Seleucia Tracheotis, city in Cilicia (in present-day southern Turkey), on the Calycadnus River (modern Goksu Nehri), a few miles from that stream’s mouth; the site was doubtless selected as a protection against attacks from the sea. There are ruins of a castle on the acropolis, and the city

Seleucus I Nicator was a Macedonian army officer who founded the Seleucid kingdom. In the struggles following the death of Alexander the Great, he rose from governor of Babylon to king of an empire centering on Syria and Iran. Seleucus was the son of Antiochus, a general of Philip II of Macedonia,

desert dormouse, (Selevinia betpakdalaensis), a rarely seen or captured small rodent of Central Asia. Weighing less than 28 grams (1 ounce), the desert dormouse has a stout rounded body 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 inches) long and a slightly shorter fine-haired tail of 6 to 8 cm. Its gray fur is long,

desert dormouse, (Selevinia betpakdalaensis), a rarely seen or captured small rodent of Central Asia. Weighing less than 28 grams (1 ounce), the desert dormouse has a stout rounded body 8 to 10 cm (3.1 to 3.9 inches) long and a slightly shorter fine-haired tail of 6 to 8 cm. Its gray fur is long,

Yann Martel: Career: …followed by his first novel, Self (1996), both of which introduced consistent thematic concerns in his fiction, including the complexities of illness, sexuality and identity, death and dying, and the burden of grief and loss.

self, the “I” as experienced by an individual. In modern psychology the notion of the self has replaced earlier conceptions of the soul. The concept of the self has been a central feature of many personality theories, including those of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Gordon W. Allport,

immune system disorder: Alteration of self antigens: Various mechanisms can alter self components so that they seem foreign to the immune system. New antigenic determinants can be attached to self proteins, or the shape of a self antigen can shift—for a variety of reasons—so that previously unresponsive helper T cells…

Tiffany Haddish: …appeared in the Netflix miniseries Self Made, which was inspired by the life of pioneering businesswoman Madam C.J. Walker (played by Octavia Spencer). Her films from 2021 included the comedy Bad Trip and Billy Crystal’s Here Today, in which she played a singer who forms a friendship with a comedy…

Charles Wright: Five poems titled “Self Portrait” typify Wright’s reticence and affirm the indeterminacy of the artist’s personality. Critics described Zone Journals (1988) as Wright’s homage to Pound. The collection reflects Pound’s use of images, rhythm, and literary allusions. “A Journal of the Year of the Ox,” the longest and…

Titian: Portraits: One must not forget Titian’s Self Portrait, in which he presents himself with great dignity, wearing the golden chain of knighthood. The intelligent, tired face is fully rendered, while the costume is sketched in lightly with a free brush. One of the most remarkable late works is the Triple Portrait…

Bruce Nauman: His Self Portrait as a Fountain (1966; original photograph destroyed, reissued 1970) showed the artist spouting a stream of water from his mouth. Witty and irreverent, Nauman tested the idea of art as a stable vehicle of communication and the role of the artist as revelatory…

Andy Samberg: Lee and other projects after Brooklyn Nine-Nine: …he appeared in the movie Self Reliance (2023). In 2022 actress Kate Winslet asked him to join the cast of the film she was making about American photographer Lee Miller, called Lee. Samberg portrayed Life magazine war correspondent David Scherman, who reported alongside Miller as she documented the impact of…

textile: Knitting machines: The latch needle is composed of a curved hook, a latch, or tumbler, that swings on a rivet just below the hook, and the stem, or butt. It is sometimes called the self-acting needle because no presser is needed; the hook is closed by the pressure…

self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in neuroanatomy and psychiatry in the early half of the 20th century. As conceived by Goldstein,

autotomy, the ability of certain animals to release part of the body that has been grasped by an external agent. A notable example is found among lizards that break off the tail when it is seized by a predator. The phenomenon is found also among certain worms, salamanders, and spiders. The cast-off

artificial intelligence: Symbolic vs. connectionist approaches: The bottom-up approach, on the other hand, involves creating artificial neural networks in imitation of the brain’s structure—whence the connectionist label.

self, the “I” as experienced by an individual. In modern psychology the notion of the self has replaced earlier conceptions of the soul. The concept of the self has been a central feature of many personality theories, including those of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Gordon W. Allport,

radio telescope: Radio interferometry and aperture synthesis: …led to the concept of self-calibration, which uses the observed source as its own calibrator in order to remove errors in a radio image due to uncertainties in the response of individual antennas as well as small errors introduced by the propagation of radio signals through the terrestrial atmosphere. In…

aids for activities of daily living (AADLs), products, devices, and equipment used in everyday functional activities by the disabled or the elderly. A form of assistive technology, aids for activities of daily living (AADLs) include a wide range of devices. Potential categories of equipment may

personal identity, in metaphysics, the problem of the nature of the identity of persons and their persistence through time. One makes a judgment of personal identity whenever one says that a person existing at one time is the same as a person existing at another time: e.g., that the president of

Wyndham Lewis: Lewis’s 1954 novel, Self-Condemned, is a fictionalized account of those years.

self, the “I” as experienced by an individual. In modern psychology the notion of the self has replaced earlier conceptions of the soul. The concept of the self has been a central feature of many personality theories, including those of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Gordon W. Allport,

chemical bonding: Computational approaches to molecular structure: …computations are referred to as self-consistent field (SCF) procedures. Thus, a particular electronic distribution is proposed, and the distribution of the electrons is recalculated on the basis of this first approximation. The distribution is then calculated again on the basis of that improved description, and the process is continued until…

coal mining: Health, safety, and environment: For example, the self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) represents a significant development in raising a miner’s chances of survival and escape after an explosion, fire, or similar emergency contaminates the mine atmosphere with toxic gases. This lightweight, belt-wearable device is available worldwide and is mandated in several countries to be…

logistics: Power versus movement: …for forces in the field: self-containment, local supply, and supply from bases.

consumption: Alternatives to fully informed rationality: …have developed models showing that self-control problems have minor consequences if it is possible for consumers to make commitments that are difficult or troublesome to reverse—such as having an employer deduct a specified portion of an employee’s paycheck for retirement savings before the money is deposited the employee’s bank account…

self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in neuroanatomy and psychiatry in the early half of the 20th century. As conceived by Goldstein,

self-defense, in criminal law, justification for inflicting serious harm on another person on the ground that the harm was inflicted as a means of protecting oneself. In general, killing is not a criminal act when the killer reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of losing his life from

Self-Defense Force, Japan’s military after World War II. In Article 9 of Japan’s postwar constitution, the Japanese renounced war and pledged never to maintain land, sea, or air forces. The rearming of Japan in the 1950s was therefore cast in terms of self-defense. In 1950 a small military force

asceticism, (from Greek askeō: “to exercise,” or “to train”), the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal. Hardly any religion has been without at least traces or some features of asceticism. The origins of asceticism lie in man’s

New Model Army: In April 1645, by the Self-Denying Ordinance, members of Parliament resigned all military and civil office and command acquired since November 1640. Sir Thomas Fairfax (afterward 3rd Baron Fairfax—the “younger” Fairfax) was appointed captain general of the New Model Army, with authority to appoint his senior officers. The army’s organization…

self-determination, the process by which a group of people, usually possessing a certain degree of national consciousness, form their own state and choose their own government. As a political principle, the idea of self-determination evolved at first as a by-product of the doctrine of nationalism,

home care: Known as self-directed care (or direct funding), that approach allows individuals to tailor their care specifically to their needs and wishes. Self-directed care typically is organized and implemented within an allotted home-care budget that is provided by the funding agency.

knowledge distillation: Methods of knowledge distillation: Finally, self-distillation involves one model acting as both teacher and student. The model essentially trains its “shallow” layers (those that are closer to the input layer and hence learn only basic features) with its “deeper” layers (those that are closer to the output layer and hence…

autonomous vehicle, automobile that employs driver assistance technologies to remove the need for a human operator. There are six stages of automation in automobiles, ranging from fully unassisted manual driving at stage 0 to fully automated self-driving cars at stage 5. Though the terms

materials science: Optical switching: …the quantum-well self-electro-optic-effect device, or SEED. The key concept for this device is the use of quantum wells. These structures consist of many thin layers of two different semiconductor materials. Individual layers are typically 10 nanometres (about 40 atoms) thick, and 100 layers are used in a device about 1…

One of the advantages of being self-employed is that many ordinary business costs can reduce your taxable income. From office supplies to mileage and home office expenses, these deductions lower the profit subject to income tax and self-employment tax. The key is knowing which expenses qualify and

Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), trade union based in India that organized women for informal employment (work outside a traditional employer-employee relationship). The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) was founded in 1972 by Indian lawyer and social activist Ela Bhatt and a small

You’ve started your own business and kept track of your income and expenses. Now it’s time to use that information to make estimated tax payments, complete your tax return, and meet other filing requirements. You can, of course, turn all your documents over to a paid tax preparer. But even if you

self-esteem, Sense of personal worth and ability that is fundamental to an individual’s identity. Family relationships during childhood are believed to play a crucial role in its development. Parents may foster self-esteem by expressing affection and support for the child as well as by helping the

Self-portrait, painting by Swedish Arts and Crafts artist Carl Larsson, created in 1906. This painting, also known as Self-recognition and Self-examination, is one of several self-depictions by Larsson. Larsson, who lived from 1853 to 1919, became a national institution in his homeland. Larsson’s

electromagnetism: Development of electromagnetic technology: …until the principle of the self-excited generator was discovered in 1866. (A self-excited generator has stronger magnetic fields because it uses electromagnets powered by the generator itself.) In 1870 Zénobe Théophile Gramme, a Belgian manufacturer, built the first practical generator capable of producing a continuous current. It was soon found…

international law: International law and municipal law: …a treaty may be either self-executing or non-self-executing, depending upon whether domestic legislation must be enacted in order for the treaty to enter into force. In the United States, self-executing treaties apply directly as part of the supreme law of the land without the need for further action. Whether a…

self-fertilization, fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) produced by the same individual. Self-fertilization occurs in bisexual organisms, including most flowering plants, numerous protozoans, and many invertebrates. Autogamy, the production of gametes by the division of a single parent

self-fulfilling prophecy, process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation. In a self-fulfilling prophecy an individual’s expectations about another person or entity eventually result in the other person or entity acting in ways that confirm the expectations. A

Bantustan, any of 10 former territories that were designated by the white-dominated government of South Africa as pseudo-national homelands for the country’s Black African (classified by the government as Bantu) population during the mid- to late 20th century. The Bantustans were a major

self-heal, (genus Prunella), genus of 13 species of low-growing perennials in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Eurasia and North America. Several species, especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were

smart grid: A self-healing grid: That limited self-healing capacity would have three primary objectives. The most fundamental would be continual monitoring and reaction. Sensors such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) would monitor electrical parameters such as voltage and current multiple times per second and feed the data to control room operators. The…

Samuel Smiles: …known for his didactic work Self-Help (1859), which, with its successors, Character (1871), Thrift (1875), and Duty (1880), enshrined the basic Victorian values associated with the “gospel of work.”

Otto Perl: …author and cofounder of the Selbsthilfebund der Körperbehinderten (Self-Help Alliance of the Physically Handicapped, or Otto Perl Alliance; 1919–31), the first emancipatory self-help organization representing the interests of the physically disabled in Germany.

Samuel Smiles: …known for his didactic work Self-Help (1859), which, with its successors, Character (1871), Thrift (1875), and Duty (1880), enshrined the basic Victorian values associated with the “gospel of work.”

autohypnosis, hypnosis that is self-induced. Though feasible and possibly productive of useful results, it is often a sterile procedure because the autohypnotist usually tries too hard to direct consciously the activities that he wishes to take place at the hypnotic level of awareness, thus

Godarpura: …1824, the scene of the self-immolation of religious devotees, who threw themselves from the high cliffs into the river. Pop. (2001) Omkareshwar, 6,616; (2011) Omkareshwar, 10,063.

angiosperm: Pollination: …developed a chemical system of self-incompatibility. The most common type is sporophytic self-incompatibility, in which the secretions of the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tissue prevent the germination or growth of incompatible pollen. A second type, gametophytic self-incompatibility, involves the inability of the gametes from the same parent plant to…

self-incrimination, in law, the giving of evidence that might tend to expose the witness to punishment for crime. The term is generally used in relation to the privilege of refusing to give such evidence. In some continental European countries (Germany, for example, but not France), a person

electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second…

electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second…

ammonia: Physical properties: Ammonia also self-ionizes, although less so than does water. 2NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + NH2−

acceptance: This is known as a self-liquidating transaction, and this characteristic has given trade acceptances excellent credit standing (with consequent widespread use) in many countries. The acceptance market therefore provides investors with a means of employing temporarily excess funds for short periods of time with a minimum of risk.

Edvard Kardelj: …of a theory known as socialist self-management, which served as the basis of Yugoslavia’s political and economic system and distinguished it from the Soviet system. In foreign affairs he pioneered the concept of nonalignment for Yugoslavia between the West and the Soviet Union.

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

computer: Machine language: …they would be capable of self-modification. Konrad Zuse had looked upon this possibility as “making a contract with the Devil” because of the potential for abuse, and he had chosen not to implement it in his machines. But self-modification was essential for achieving a true general-purpose machine.

monasticism: Redemption: …may involve forms of self-mortification. The practice of self-mortification, which intensifies or stabilizes the austerities required of the monastic, is found in all monastic traditions. Whether the autocentric or the vicarious aspect of the quest is emphasized depends entirely on the doctrinal framework within which the monastic functions. In…

metabolic disease: Purine and pyrimidine disorders: …feature is the occurrence of self-mutilation. Intellectual disability is also common. Most individuals with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome excrete a large amount of uric acid in their urine, leading to gout, kidney stones, and possible kidney failure. A high fluid intake and the drug allopurinol are helpful

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

motivation: Self-perception theory: Cognitive dissonance approaches have not gone unchallenged. An alternative approach, known as self-perception theory, suggests that all individuals analyze their own behaviour much as an outside observer might and, as a result of these observations, make judgments about why they are motivated to…

pollination: Types: self-pollination and cross-pollination: An egg cell in an ovule of a flower may be fertilized by a sperm cell derived from a pollen grain produced by that same flower or by another flower on the same plant, in either of which two cases fertilization is…

Lee Friedlander: Self-Portrait was his first publication. Printed in 1970 by the photographer’s own firm, Haywire Press, the photo book included nearly 50 images of the artist represented as a shadow or a reflection, or occasionally as visible in person. By inserting himself into photographs in indirect…

Self-Portrait, early painting by British genre artist Sir David Wilkie, created in about 1804. Painted when he was just 20 years old, this portrait represents a defining moment in the artist’s life: Wilkie was about to leave his native Scotland for England. Having studied in Edinburgh, Wilkie left

Latin American art: Latin American themes: …still commissioned, the genre of self-portraits by native-born painters also emerged, leading to works that reveal a more informal, human quality. A fine example of this tradition is a pastel (an informal, spontaneous medium much favoured by Rococo artists) self-portrait by José Luis Rodríguez de Alconedo from 1810. He depicted…

Self-Portrait, masterful painting created by Neoclassical Swiss-born artist Angelica Kauffmann in 1787. In this portrait she depicted herself in classical dress. Kauffmann, who was regarded as a child prodigy, enjoyed greater status than was usual for 18th-century female artists. Known for her

Self-portrait, painting by Swedish Arts and Crafts artist Carl Larsson, created in 1906. This painting, also known as Self-recognition and Self-examination, is one of several self-depictions by Larsson. Larsson, who lived from 1853 to 1919, became a national institution in his homeland. Larsson’s

Caravaggio: First apprenticeships in Rome: Pucci, Cesari, and Petrigiani: …Self-Portrait as Bacchus (also called Sick Bacchus). Both were expropriated from Cesari by Scipione Borghese, the papal nephew, in the early 1600s and have remained in the Borghese collection ever since. They are subtle and bittersweet works, the first perhaps inspired by the divine longing of the Bridegroom in the…

Rembrandt: Growing fame: …is wearing in his famous 1640 self-portrait presumably referred to Albrecht Dürer, a fellow great peintre-graveur whom Rembrandt greatly admired and tried to emulate.

Frida Kahlo: Early years and bus accident: …one of her early paintings, Self-Portrait Wearing a Velvet Dress (1926), Kahlo painted a waist-length portrait of herself against a dark background with stylized waves. Although the painting is fairly abstract, Kahlo’s soft modeling of her face shows her interest in naturalism. The stoic gaze so prevalent in her later…

Paula Modersohn-Becker: …her mature paintings, such as Self-Portrait with a Camellia (1907), she combined a lyrical naturalism with broad areas of simplified colour reminiscent of Gauguin and Cézanne. Because she was more interested in the expression of her inner feelings than in an accurate portrayal of reality, she is frequently associated with…

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff: …of this mature work is Self-Portrait with Monocle (1910). Like the other Brücke artists, Schmidt-Rottluff had also begun to explore the expressive potential of the woodcut medium. In 1911 Schmidt-Rottluff, with his fellow Die Brücke members, moved to Berlin, where he painted works with more angular, geometric forms and distorted…

Leonora Carrington: …two years, including her well-known Self-Portrait: The Inn of the Dawn Horse (1937–38), which shows her with a wild mane of hair in a room with a rocking horse floating behind her, a hyena at her feet, and a white horse galloping away outside the window. Images of the horse…

Earth exploration: Electrical and electromagnetic methods: The self-potential method relies on the oxidation of the upper surface of metallic sulfide minerals by downward-percolating groundwater to become a natural battery; current flows through the ore body and back through the surrounding groundwater, which acts as the electrolyte. Measuring the natural voltage differences (usually…

advanced ceramics: High-temperature synthesis: In a reaction known as self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), highly reactive metal particles ignite in contact with boron, carbon, nitrogen, and silica to form boride, carbide, nitride, and silicide ceramics. Since the reactions are extremely exothermic (heat-producing), the reaction fronts propagate rapidly through the precursor powders. Usually, the ultimate particle…

armoured vehicle: Fully tracked carriers: …armoured carriers, light tanks, and self-propelled guns were built with aluminum armour. Within 30 years the United States had produced more than 76,000 M113 APCs and their derivatives, making them the most numerous armoured vehicles outside the Soviet bloc. M113 carriers were used extensively in the Vietnam War, often as…

undersea exploration: Measurements of ocean currents: One such system, called a Self-Propelled Underwater Research Vehicle (SPURV), manoeuvres below the surface of the sea in response to acoustic signals from the research vessel. It can be used to produce horizontal as well as vertical profiles of various physical properties.

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in neuroanatomy and psychiatry in the early half of the 20th century. As conceived by Goldstein,

Self-Realization Fellowship, spiritual society founded in the United States by Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), a teacher of yoga, who was one of the first Indian spiritual teachers to reside permanently in the West. His lecturing and teaching led to the chartering of the fellowship in 1935, with

Self-portrait, painting by Swedish Arts and Crafts artist Carl Larsson, created in 1906. This painting, also known as Self-recognition and Self-examination, is one of several self-depictions by Larsson. Larsson, who lived from 1853 to 1919, became a national institution in his homeland. Larsson’s

paranoia: …is an exaggerated tendency to self-reference—i.e., to systematically misinterpret remarks, gestures, and acts of others as intentional slights or as signs of derision and contempt directed at oneself. Self-reference becomes paranoid delusion when one persists in believing oneself to be the target of hostile actions or insinuations, perpetrated by some…

Self-Reliance, essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published in the first volume of his collected Essays (1841). Developed from his journals and from a series of lectures he gave in the winter of 1836–37, it exhorts the reader to consistently obey “the aboriginal self,” or inner law, regardless of

Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld: …New Zealand (1864–65), whose “self-reliant” policy was that the colony have full responsibility for the conduct of all Maori affairs, including the settlement of difficulties without help from the crown.

personality assessment: Self-report tests: The success that attended the use of convenient intelligence tests in providing reliable, quantitative (numerical) indexes of individual ability has stimulated interest in the possibility of devising similar tests for measuring personality. Procedures now available vary in the degree to which they achieve…

crime: Measurement of crime: …some criminologists favor is the self-report study, in which a representative sample of individuals is asked, under assurances of confidentiality, whether they have committed any offenses of a particular kind. This type of research is subject to some of the same difficulties as the victim survey—the researcher has no means…

flour: …bleached, with very fine texture; self-rising flour, refined and bleached, with added leavening and salt; and enriched flour, refined and bleached, with added nutrients.

fractal: …fractals possess the property of self-similarity, at least approximately, if not exactly. A self-similar object is one whose component parts resemble the whole. This reiteration of details or patterns occurs at progressively smaller scales and can, in the case of purely abstract entities, continue indefinitely, so that each part of…

Self-Strengthening Movement, movement (1861–95) in which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy. The Self-Strengthening Movement was launched by three governors-general

Autarky is an economic system of self-sufficiency and limited trade. A country is said to be in a complete state of autarky if it has a closed economy, which means that it does not engage in international trade with any other country. Historically, societies have utilized different levels of

electric motor: Reluctance motors: …system is known as a self-synchronous motor drive. It can operate over a wide and controlled speed range.

screw: Self-tapping screws form or cut mating threads in such materials as metals, plastics, glass fibre, asbestos, and resin-impregnated plywood when driven or screwed into drilled or cored (cast) holes. The self-tapping screw in the Figure forms threads by displacing material adjacent to a pilot hole…

watch: Mechanical watches: The first patent on the self-winding pocket watch was taken out in London in 1780. An English invention patented in 1924, the self-winding wristwatch by Louis Recordon, contains a swinging weight pivoted at the centre of the movement, coupled to the barrel arbor through reduction wheels and gears. A more…

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: (2013), Self/less (2015), and Deadpool (2016). The latter film, about the Marvel Comics antihero, was a blockbuster hit, and Reynolds subsequently starred in and cowrote the sequel, Deadpool 2 (2018). He later appeared with Will Ferrell in Spirited (2022), a musical comedy inspired by

self-heal, (genus Prunella), genus of 13 species of low-growing perennials in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Eurasia and North America. Several species, especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were