sedimentary rock: Sedimentary structures: …modification; these are known as secondary structures. Finally, others like stromatolites and organic burrows and tracks, though they may in fact be primary, penecontemporaneous, or even secondary, may be grouped as a fourth category—organic sedimentary structures.

human nervous system: Muscle spindles: The secondary ending is supplied by a smaller axon. It has less-dramatic “flower spray” terminals lying primarily upon the smaller intrafusal fibers to one side of the primary endings. The reflex action of the secondary endings is incompletely understood. The plate motor endings lie toward the…

secondary sex character, physical feature related to the sex of an organism that emerges during puberty, or the phase of sexual maturity. Examples of secondary sex characters in humans include the development of breasts in females and pigmented facial hair in males. Secondary sex characters are

secondary sex character, physical feature related to the sex of an organism that emerges during puberty, or the phase of sexual maturity. Examples of secondary sex characters in humans include the development of breasts in females and pigmented facial hair in males. Secondary sex characters are

water supply system: Standards: Secondary standards are guidelines or suggested maximum levels of colour, taste, odour, hardness, corrosiveness, and certain other factors.

loran: A secondary station, 200–300 miles (320–480 km) away, automatically transmits its own signals, maintaining a frequency and pulse duration in accord with those of the primary station. The secondary station maintains a fixed time difference between its reception of the primary signal pulse and the sending…

computer memory: Auxiliary memory: Auxiliary memory units are among computer peripheral equipment. They trade slower access rates for greater storage capacity and data stability. Auxiliary memory holds programs and data for future use, and, because it is nonvolatile (like ROM), it is used to store inactive programs…

secondary succession, type of ecological succession (the evolution of a biological community’s ecological structure) in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (e.g., farming or road or

plant disease: Symptoms: Secondary symptoms result from the physiological effects of disease on distant tissues and uninvaded organs (e.g., wilting and drooping of cabbage leaves in hot weather resulting from clubroot or root knot). Microscopic disease symptoms are expressions of disease in cell structure or cell arrangement seen…

agricultural technology: Secondary tillage: Secondary tillage, to improve the seedbed by increased soil pulverization, to conserve moisture through destruction of weeds, and to cut up crop residues, is accomplished by use of various types of harrows, rollers, or pulverizers, and tools for mulching and fallowing. Used for…

wastewater treatment: Wastewater treatment and disposal: …as a first step before secondary treatment. Secondary treatment removes more than 85 percent of both suspended solids and BOD. A minimum level of secondary treatment is usually required in the United States and other developed countries. When more than 85 percent of total solids and BOD must be removed,…

angiosperm: Dermal tissue: …but by the growth of secondary vascular tissue around the entire circumference of the primary plant body. The secondary vascular tissue arises from the vascular cambium, a layer of meristematic tissue insinuated between the primary xylem and primary phloem (see above Vascular tissue). Secondary xylem develops on the inner side…

cell: Mechanical properties of wall layers: …an additional layer, called the secondary wall. The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells. The primary wall is the cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing. To allow for cell wall expansion during growth, primary walls are thinner…

seismic wave: …recording station faster than the secondary, or S, wave. P waves, also called compressional or longitudinal waves, give the transmitting medium—whether liquid, solid, or gas—a back-and-forth motion in the direction of the path of propagation, thus stretching or compressing the medium as the wave passes any one point in a…

X-ray: Production of X-rays: …result in the emission of secondary X-ray photons.

xylem: …large tree, only the outer secondary xylem (sapwood) serves in water conduction, while the inner part (heartwood) is composed of dead but structurally strong primary xylem. In temperate or cold climates, the age of a tree may be determined by counting the number of annual xylem rings formed at the…

Robert Duvall: Later films: …of his young nephew in Secondhand Lions (2003). Duvall won an Emmy for his role as a rancher who rescues five young Chinese girls sold into prostitution in the Old West in the television miniseries Broken Trail (2006). After taking on supporting roles in several films—including We Own the Night…

secondhand smoke, smoke that is released into the air, from tobacco and non-tobacco products, being either exhaled by the smoker (mainstream smoke) or rising directly from a smoldering product (sidestream smoke). Nonsmokers who are routinely exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for

Seconds, American psychological thriller film, released in 1966, that was directed by John Frankenheimer. The film was underrated in its day but gained respect years later and attracted a cult following. Burned-out middle-aged businessman Arthur Hamilton (played by John Randolph) is approached by a

Laura Secord was a Canadian loyalist in the War of 1812. She moved to Canada with her family in the 1780s. On learning of an impending U.S. attack on the British outpost of Beaver Dams (1813), she walked through U.S. lines to warn the British commander; with the advance information, the British

history of photography: Landscape and architectural documentation: …inches (51 by 74 cm), Henri Le Secq, Charles Marville, and Charles Nègre produced remarkable calotypes of the cathedrals of Notre-Dame (Paris), Chartres, and Amiens, as well as other structures that were being restored after centuries of neglect. An establishment was set up in Lille,

Paul Zindel: …Reardon Drinks a Little (1971), The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild (1973), Let Me Hear You Whisper (1970), The Ladies Should Be in Bed (1973), A Destiny with Half Moon Street (produced 1983; published 1992), and Amulets Against the Dragon Forces (1989; based partly on his novel Confessions of a…

Alfred Hitchcock: First international releases: The Man Who Knew Too Much to Jamaica Inn: Secret Agent (1936) offers Carroll, John Gielgud, and Lorre as undercover agents for British intelligence, traipsing through the Swiss Alps on the trail of hostile spies. Based on W. Somerset Maugham’s Ashenden, the film subsumes romantic byplay in favour of plentiful mordant humour.

Best Movies of 2025: A List of Lists: …an Accident, Kleber Mendonça Filho’s The Secret Agent (winner of best foreign-language film at the Golden Globes), and Joachim Trier’s Sentimental Value.

The Secret Agent, novel by Joseph Conrad, first published serially in the New York weekly Ridgeway’s in 1906–07 and in book form in 1907. This absurdist story is noted for its adept characterizations, melodramatic irony, and psychological intrigue. Adolf Verloc is a languid eastern European secret

The Secret Agent, novel by Joseph Conrad, first published serially in the New York weekly Ridgeway’s in 1906–07 and in book form in 1907. This absurdist story is noted for its adept characterizations, melodramatic irony, and psychological intrigue. Adolf Verloc is a languid eastern European secret

Raoul Salan: …Organisation de l’Armée Secrète (OAS; Secret Army Organization), in a campaign of terror against the government of Charles de Gaulle in both France and Algeria before being captured, tried, and imprisoned.

Australian ballot, the system of voting in which voters mark their choices in privacy on uniform ballots printed and distributed by the government or designate their choices by some other secret means. Victoria and South Australia were the first states to introduce secrecy of the ballot (1856), and

cryptography, Practice of the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code in order to render them unintelligible to all but the intended receiver. Cryptography may also refer to the art of cryptanalysis, by which cryptographic codes are broken. Collectively, the science of secure and

Philip Pullman: His Dark Materials and The Book of Dust series: …second book in the series, The Secret Commonwealth, appeared in 2019, and the third volume, The Rose Field, was published in 2025.

Jessica Mauboy: …in the television drama series The Secret Daughter (2016–17), and she released a soundtrack album that included her versions of several cover songs as well as some original songs used in the series. The Secret Daughter became the number-one album on the ARIA Charts. In 2017 she helped create the…

Lily James: Early television and stage roles: …in the saucy TV series Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007–11). Meanwhile, James appeared in a series of stage productions, including an adaptation (2011) of DBC Pierre’s Man Booker Prize-winning novel Vernon God Little at the Young Vic Theatre, London, a 2011 staging of William Shakespeare’s Othello at the…

Seven Years’ War: The interests of the European powers: …complicated by the existence of le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies.…

The Secret Garden, novel for children written by American author Frances Hodgson Burnett and published in book form in 1911 (having previously been serialized in The American Magazine). The pastoral story of self-healing became a classic of children’s literature and is considered to be among

Colin Firth: Later credits: …adaptation of Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden and the drama Supernova, about a man taking a road trip with his long-term partner (played by Stanley Tucci) after the latter is diagnosed with dementia.

Procopius: The Secret History purports to be a supplement to the Wars, containing explanations and additions that the author could not insert into the latter work for fear of Justinian and Theodora. It is a vehement invective against these sovereigns, with attacks on Belisarius and his wife,…

Genghis Khan: Historical background: …the exception of the saga-like Secret History of the Mongols (1240?), only non-Mongol sources provide near-contemporary information about the life of Genghis Khan. Almost all writers, even those who were in the Mongol service, have dwelt on the enormous destruction wrought by the Mongol invasions. One Arab historian openly expressed…

The Secret History, murder mystery novel by Donna Tartt, published in 1992. Tartt’s first novel, begun when she was still an undergraduate student at Bennington College and bought for a reported $450,000 by Knopf after a bidding war, quickly became a bestseller and made its author a reluctant star.

Nicole Kidman: Roles from the early 2010s: …a deputy district attorney in Secret in Their Eyes, a thriller that also starred Julia Roberts as an FBI agent whose daughter is raped and murdered.

Thomas Pynchon: Short stories: …and scientific metaphors, and “The Secret Integration” (1964), a story in which Pynchon explores small-town bigotry and racism. The collection Slow Learner (1984) contains “The Secret Integration.”

MI6, British government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and appropriate dissemination of foreign intelligence. MI6 is also charged with the conduct of espionage activities outside British territory. It has existed in various forms since the establishment of a secret service in 1569

Jennifer Hudson: …and the City and in The Secret Life of Bees, alongside Queen Latifah. Despite widespread career success, Hudson’s year took a tragic turn when her mother, brother, and nephew were found murdered in Chicago in October. She tearfully paid tribute to them in February 2009 when she accepted the Grammy…

Lynn Nottage: Musical productions and other projects: …books for popular musicals, including The Secret Life of Bees (2019), an adaptation of Sue Monk Kidd’s 2002 novel, and the box-office smash MJ the Musical (2022), which features the music of pop superstar Michael Jackson and was nominated for 10 Tony Awards, including best book of a musical. Nottage…

Harrison Ford: Later work: …voice to the animated comedy The Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019) and appeared in The Call of the Wild (2020), which was based on Jack London’s classic novel. He then costarred with Helen Mirren in the TV series 1923 (2022–25), a prequel to the hugely popular Yellowstone. It was…

Louis C.K.: …in the computer-animated children’s comedy The Secret Life of Pets (2016). He had a recurring role on the sitcom Parks and Recreation. C.K. also cocreated and wrote the television show Baskets, which premiered in 2016 and featured Zach Galifianakis as a rodeo clown; created, wrote, directed, and costarred in the…

Shailene Woodley: Career breakthroughs: The Secret Life of the American Teenager and The Descendants: …pregnancy and subsequent motherhood, in The Secret Life of the American Teenager. The show went on to air for five seasons. As her star rose in the entertainment industry, Woodley strove to maintain a relatively normal personal life, and she had a 4.0 grade point average and sang in her…

Ben Stiller: …in the melancholy and fantastical The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which was adapted from a short story by James Thurber. The film chronicles the reveries and real-life encounters of a floundering photograph editor. Stiller then evoked the angst of a stultified documentary filmmaker in Noah Baumbach’s dark comedy While…

Norman Z. McLeod: Danny Kaye and Bob Hope: …becomes a professional boxer, and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947), an adaptation of James Thurber’s short story about a daydreaming wallflower. Both films were box-office hits.

James Thurber: …in the short story “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,” is Thurber’s quintessential urban man. That story became Thurber’s best-known. It was first published in The New Yorker in 1939 and was collected in My World—and Welcome to It (1942). A film version starring Danny Kaye was released in…

Tim Robbins: …Worlds (2005), the Spanish-Irish coproduction The Secret Life of Words (2005), the political drama Catch a Fire (2006), the war comedy The Lucky Ones (2008), the superhero movie Green Lantern (2011), the romance mystery Marjorie Prime (2017), and the legal thriller Dark Waters (2019). His

John Dryden: Writing for the stage: …remarkable hit with a tragicomedy, Secret Love, or the Maiden Queen, which appealed particularly to the king. The part of Florimel, a gay and witty maid of honour, was played to perfection by the king’s latest mistress, Nell Gwynn. In Florimel’s rattling exchanges with Celadon, the Restoration aptitude for witty…

Domenico Cimarosa: …masterpiece, Il matrimonio segreto (The Secret Marriage), one of the highest achievements in comic opera and the work upon which his reputation rests. In 1793 he returned to Italy, where Il matrimonio segreto and many others of his works were enthusiastically received. New works of this period included Le…

Mary de la Riviere Manley: Her Secret Memoirs . . . of Several Persons of Quality (1709) was a chronicle seeking to expose the private vices of Whig ministers. After its publication she was arrested for libel but escaped punishment.

G.K. Chesterton: Wisdom… (1914), The Incredulity… (1926), The Secret… (1927), and The Scandal of Father Brown (1935).

Hegelianism: Logic and metaphysics problems: Italy, England: …Hutchison Stirling, through his work The Secret of Hegel (1865). Stirling reaffirmed the lineage of thought that Fischer had traced “from Kant to Hegel,” endeavouring to penetrate the dialectic-speculative relationship of unity in multiplicity as the central point of the dialectic. Toward Hegelianism as a unifying experience the ethics scholar…

Ignazio Silone: …Il segreto di Luca (1956; The Secret of Luca, 1958) show Silone’s continued concern with the needs of southern Italy and the complexities of social reform. In Uscita di sicurezza (1965; Emergency Exit, 1968), Silone describes his shifts from Socialism to Communism to Christianity. A play, L’avventura d’un povero cristiano…

John Sayles: …murder mystery Lone Star (1996); The Secret of Roan Inish (1994); Men with Guns (1997); Limbo (1999); Sunshine State (2002); Casa de Los Babys (2003); Silver City (2004); and Honeydripper (2007).

Stanley Kramer: Directing: …closed out the decade with The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969), a light comedy about Italian villagers who try to hide a million bottles of wine from occupying Germans during World War II.

Emerald Tablet: Arabic alchemical texts: …third version appears in the Secret of Secrets, a widely circulated work framed as a letter from Aristotle to Alexander the Great during the latter’s campaign in Persia. It combined advice on ruling with astrology, medicine, and natural inquiry. This version closely resembles the version found in the Book of…

Dan Brown: The Robert Langdon series and The Da Vinci Code: …sixth book in the series, The Secret of Secrets. Set mostly in Prague, the novel follows Langdon as he searches for his girlfriend, a neuroscientist who went missing just as she was about to publish some explosive theories about human consciousness.

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari: …Il segreto di Susanna (1909; The Secret of Susanne), presented 18th-century styles orchestrated in the manner of the 20th century. Comic points in these operas are delicately underlined. In Sly (1927; based on the opening scenes of The Taming of the Shrew) and in his only tragic opera, I gioielli…

Nancy Drew: The Secret of the Old Clock (1930), written by Mildred Augustine Wirt Benson, was followed by three additional Nancy Drew Mystery Stories that same year and some 170 novels in the following 70 years. The Mystery series ended in 2003, but later series included The…

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: Film and TV adaptations: In March 1985 He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword, an animated film, was released. This film was created from the first five episodes of She-Ra: Princess of Power, a TV series that aired later that same year. This series focuses on She-Ra, the alter ego of…

John le Carré: …Russia House (1989; film 1990); The Secret Pilgrim (1991); The Night Manager (1993; television miniseries 2016); and Our Game (1995), set after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

secret police, Police established by national governments to maintain political and social control. Generally clandestine, secret police have operated independently of the civil police. Particularly notorious examples were the Nazi Gestapo, the Russian KGB, and the East German Stasi. Secret-police

Kate Grenville: …Man Booker Prize nominees with The Secret River (2005). Set in the early 19th century, it traces the life of an impoverished Englishman—William Thornhill, a waterman on the Thames—who is convicted of theft and transported to Australia. Accompanied by his wife, he is eventually pardoned and seeks to settle a…

U.S. Secret Service, federal law-enforcement agency within the United States Department of Homeland Security tasked with the criminal investigation of counterfeiting and other financial crimes. After the assassination of Pres. William McKinley in 1901, the agency also assumed the role of chief

There are definite perks to being president of the United States. You’re the leader of the free world, you get to live in the White House, and you fly around in a tricked-out airplane. You also get a Secret Service code name. And so do your family members. Below is a list of several presidential

secret society, any of a large range of membership organizations or associations that utilize secret initiations or other rituals and whose members often employ unique oaths, grips (handshakes), or other signs of recognition. Elements of secrecy may vary from a mere password to elaborate rituals,

Khrushchev’s secret speech, (February 25, 1956), in Russian history, denunciation of the deceased Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made by Nikita S. Khrushchev to a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The speech was the nucleus of a far-reaching

List of Highest-Grossing Indian Films: …Dimri 915 (about $110 million) Secret Superstar 2017 Advait Chandan Zaira Wasim, Meher Vij, Raj Arun, and Aamir Khan 912 (about $140 million) Stree 2: Sarkate Ka Aatank 2024 Amar Kaushik Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor, and Pankaj Tripathi 857 (about $102 million) Kantara: Chapter 1 2025 Rishab Shetty Rishab Shetty,…

Alison Bechdel: Other graphic novels and memoirs: …book in nearly 10 years, The Secret to Superhuman Strength. In the graphic memoir, Bechdel explores her interest in fitness crazes while addressing such issues as body image, interdependence, and mortality.

Douglas Dunn: …also published the short-story collections Secret Villages (1985) and Boyfriends and Girlfriends (1995). He edited a number of anthologies, notably The Oxford Book of Scottish Short Stories (1995) and The Faber Book of Twentieth Century Scottish Poetry (2006). Dunn was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire…

Australian ballot, the system of voting in which voters mark their choices in privacy on uniform ballots printed and distributed by the government or designate their choices by some other secret means. Victoria and South Australia were the first states to introduce secrecy of the ballot (1856), and

Phil Karlson: Later films: …leader, and the spy adventure The Secret Ways (1961) starred Richard Widmark as an American mercenary hired to smuggle a famous scholar out of Hungary following the country’s 1956 revolution. Karlson continued to explore new genres with The Young Doctors (1961), a medical soap opera based on a popular novel…

cryptology: Secret-sharing: To understand public-key cryptography fully, one must first understand the essentials of one of the basic tools in contemporary cryptology: secret-sharing. There is only one way to design systems whose overall reliability must be greater than that of some critical components—as is the case…

Crusades: The later Crusades: …1321 Marino Sanudo, in his Secreta fidelium crucis (“Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross”), produced an elaborate plan for an economic blockade of Egypt. But none of these or any other such schemes was put into effect.

secretary, a writing desk fitted with drawers, one of which can be pulled out and the front lowered to provide a flat writing surface. There are many variations to this basic design. Early versions, which appeared in France in the first half of the 18th century, were made in one piece divided into

France: The growth of a professional bureaucracy: …secretaries the official title of secrétaire d’état, and in 1561 they became full members of the royal council. Closely associated with them and destined to overshadow them in importance in the first half of the 17th century were the superintendents of finance, formally established in 1564, though exercising an already…

John Malkovich: Film and television work: …Reading (2008), Red (2010), and Secretariat (2010). In addition, he produced, directed, and/or acted in a number of stage productions during this time. In 2016 he wrote an experimental film called 100 Years, which was directed by Robert Rodriguez and is scheduled to be released in the distant future, in…

Secretariat, the organ that administers and coordinates the activities of the United Nations. It is headed by the UN secretary-general. The Secretariat influences the work of the United Nations to a degree much greater than indicated in the UN Charter. This influence largely results from the fact

China: Constitutional framework: …Political Bureau itself, and the Secretariat—has varied a great deal, and from 1966 until the late 1970s the Secretariat did not function at all. There is in any case a partial overlap of membership among these organs and between these top CCP bodies and the Standing Committee of the State…

Secretariat, (foaled 1970), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who is widely considered the greatest horse of the second half of the 20th century. A record-breaking money winner, in 1973 he became the ninth winner of the U.S. Triple Crown (the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont

Council of Europe: The Secretariat, with a staff of about 1,000, serves the other three main organizations within the council.

Delhi: City layout: …the India Gate), to the Central Secretariat buildings and Rashtrapati Bhavan (President’s House). This is the main east-west axis; it divides New Delhi into two parts, with a large shopping and business district, Connaught Place, in the north and extensive residential areas in the south.

China: Central government: …was dominated by a unitary Secretariat. The senior executive official of the Secretariat served the emperor as a chief counselor, or prime minister. Suspected treason on the part of the chief counselor Hu Weiyong in 1380 caused the Hongwu emperor to abolish all executive posts in the Secretariat, thus fragmenting…

James Spader: …starred with Maggie Gyllenhaal in Secretary, a film based on Mary Gaitskill’s short story from 1988 about a sadomasochistic relationship. The following year he was cast as lawyer Alan Shore in season eight of the legal drama The Practice; he reprised that role in the spin-off Boston Legal. Spader won…

secretary, a writing desk fitted with drawers, one of which can be pulled out and the front lowered to provide a flat writing surface. There are many variations to this basic design. Early versions, which appeared in France in the first half of the 18th century, were made in one piece divided into

public administration: Early systems: …within these bodies the monarchs’ secretaries, initially given low status within a council, emerged as perhaps the first professional civil servants in Europe in the modern sense. The proximity of the secretaries to the monarch gave them more knowledge of royal intentions, and their relative permanence gave them greater expertise…

secretary bird, (Sagittarius serpentarius), bird of prey (family Sagittaridae) of the dry uplands of Africa, the only living bird of prey of terrestrial habits. It is a long-legged bird, with a slender but powerful body 1.2 m (3.9 feet) long and a 2.1-metre (6.9-foot) wingspread. Twenty black crest

Pete Hegseth: Nomination and hearing: …Hegseth as his nominee for defense secretary; the post requires Senate confirmation. The selection proved controversial, many citing Hegseth’s lack of experience managing large, complex organizations. The Department of Defense (DOD) has some three million employees and has been called the biggest government bureaucracy in the world.

What Does the Secretary of State Do?: The secretary of state is the head of the U.S. Department of State, responsible for managing the country’s foreign affairs and relations with other nations. The role is often called being the nation’s chief diplomat. The secretary of state plays a crucial role in shaping and…

secretary-general, the principal administrative officer of the United Nations. See Secretariat. The table provides a historical list of UN

secretin, digestive hormone secreted by the wall of the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum) that regulates gastric acid secretion and pH levels, helping to maintain an optimal environment for digestion. Secretin is a polypeptide made up of 27 amino acids. Secretin was discovered in

secretion, in biology, production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell; also, the substance produced. In addition to the enzymes and hormones that facilitate and regulate complex biochemical processes, body tissues also secrete a variety of substances that provide lubrication and

secretor system, phenotype based on the presence of soluble antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells and in body fluids, including saliva, semen, sweat, and gastrointestinal juices. The ability to secrete antigens into body fluids is of importance in medicine and genetics because of its

hypothalamus: Hypothalamic regulation of hormone secretion: …hormones that are incorporated into secretory granules that are then carried through the axons and stored in nerve terminals located in the median eminence or posterior pituitary gland. In response to neural stimuli, the contents of the secretory granules are extruded from the nerve terminals into a capillary network. In…

ear disease: …a disorder called serous, or secretory, otitis media. In early and middle adult life the usual cause for progressive impairment of hearing is otosclerosis. The usual cause of hearing loss after the age of 60 is presbycusis, a disorder that results from the aging process.

Mike Leigh: …success with the release of Secrets and Lies (1996), which follows a black woman’s search for her birth mother, who turns out to be white. The film won the Palme d’Or at Cannes and also received five Academy Award nominations, including best picture, best original screenplay, and best director. After…

Joy Harjo: Poetry, tenure as U.S. poet laureate, and other writing: …Drove Me to This? (1979); Secrets from the Center of the World (1989), prose poetry, with photographs by Stephen Strom; In Mad Love and War (1990), the winner of a 1991 American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became…