Dravidian languages: South Dravidian languages: Among the nonliterary South Dravidian languages, Tulu is spoken by the largest population, some 1.7 million people. Most reside in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka and the Cannanore district of Kerala on the west coast. The Brahman dialect of Tulu is…

South Dublin, county in the province of Leinster, eastern Ireland. The county of South Dublin was created in 1994 when the geographic county of Dublin was split administratively into three separate units. It now constitutes the southwestern and western component of the Greater Dublin metropolitan

Dum Dum: …Dum, North Dum Dum, and South Dum Dum. All three are part of the Kolkata urban agglomeration. North Dum Dum still contains large rural enclaves. South Dum Dum constitutes the northern fringe of Greater Kolkata.

Duxbury, town (township), Plymouth county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on Duxbury Bay (an inlet of Cape Cod Bay), 33 miles (53 km) south of Boston, and includes the villages of Duxbury and South Duxbury. Settled about 1628, it counts among its founders the Pilgrim colonists Myles Standish,

England: The South East: The South East, centred on London, has a population and wealth to match many nation-states. This is the dominant area of England and the most rapidly growing one, although planning controls such as greenbelts have restricted the urban sprawl of London since the…

World War II: Burma, autumn 1942–summer 1943: …appointed supreme commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC), and Stilwell was appointed deputy to Mountbatten. Stilwell at the same time was chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek. The British–Indian forces destined for Burma meanwhile constituted the 14th Army, under Lieutenant General William Slim, whose operational control Stilwell agreed…

ASEAN: ASEAN’s history: …founded in 1954, and the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), established in 1961. These early efforts, however, were limited in scope and membership. In 1967 ASEAN was established by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration in Bangkok. The initial aim was to…

Djibouti: Transportation and telecommunications: …East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe–3 (SEA-ME-WE-3) telecommunications system.

English language: Middle English: …considerably extended and was called South Eastern accordingly. All five Middle English dialects (Northern, West Midland, East Midland, South Western, and South Eastern) went their own ways and developed their own characteristics. The so-called Katherine Group of writings (c. 1180–1210), associated with Hereford, a town not far from the Welsh…

social settlement: …established Andover House, later called South End House, in Boston. The movement then spread to most countries of western Europe and to Southeast Asia and Japan.

English literature: Didactic poetry: …especially popular work was the South English Legendary, which began as a miscellaneous collection of saints’ lives but was expanded by later redactors and rearranged in the order of the church calendar. The didactic tradition continued into the 14th century with Robert Mannyng’s Handling Sin, a confessional manual whose expected…

Atlantic Ocean: The South Atlantic: …southeast trade winds maintain the South Equatorial Current, which flows toward the west where it divides into two branches: one that continues to the Northern Hemisphere and enters the Caribbean—together with a small amount of water from the North Equatorial Current—as the Guiana (Guyana) Current and one that turns south…

IJsselmeer Polders: The South (Zuidelijk) Flevoland Polder (166 square miles [430 square km]) was completed in 1968. A fifth potential polder is the Markerwaard Polder in southwest IJsselmeer. Under construction since 1963, its diking was partially complete by the mid-1980s, but plans were then abandoned.

American Athletic Conference: …Carolina at Charlotte, North Texas, South Florida, Texas at San Antonio, and Tulsa as well as East Carolina, Florida Atlantic, Rice, Temple, Tulane, and Wichita State universities and the United States

Johnstown: …pm on May 31, the South Fork Dam, a poorly maintained earthfill dam holding a major upstream reservoir, collapsed after heavy rains, sending a great wall of water rushing down the Conemaugh River valley at speeds of 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) per hour. At 4:07 pm…

South Pole: …it coincide with the geomagnetic South Pole, the southern end of the Earth’s geomagnetic field (this pole also moves; during the early 1990s it was located about 79°13′ S, 108°44′ E). The geographic pole, at an elevation of some 9,300 feet (2,830 metres; the elevation also changes constantly) above sea…

South Georgia, mountainous barren island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 800 miles (1,300 km) east-southeast of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). It is part of the British overseas territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, although Argentina also claims the territory. South

Georgia Southern University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Statesboro, Georgia, U.S., about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Savannah. It is part of the University System of Georgia. The university consists of six colleges and offers more than 85 bachelor’s degree programs

Germanic languages: The emergence of Germanic languages: …Germanic; and in central Germany, South Germanic. A number of linguistic developments from this period are shared by North Sea Germanic and South Germanic (but not by North Germanic), and the term West Germanic is used in recognition of the strong affinities between these two groups. During this same period,…

South Gloucestershire, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Gloucestershire, southwestern England, directly north and east of the city of Bristol. South Gloucestershire is mainly a fertile clay valley extending eastward from the mud flats of the River Severn estuary. The eastern

Grafton: …the municipalities of Grafton and South Grafton (both named for the duke of Grafton) on opposite banks of the river (bridged in 1932). The district is a communications hub, lying at the junction of the Pacific and Gwydir highways, with air and rail links to Brisbane, Queensland (north), and Sydney…

South Gyeongsang, do (province), southeastern South Korea. It is bordered to the south by the Korea Strait, to the west by South and North Jeolla provinces, and to the north by North Gyeongsang province. Busan and Ulsan—administratively designated metropolitan cities with province-level

South Hadley, town (township), Hampshire county, south-central Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Connecticut River. Settled in 1684 as part of Hadley, it was recognized as a separate precinct in 1732, incorporated as a district in 1753, and reincorporated as a town in 1775. South Hadley

Austronesian languages: South Halmahera–West New Guinea (SHWNG): This small group of Austronesian languages is found in the northern Moluccan island of Halmahera and in the Doberai Peninsula (also called Vogelkop or Bird’s Head) of western New Guinea. Preliminary descriptions exist only for Buli of Halmahera and Numfor-Biak…

South Hams, southernmost district in the administrative and historic county of Devon, southwestern England. It extends from Dartmoor in the north to the English Channel in the south. Its scenery and rural character attract holiday visitors, retired people, and purchasers of second homes (especially

South Holland, district, administrative and historic county of Lincolnshire, east-central England. It occupies an area of reclaimed marshland within the Fens in the southern part of the county. Spalding, an ancient market town and now the administrative centre of the district, is a headquarters for

South Holland, village, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. South Holland is a suburb of Chicago, located along the Little Calumet River about 30 miles (50 km) south of downtown. Founded in 1847 by Dutch farmers, it was first called De Laage Prairie (“The Low Prairie”); it was renamed South

Zuid-Holland, provincie, western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea and adjoining the provincies of Noord-Holland (north), Utrecht and Gelderland (east), and Noord-Brabant and Zeeland (south). Drained by the ramifications of the Lek, Waal, and Maas (Meuse) rivers, Zuid-Holland includes the

Church of South India, united Protestant church that is part of the Anglican Communion. The Church of South India was formed on September 27, 1947, through a union of the Anglican Church of India, Burma (Myanmar), and Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the South India province of Methodism; and the South India

South Indian bronze, any of the cult images of Hindu divinities that rank among the finest achievements of Indian visual art. The images were produced in large number from the 8th to the 16th century, principally in the Thanjāvūr and Tiruchchirāppalli districts of modern Tamil Nadu, and maintained

Indian Ocean: Surface currents: …to the east as the South Indian Current at about 40° to 45° S. The current system at the eastern boundary of the ocean is undeveloped, but the West Australian Current flowing north from the South Indian Current closes the gyre to a certain extent. Only the Antarctic Circumpolar Current…

South Indian temple architecture, architecture invariably employed for Hindu temples in modern Tamil Nadu from the 7th to the 18th century, characterized by its pyramidal, or kūṭina-type, tower. Variant forms are found in Karnataka (formerly Mysore) and Andhra Pradesh states. The South Indian

South Island, island, the larger and southernmost of the two principal islands of New Zealand, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. South Island is separated from North Island to the north by Cook Strait and from Stewart Island to the south by Foveaux Strait. Mountainous terrain occupies almost

Aldabra Islands: South Island is famous for its giant tortoises, and a nature reserve established in 1976 completely protects them and other animals. The Aldabras were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982. The islands were uninhabited in the late 20th century.

takahe, (Porphyrio hochstetteri), rare flightless bird of New Zealand that was thought to have become extinct in the late 1800s but that was rediscovered in 1948 in several remote valleys on South Island. Given that fewer than 250 mature birds remain and only on small islands, the International

South Jeolla, do (province), extreme southwestern South Korea. It is bounded by North Jeolla province (north), South Gyeongsang province (east), Jeju Strait (south), and the Yellow Sea (west). Its coastline, including nearly 2,000 islands, of which three-fourths are uninhabited, is about 3,800

New Jersey: Settlement patterns: South Jersey begins south of Trenton and comprises most of eight counties. It includes roughly half of the state’s area but only about one-fourth of the population. The loamy soil of the Inner Coastal Plain is well suited to vegetable farming, and most of the…

South Jersey glass, glass made at American factories in southern New Jersey, New England, and New York state from about 1781 to about 1870, following the example of Caspar Wistar. Though Wistar’s factory had closed in 1780, it had provided the impetus for the “South Jersey tradition.” The workmen

South Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southeastern Borneo, Indonesia. It is bounded by the Makassar Strait on the east, the Java Sea on the south, and the provinces of Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) on the west and East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) on the north. It includes

Cocos Islands: Land: …the numerous islets of the South Keeling Islands. The principal islands of the South Keelings include West Island (the largest in the territory, with a length of 6 miles [10 km]), South, Home, Direction, and Horsburgh. The land is low, with the highest point in the territory rising to only…

Science Museum: …in due course, to the South Kensington Museum. This museum, which opened in 1857, covered both science and art, and it was not until 1909 that the two sections were formally separated; the arts section went on to form the core of the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Science Museum’s…

South Kesteven, district, administrative and historic county of Lincolnshire, east-central England, lying in the southwestern part of the county. Grantham, the district’s administrative centre, is in the northwest. There are fertile pasturelands on the western borders with Nottinghamshire and

South Kingstown, town (township), Washington county, southern Rhode Island, U.S. It lies west of Point Judith Pond and extends northward from Block Island Sound. The area was settled in 1641 and incorporated in 1674 as Kings Towne. Called Rochester in 1686–89, it was divided in 1722–23 into North

Turkic languages: Classification: The South Kipchak group (NWs) consists of Kazakh (spoken in Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, and so on), its close relative Karakalpak (mainly Karakalpakstan), Nogay (Circassia, Dagestan), and Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, China). The North Kipchak group (NWn) consists of Tatar (Tatarstan, Russia; China; Romania; Bulgaria; and so on), Bashkir (Bashkortostan,…

Qinghai: Agriculture and forestry: …the Koko Nor and the Qinghainan (South Qinghai) Mountains to the west and south of the lake. On the eastern side is the Huang He drainage area, consisting of large tracts of farmland crisscrossed by irrigation canals and dotted with settlements. Spring wheat, barley, and Irish potatoes are produced in…

South Korea, country in East Asia. It occupies the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The country is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) to the north, the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west; to

history of South Korea, history of South Korea since the Korean War. For a discussion of the earlier history of the Korean peninsula, see Korea. The First Republic, established in August 1948, adopted a presidential system, and Syngman Rhee was subsequently elected its first president. South Korea

South Gyeongsang, do (province), southeastern South Korea. It is bordered to the south by the Korea Strait, to the west by South and North Jeolla provinces, and to the north by North Gyeongsang province. Busan and Ulsan—administratively designated metropolitan cities with province-level

South Lakeland, district, administrative county of Cumbria, northwestern England. It lies in the southern part of the county, bordering the shallow Morecambe Bay of the Irish Sea to the south. The western part of the district, west of the River Winster and the northern Windermere (lake), is in the

South Lanarkshire, council area, south-central Scotland, encompassing Clydesdale—the valley of the River Clyde—and the surrounding lowlands and uplands. South Lanarkshire extends from the heavily urbanized southern periphery of the Glasgow metropolitan area, where most of the population live, to

Sami language: South Sami is used by a few persons in central Norway and north-central Sweden.

Antarctica: Glaciation: The volume of South Polar ice must have fluctuated greatly at times since the birth of the ice sheets. Glacial erratics and glacially striated rocks on mountain summits now high above current ice-sheet levels testify to an overriding by ice at much higher levels. General lowering of levels…

South Manchurian Railway, railway line built to connect what were then the South Manchurian sea towns of Lüshun (Port Arthur) and Dalian (Dairen) on the Liaodong Peninsula (now combined as the city of Dalian) with the Chinese Eastern Railway running across Manchuria (now Northeast China) from Chita

Adam Goodes: …he was drafted by the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League (AFL). He made his Swans debut in 1999 at age 19 and went on to win the season’s Rising Star Award.

Mississippi: Relief and soils: …lies in the gently rolling Piney Woods. The coastal area, sometimes called the Coastal Meadows, or Terrace, borders the Gulf of Mexico. This region’s soil is sandy and not well suited to crops.

Morava River: The South Morava is 198 miles (319 km) long from its source at the union of the Binačka Morava and Moravica rivers. Lake Vlasina on the Vlasina, a tributary, provides water for four hydroelectric stations. The Nišava, another tributary, rises in western Bulgaria; its valley provides…

South Mountain, northernmost section of the Blue Ridge in the Appalachian Mountains, extending southwestward for 65 miles (105 kilometers) from southern Pennsylvania to northern Virginia, United States. Quirauk Mountain (2,145 feet [654 meters]) in Maryland is the highest point. It is crossed by

Phoenix: Municipal services: The 17,000-acre (6,900-hectare) South Mountain Park, one of the largest city parks in the country, lies on the south side of the city.

Battle of Antietam: Lee’s invasion of Maryland: The Battle of South Mountain was a convincing Union victory, but the Confederate defenders managed to delay the Union advance long enough for Lee to begin the consolidation of his scattered forces. On the morning of September 15, the 12,000 beleaguered defenders of Harpers Ferry finally…

Nicobarese languages: …Nancowry, Trinkat, and Katchall languages; South Nicobar, including the Coastal Great Nicobar and the Little Nicobar languages; and Inland Great Nicobar, including the Shompe language.

South Norfolk, district, administrative and historic county of Norfolk, eastern England, occupying an area directly south of the city of Norwich. Long Stratton is the district seat. South Norfolk is principally an agricultural district extending across low-lying open countryside. Soils are

South Northamptonshire, district, administrative and historic county of Northamptonshire, south-central England. It occupies an area characterized by rolling hills in the west of the county. The old market town of Towcester, in the centre of the district, is the administrative headquarters, and

Glenview, village, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It is a suburb of Chicago, located 20 miles (30 km) north of downtown, and lies on the north branch of the Chicago River. Illinois and later Potawatomi Indians were early inhabitants of the area, which was visited by French explorers

Oliver Stone: …Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, and South of the Border (2009), which focused on several other left-wing leaders, notably Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez. He revisited both leaders in the documentaries Castro in Winter (2012) and Mi amigo Hugo (2014; “My Friend Hugo”). With Peter Kuznick, he also created Oliver Stone’s Untold…

Omotic languages: …major branches, North Omotic and South Omotic, plus the residual Mao group of languages whose subclassification within North Omotic remains uncertain. South Omotic comprises the languages referred to as Aari, Hamer-Banna, Karo, and Dime. North Omotic is said to contain at least two divisions, Dizoid (with languages such as Dizi,…

South Orange Village, township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., immediately west of Newark. Following the American Civil War, many residents of New York City were attracted by the natural beauty of the open, rolling country and moved into the area. It was originally the Orange

South Orange Village, township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., immediately west of Newark. Following the American Civil War, many residents of New York City were attracted by the natural beauty of the open, rolling country and moved into the area. It was originally the Orange

South Orkney Islands, island group lying between the Scotia Sea to the north and the Weddell Sea to the south in the Southern Ocean. It is composed of two large islands (Coronation and Laurie) and a number of smaller islands and rocky islets and forms part of the British Antarctic Territory. The

South Ossetia, autonomous republic in Georgia that declared independence in 2008. Only a few countries—most notably Russia, which maintains a military presence in South Ossetia—recognize its independence. South Ossetia occupies the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains. The region is

South Oxfordshire, district, administrative county of Oxfordshire, south-central England. It occupies an area in the southeastern part of the county between the cities of Oxford (northwest) and Reading (south). Most of the district lies within the historic county of Oxfordshire, but the areas to

Oscar Hammerstein II: Prize, 1944), Carousel (1945), and South Pacific (1949; Pulitzer Prize in 1950), combining bright tunes with relatively sophisticated stories—a blend then unfamiliar to the stage but later widely adopted. Hammerstein’s lyrics are often marked by a simplicity and sensitivity perhaps best exemplified by “If I Loved You” (from Carousel).

Pacific Islands Forum: The resulting group, the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation, was established in April 1973 and worked to facilitate member cooperation on trade, tourism, transportation, and economic development. In 2000 Forum leaders adopted the Biketawa Declaration, which was a response to regional political instability and which put forward a…

equatorial current: The latter feeds the South Pacific Current and West Wind Drift, which move eastward to the Peru Current. The Peru Current flows north as a source of the Pacific South Equatorial Current.

oceanic pole of inaccessibility: Location and geography: …the South Pacific Gyre, a system of circular ocean currents covering 14 million square miles (37 million square km) that pushes nutrient-rich waters away from the area. An extremely high ultraviolet index and a lack of precipitation runoff and wind-carried dust from landmasses also contribute to the dearth of nutrients…

Fiji: Education and health: The University of the South Pacific, near Suva, is a regional institution; Fiji and other Pacific Islands governments fund its budget, and foreign aid meets the costs of buildings and capital development. There are campuses in other countries of the region. To extend the reach of…

South Papua, propinsi (or provinsi; province) of Indonesia on the western half of the island of New Guinea. It is one of four provinces established in 2022 when Papua was divided. Extending south of the Maoke Mountains, it is a wide swampy lowland drained by the Digul, Pulau, Brazza, Baliem,

South Park, American adult-oriented animated comedy series that has aired on the cable network Comedy Central since 1997. The controversial series won Emmy Awards for outstanding animated program in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2012. South Park is set in a fictional Colorado town of the same name

Lamar University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Beaumont, Texas, U.S. It is a member of the Texas State University System, as are its former branch campuses: Lamar Institute of Technology, Lamar State College at Orange, and Lamar State College at Port Arthur (all two-year

Brian Boitano: Later activities and South Park: …Do?” appeared in the film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). In 2007 he also played a judge in the comedy Blades of Glory, starring Will Ferrell.

Oregon Trail: Early trailblazers: …and his companions discovered the South Pass in southwestern Wyoming, a 20-mile (32-km) gap in the Rocky Mountains that offered the lowest (and easiest) crossing of the Continental Divide. (Lewis and Clark, unaware of the pass, had crossed the divide at a more treacherous spot farther to the north.) Astor’s…

Pennzoil Company, American petroleum corporation that became an important producer of crude oil and natural gas and a major marketer of automotive products before disappearing at the end of the 20th century in a series of mergers and acquisitions. Pennzoil’s origins can be traced to two parallel

South Picene language, an ancient Italic language (formerly referred to as Old Sabellic [Old Sabellian], or Central Adriatic) known from some two dozen short inscriptions (5th and 6th centuries bc) found in east-central Italy, primarily in the region of present-day Teramo (the southern part of

South Picene language: The South Picene texts, written in a distinctive variety of the Etruscan alphabet also used sporadically elsewhere in Italy, are of considerable importance for both the history of the Italic languages and the development of writing in Italy. Some of the South Picene documents show extensive…

South Platte River, one of the two main arms of the Platte River, rising in the Mosquito Range of central Colorado, U.S., and flowing southeast. West of Divide, Colorado, the river turns sharply northeast, flows through the Front Range via the Platte River Canyon, and emerges on the flatland of the

Antarctica: Birds: South Polar (McCormick’s) skua—breed exclusively on the continent or on nearby islands. An absence of mammalian land predators and the rich offshore food supply make Antarctic coasts a haven for immense seabird rookeries. Penguins, of the order Sphenisciformes, symbolize this polar region, though they live…

South Pole, the southern end of the Earth’s axis, lying in Antarctica, about 300 miles (480 km) south of the Ross Ice Shelf. This geographic South Pole does not coincide with the magnetic South Pole, from which magnetic compasses point and which lies on the Adélie Coast (at about 66°00′ S, 139°06′

Antarctica: Post-IGY research: …Antarctic Systems and Stocks], and IceCube [South Pole Neutrino Observatory]). Additional scientific endeavours included the various SCAR working groups and, notably, a collection of interdisciplinary projects and international observing networks, such as the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS).

Qinghai: Agriculture and forestry: …the Koko Nor and the Qinghainan (South Qinghai) Mountains to the west and south of the lake. On the eastern side is the Huang He drainage area, consisting of large tracts of farmland crisscrossed by irrigation canals and dotted with settlements. Spring wheat, barley, and Irish potatoes are produced in…

South Ribble, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It occupies an area south of the borough of Preston. Leyland is the administrative centre, and the borough also includes part of the city of Preston. The borough is part of the Lancashire

Corona, city, Riverside county, southwestern California, U.S. Located about 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Los Angeles, Corona lies at the east end of the Santa Ana Canyon on the northeastern edge of the Santa Ana Mountains. Originally inhabited by Luiseño Indians, it became part of the Rancho La

Orkney Islands: …small islands of Burray and South Ronaldsay, to the south of East Mainland, are now joined to it by causeways constructed during World War II to prevent enemy submarines from entering the naval base at Scapa Flow. The second largest of the Orkney Islands, Hoy, lies south of West Mainland,…

South Saint Paul, city, Dakota county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River, adjacent to the city of St. Paul. It was settled in the 1850s on the site of a Sioux village (Kaposia, 1826–53). Until 1889 the South St. Paul area included West St. Paul. The St. Paul Union

Sami language: South Sami is used by a few persons in central Norway and north-central Sweden.

Samoyedic languages: …into two subgroups—North Samoyedic and South Samoyedic. The North Samoyedic subgroup consists of Nenets (Yurak), Enets (Yenisey), and Nganasan (Tavgi). The South Samoyedic subgroup comprises Selkup and the practically extinct Kamas language. None of these languages was written before 1930, and they are currently used only occasionally for

South San Francisco, city, San Mateo county, western California, U.S. Situated at the southern base of San Bruno Mountain, it lies about 3 miles (5 km) south of San Francisco on U.S. Highway 101 Bypass. The area was formerly part of Rancho Buriburi, a Mexican land grant designated in 1835. Much of

South Sandwich Islands, group of actively volcanic islets in the South Atlantic Ocean, north of the Weddell Sea and 470 miles (760 km) southeast of the island of South Georgia. They extend for 190 miles (305 km), occupy 120 square miles (310 square km), and are covered with glaciers. Until 1985

deep-sea trench: Types: The South Sandwich Trench is located west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between South America and Antarctica. The Puerto Rico Trench joins the Lesser Antilles Island arc in the eastern Caribbean.

South China Sea, arm of the western Pacific Ocean that borders the Southeast Asian mainland. It is bounded on the northeast by the Taiwan Strait (by which it is connected to the East China Sea); on the east by Taiwan and the Philippines; on the southeast and south by Borneo, the southern limit of

South Sea Bubble, the speculation mania that ruined many British investors in 1720. The bubble, or hoax, centred on the fortunes of the South Sea Company, founded in 1711 to trade (mainly in slaves) with Spanish America, on the assumption that the War of the Spanish Succession, then drawing to a

United Kingdom: The supremacy of the Whigs: The South Sea Company had been founded in 1711 as a trading and finance company. In 1719 its directors offered to take over a large portion of the national debt previously managed by the Bank of England. The Whig administration supported this takeover, and in return…