia and the northern frontier of China to the Black Sea. With some exceptions, notably in the European part of…

Tibetan, people who inhabit Tibet or nearby regions and speak Tibetan. All Tibetans share the same language. It is highly stylized, with an honorific and an ordinary word for most terms of reference. The honorific expression is used when speaking to equals or superiors and the ordinary word when

Turfan, city, north-central Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. It lies about 112 miles (180 km) southeast of the city of Ürümqi (Urumchi), on the northern edge of the deep Turfan Depression between the Bogda Mountains (an eastern extension of the Tien Shan) to the north and

deep mountain basin in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 meters) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighboring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000

Tumen River, river, forming the northeastern frontier of North Korea with China and Russia. The Tumen originates on Mount Paektu (Chinese: Baitou; 9,022 feet [2,750 metres]), the highest peak of the Changbai (Korean: Chanbaek) Mountains along the China-Korea border. It then flows with its short