shoin, in Japanese domestic architecture, desk alcove that projects onto the veranda and has above it a shoji window made of latticework wood covered with a tough, translucent white paper. The shoin is one of the formative elements of, and lends its name to, the shoin style of Japanese domestic

shoin-zukuri, style of Japanese domestic architecture. The name is taken from a secondary feature called the shoin, a study alcove. The shoin, tokonoma (alcove for the display of art objects), and chigai-dana (shelves built into the wall) are all formative elements of this style, which appeared in

shoin-zukuri, style of Japanese domestic architecture. The name is taken from a secondary feature called the shoin, a study alcove. The shoin, tokonoma (alcove for the display of art objects), and chigai-dana (shelves built into the wall) are all formative elements of this style, which appeared in

Shāh Shojāʿ was the shāh, or king, of Afghanistan (1803–10; 1839–42) whose alliance with the British led to his death. Shojāʿ ascended the throne in 1803 after a long fratricidal war. In 1809 he concluded an alliance with the British against an expected Franco-Russian invasion of India but, the

Shāh Shojāʿ was the shāh, or king, of Afghanistan (1803–10; 1839–42) whose alliance with the British led to his death. Shojāʿ ascended the throne in 1803 after a long fratricidal war. In 1809 he concluded an alliance with the British against an expected Franco-Russian invasion of India but, the

shoji, in Japanese architecture, sliding outer partition doors and windows made of a latticework wooden frame and covered with a tough, translucent white paper. When closed, they softly diffuse light throughout the house. In summer they are often removed completely, opening the house to the

shoji, in Japanese architecture, sliding outer partition doors and windows made of a latticework wooden frame and covered with a tough, translucent white paper. When closed, they softly diffuse light throughout the house. In summer they are often removed completely, opening the house to the

Torii Kiyomasu was a painter of Ukiyo-e (scenes from Japanese daily life). He is thought to have been a relative of Torii Kiyonobu, the first Japanese to paint actors. He made hand-coloured prints of the kind called tan-e (in which the dominant colour is supplied by tan, or red lead, a method used

Kawanabe Kyōsai was a Japanese painter and caricaturist. After working briefly with Utagawa Kuniyoshi, the last great master of the Japanese colour print, Kyōsai received most of his artistic training in the studio of Kanō Tōhaku. He soon abandoned the formal traditions of this master for the

Fujisawa: …is the site of the Shojoko Temple (Yugyo Temple; 1325), the main temple of the Ji (“Times”) sect of Pure Land Buddhism. Pop. (2010) 409,657; (2015) 423,894.

shōka, (Japanese: “living flowers”), in classical Japanese floral art, a three-branched asymmetrical style that is a simplification of the ancient stylized temple floral art of rikka. The serenely balanced shōka arrangements are triangular, based on three main lines: shin, the central “truth”

Shōkadō Shōjō was a Japanese calligrapher and painter, one of the “three brushes” of the Kan-ei era. He was a priest and respected theologian of the Shingon sect of Buddhism, who declined high office and retired to the Takinomoto-bō, a small temple on the slope of Otoko-yama (Mt. Otoko) south of

Hunter Biden: Career: …replace the country’s top prosecutor, Viktor Shokin, who was widely viewed as corrupt.

Sesshū: Early life and career: The young monk lived at Shōkoku Temple, a famous Zen temple adjacent to the Imperial Palace of the Ashikaga shoguns, who were great art patrons. Shūbun, the most famous Japanese painter of the day, was the overseer of the buildings and grounds at Shōkoku Temple. In addition to studying painting…

Ogata Kenzan was a Japanese potter and painter, brother to the artist Ogata Kōrin. He signed himself Kenzan, Shisui, Tōin, Shōkosai, Shuseidō, or Shinshō. Kenzan received a classical Chinese and Japanese education and pursued Zen Buddhism. At the age of 27 he began studying with the potter Ninsei

Dharmendra: Rise to superstardom and later decline: …box-office success, the romance drama Shola Aur Shabnam (“Ember and Dew”). This was followed by more hit films, such as Anpadh (1962; “Illiterate”), Bandini (1963; “Imprisoned”), for which Dharmendra was cast by director Bimal Roy during the talent hunt, and Haqeeqat (1964; “Reality”). Dharmendra’s performance in the acclaimed films Ayee…

Solapur, city, southern Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated in an upland region on the Sina River. In early centuries the city belonged to the Hindu Chalukyas and Devagiri Yadavas but later became part of the Muslim Bahmani and Bijapur kingdoms. Located on major road and rail routes

Sholay, landmark Indian film, released in 1975. Directed by Ramesh Sippy, written by the renowned duo of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar (Salim-Javed), and starring an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan, Dharmendra, and Hema Malini, Sholay (“Embers”) held the record for highest-grossing Hindi

In 1975 a watershed moment transformed Indian cinema forever. Sholay, widely regarded as Bollywood’s most iconic film, premiered on a Friday, as Indian films do. This, however, was not just any Friday—it was August 15, the anniversary of India’s independence from British rule in 1947. On the eve of

typewriter: …was a crude machine, but Sholes added many improvements in the next few years, and in 1873 he signed a contract with E. Remington and Sons, gunsmiths, of Ilion, New York, for manufacture. The first typewriters were placed on the market in 1874, and the machine was soon renamed the…

Christopher Latham Sholes was an American inventor who developed the typewriter. After completing his schooling, Sholes was apprenticed as a printer. Four years later, in 1837, he moved to the new territory of Wisconsin, where he initially worked for his elder brothers, who published a newspaper in

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was a Russian novelist, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and stories about the Cossacks of southern Russia. After joining the Red Army in 1920 and spending two years in Moscow, he returned in 1924 to his native Cossack village in the Don

Mapam: …in 1948 by the ha-Shomer ha-Tzaʿir (Young Guard) and the Aḥdut ʿAvoda-Poʿale Tziyyon (Labour Unity-Workers of Zion), which were both Marxist Zionist movements. Mapam maintains a Marxist ideology and is influential in the left-wing section of the kibbutz (collective settlement) movement, from which it draws much of its strength.…

History of film: Japan: …of his 54 films were shomin-geki, a variety of gendai film dealing with the lives of lower-middle-class families (Tokyo monogatari [Tokyo Story], 1953; Higanbana [Equinox Flower], 1958; Ukigusa [Floating Weeds], 1959). They were all very much alike and, in a sense, were all part of a single large film whose…

Shomolu, town, Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria, just north of Lagos city. A residential suburb of Lagos, the town is plagued by problems of overcrowding, poor housing, and inadequate sanitation. Most of its inhabitants are Yoruba. The town’s local activities include work in leather handicrafts

Samaria, the central region of ancient Palestine. Samaria extends for about 40 miles (65 km) from north to south and 35 miles (56 km) from east to west. It is bounded by Galilee on the north and by Judaea on the south; on the west was the Mediterranean Sea and on the east the Jordan River. The

Samaritan, member of a community, now nearly extinct, that claims to be related by blood to those Israelites of ancient Samaria who were not deported by the Assyrian conquerors of the kingdom of Israel in 722 bce. The Samaritans call themselves Bene Yisrael (“Children of Israel”), or Shamerim

Shōmu was the 45th emperor of Japan, who devoted huge sums of money to the creation of magnificent Buddhist temples and artifacts throughout the realm; during his reign Buddhism virtually became the official state religion. He ascended the throne in 724, taking the reign name Shōmu. In 729 his

Egypt: Agriculture and fishing: …emerged from the flood; and shomu, the time when water was short. When the Nile behaved as expected, which most commonly was the case, life went on as normal; when the flood failed or was excessive, disaster followed.

Shōmu was the 45th emperor of Japan, who devoted huge sums of money to the creation of magnificent Buddhist temples and artifacts throughout the realm; during his reign Buddhism virtually became the official state religion. He ascended the throne in 724, taking the reign name Shōmu. In 729 his

shomyo, classical chant of Buddhism in Japan. Both the Tendai and Shingon sects maintain the tradition and use its theoretical books and notation systems as the basis for other forms of Buddhist singing. Although derived from earlier Chinese sources, the major influences of shomyo nomenclature and

shomyo, classical chant of Buddhism in Japan. Both the Tendai and Shingon sects maintain the tradition and use its theoretical books and notation systems as the basis for other forms of Buddhist singing. Although derived from earlier Chinese sources, the major influences of shomyo nomenclature and

Shona, group of culturally similar Bantu-speaking peoples living chiefly in the eastern half of Zimbabwe, north of the Lundi River. The main groupings are the Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Tonga-Korekore, and Ndau. The Shona are farmers of millet, sorghum, and corn (maize), the last being the primary

African literature: Shona: Feso (1956), a historical novel, was the first literary work to be published in Shona. An account of the invasion of the Rozwi kingdom and an expression of longing for the traditional past, it was written by Solomon M. Mutswairo. Another early novel, Nzvengamutsvairo…

Zimbabwe: Cultural life: …struggle prompted a renaissance of Shona culture. A forerunner of this renaissance (and a victim of the liberation struggle) was Herbert Chitepo, both as abstract painter and epic poet. Stanlake Samkange’s novels reconstruct the Shona and Ndebele world of the 1890s, while those of the much younger Charles Mungoshi explore…

Sonipat, city, east-central Haryana state, northern India. It is situated about 25 miles (40 km) north of Delhi. The city was probably founded by early Aryan settlers about 1500 bce and flourished on the banks of the Yamuna River, which now has receded 9 miles (14 km) to the east. Mentioned in the

Japan: The Mongol invasions: The bakufu appointed Shōni Sukeyoshi as military commander, and the Kyushu military vassals were mobilized for defense. A Mongol army landed in Hakata Bay, forcing the Japanese defenders to retreat to Dazaifu; but a typhoon suddenly arose, destroying more than 200 ships of the invaders, and the survivors…

Yinka Shonibare is a British artist of Nigerian heritage known for his examination of such ideas as authenticity, identity, colonialism, and power relations in often-ironic drawings, paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, and installations. A signature element of his work is his use of

shonkinite, rare, dark-coloured, intrusive igneous rock that contains augite and orthoclase feldspar as its primary constituents. Other minerals include olivine, biotite, and nepheline, with little plagioclase feldspar and no quartz. At Shonkin-Sag, in the Highwood Mountains, Montana, shonkinite

electronic dance music: Shoom: Electronic dance music’s reputation as “drug music” stems from one of its crucial origin stories. In the late summer of 1987, a group of English DJs visited the Spanish island of Ibiza for a week of partying. At an outdoor venue called Amnesia, the…

Chris Burden: In Shoot, for example, the artist was shot with a rifle by a friend, and the event was photographed. For Trans-fixed, perhaps his best-known work, he had his hands nailed to the back of a Volkswagen Beetle, as if he were reenacting the crucifixion of Jesus.…

apical meristem: Shoot apical meristem: All the branches and stems of higher vascular plants terminate in shoot apical meristems. These are centres of potentially indefinite growth and development, producing the leaves as well as a bud in the axis of most leaves that has the potential to…

Henry Hathaway: Later work: …the forgettable Raid on Rommel; Shoot Out, with Gregory Peck (both 1971); and Hangup (1974). He retired thereafter.

Traffic: …of High Heeled Boys (1971), Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory (1973), and When the Eagle Flies (1974). Both on tour and in the studio, the group added and subtracted a number of additional musicians during these years before finally disbanding in 1975.

Richard Thompson: …Bright Lights Tonight (1974) and Shoot Out the Lights (1982). The latter documents a marital relationship in the last stages of deterioration; the Thompsons divorced soon after.

plant development: The shoot system and its derivatives: The gametophytes of mosses and liverworts and the sporophytes of many higher plants have a shoot, or early stem, with a single cell at its tip, or apex, from which all the tissues of the stem arise.…

Diane Keaton: Father of the Bride and Something’s Gotta Give: …in such diverse films as Shoot the Moon (1982), The Little Drummer Girl (1984), Crimes of the Heart (1986), and the popular Baby Boom (1987). She reunited with Allen for a cameo in Radio Days (1987) and a leading role in Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993). During the 1990s she appeared…

François Truffaut: Early works: …followed—Tirez sur le pianiste (1960; Shoot the Piano Player), adapted from a 1956 American crime novel (Down There by David Goodis), a genre for which Truffaut displayed great admiration, and Jules et Jim (1962). During this time he also made a second short, Une Histoire d’eau (1961; A Story of…

Sidney Poitier: Return to acting: …appeared in the action thrillers Shoot to Kill and Little Nikita. His other films include Sneakers (1992) and The Jackal (1997), but most of his later credits were made-for-television movies, notably Separate but Equal (1991) and Mandela and de Klerk (1997), in which he played Thurgood Marshall and Nelson Mandela,

Danny Glover: …girl groups of the 1960s; Shooter (2007), a thriller about a plot to kill the U.S. president; and John Sayles’s Honeydripper (2007). In the sci-fi thriller 2012 (2009) Glover played a U.S. president confronting a global catastrophe. He subsequently appeared in Death at a Funeral (2010), Tula: The Revolt

electronic shooter game, electronic game genre in which players control a character or unit that wields weapons to shoot enemies. While shooting games involving “light guns” and photoreceptors were experimented with as early as the 1930s, the birth of this genre of electronic games really began in

shooting, the sport of firing at targets of various kinds with rifles, handguns (pistols and revolvers), and shotguns as an exercise in marksmanship. Shooting at a mark as a test of skill began with archery, long before the advent of firearms (c. 1300). Firearms were first used in warfare and later

hunting, sport that involves the seeking, pursuing, and killing of wild animals and birds, called game and game birds, primarily in modern times with firearms but also with bow and arrow. In Great Britain and western Europe, hunting is the term employed for the taking of wild animals with the aid

shooting: Russia: In 1806 the Society of Shooting Amateurs, formed in St. Petersburg largely by military officers, had as its chief interest handgun shooting with flintlock pistols. The first shooting range or club was founded, also in St. Petersburg, in 1834 for rifles or handguns, where the public could shoot…

George Orwell: Early life: From colonial India to England and Burma: …“A Hanging” (1931) and “Shooting an Elephant” (1936), classics of expository prose in which Orwell describes what he saw of “the dirty work of Empire at close quarters” and the dehumanizing effects of imperialism on colonizer and colonized alike.

film: Shooting angle and point of view: Another element in motion-picture language is the shooting angle. In common language, the phrases “to look up to” and “to look down on” have connotations of admiration and condescension in addition to their obvious reference to physical viewpoint. In…

electronic shooter game, electronic game genre in which players control a character or unit that wields weapons to shoot enemies. While shooting games involving “light guns” and photoreceptors were experimented with as early as the 1930s, the birth of this genre of electronic games really began in

The fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman occurred in Sanford, Florida, on February 26, 2012. The shooting exposed deep divisions among Americans on race issues. Martin, a 17-year-old African American, was returning from a convenience store when he was noticed by Zimmerman, a

scenario, in film making, original idea for a film translated into a visually oriented text. The scenario plan gives the mood of each image and its relationship with the other shots in the sequence. The writer of the shooting script sets up each individual camera shot according to the camera

military aircraft: Subsonic flight: Clarence (“Kelly”) Johnson developed the P-80 Shooting Star. The P-80 and its British contemporary, the de Havilland Vampire, were the first successful fighters powered by a single turbojet.

shooting star, in botany, any of several species of flowering plants formerly of the genus Dodecatheon and now placed in the genus Primula (family Primulaceae). The plants are mostly native to western North America, though one species is native to Asiatic Russia. Several species are

meteor and meteoroid, respectively, a glowing streak in the sky (meteor) and its cause, which is a relatively small stony or metallic natural object from space (meteoroid) that enters Earth’s atmosphere and heats to incandescence. In modern usage the term meteoroid, rather than being restricted to

John Carradine: His later film credits included The Shootist (1976) and The Sentinel (1977). He was also the patriarch of an acting family; four of his five sons—David, Robert, Keith, and Bruce—acted in films and on television.

Retailing is the selling of goods and services to consumer end users. Retailing is seen as a contrast to wholesaling, which typically involves selling in mass quantities at lower prices. Retailers frequently buy in bulk from wholesalers, then repackage merchandise for individual sale. A retailer’s

olefin: …formed the basis of the Shell higher olefin process (SHOP). In olefin oligomerization, the compounds are grown by combining lower-molecular-weight monoolefins, particularly ethylene, which is the simplest olefin. Olefin metathesis involves the exchange of chemical substituents with subsequent re-formation of double bonds. LAOs produced via oligomerization and olefin metathesis are…

Ernst Lubitsch: Films of the 1940s: …yet another classic romantic comedy, The Shop Around the Corner (1940), starring James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan as coworkers in a notions shop in Budapest. (Lubitsch often set his films in Europe, believing that American audiences would be more tolerant of racy behaviour from European characters.) The two detest each…

prefabrication, the assembly of buildings or their components at a location other than the building site. The method controls construction costs by economizing on time, wages, and materials. Prefabricated units may include doors, stairs, window walls, wall panels, floor panels, roof trusses,

Ján Kadár: title, The Shop on Main Street; U.K. title, The Shop on High Street), the drama of an ordinary Czechoslovak citizen who is confronted with a personal moral decision regarding the Nazi persecution of the Jews. This film won the New York Film Critics Award and the…

Ján Kadár: title, The Shop on Main Street; U.K. title, The Shop on High Street), the drama of an ordinary Czechoslovak citizen who is confronted with a personal moral decision regarding the Nazi persecution of the Jews. This film won the New York Film Critics Award and the…

Guild Socialism: …the rise of the left-wing shop stewards’ movement, demanding “workers’ control” in the war industries. After the war, the building workers, led by Hobson and Malcolm Sparkes, founded building guilds that built houses for the state; but after the economic slump of 1921 the state withdrew financial help and the…

Claire Danes: Films of the early 21st century: The Hours, Terminator 3, and Shopgirl: …appeared with Steve Martin in Shopgirl (2005), a drama based on his novella about a store clerk who finds herself in a love triangle with a wealthy older customer and a carefree man her own age. Her other films during this period include the holiday dramedy The Family Stone (2005)…

shofar, ritual musical instrument, made from the horn of a ram or other animal, used on important Jewish public and religious occasions. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. This latter custom has been preserved in

shofar, ritual musical instrument, made from the horn of a ram or other animal, used on important Jewish public and religious occasions. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. This latter custom has been preserved in

Today in History—June 4: The Debut of the Shopping Cart: …basket and carriage”—the first patented shopping cart—a month before debuting it in his stores.

shopping centre, 20th-century adaptation of the historical marketplace, with accommodation made for automobiles. A shopping centre is a collection of independent retail stores, services, and a parking area conceived, constructed, and maintained by a management firm as a unit. Shopping centres may

marketing: Shopping goods: A second type of product is the shopping good, which usually requires a more involved selection process than convenience goods. A consumer usually compares a variety of attributes, including suitability, quality, price, and style. Homogeneous shopping goods are those that are similar in…

shopping centre, 20th-century adaptation of the historical marketplace, with accommodation made for automobiles. A shopping centre is a collection of independent retail stores, services, and a parking area conceived, constructed, and maintained by a management firm as a unit. Shopping centres may

Ob River: People of the Ob River: …the south, the Altay and Shor peoples of the mountains, the Tatars of the Irtysh basin, the Khanty (Ostyak) and the Mansi (Vogul)—whose autonomous district (Khanty-Mansi) occupies part of the taiga—and the Nenets, Nganasan, Enets, and Selkup peoples of the north. The

Pluribus: Premise and characters: …and romantic partner Helen (Miriam Shor), who dies, seemingly from a head injury, after her body is seized and incapacitated by the virus. Speaking through different individuals but expressing the thoughts of the unitary consciousness, the hive mind then begins communicating with a confused and frightened Carol. Members of…

Tokutomi Sohō: …such influential early books as Shōrai no Nihon (1886; “The Future Japan”), he advocated that Western-style liberal and democratic reforms be undertaken in his country. In the following decades, however, he became a militant nationalist in favour of an imperialistic Japan, and during the 1920s and ’30s he was one…

military communication: World War II and after: …were short-range navigational systems, called shoran. Combinations of radar and communications for the landing of aircraft in zero visibility were perfected. One such system was the GCA, or ground-controlled approach system. Combinations of radio direction-finding, radar, and communications systems were developed and used for ground control of intercept aircraft—the system…

coast, broad area of land that borders the sea. A brief treatment of coasts follows. For full treatment, see coastal landforms. The coastlines of the world’s continents measure about 312,000 km (193,000 miles). They have undergone shifts in position over geologic time because of substantial changes

shore bug, any of the more than 200 species of small dark coloured insects with white or yellow markings that constitute the family Saldidae (order Heteroptera). Shore bugs prey upon other insects near fresh water or saltwater. When disturbed, shore bugs fly short distances and then hide in

shore fly, (family Ephydridae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are small, dark coloured, and commonly found in great numbers around ponds, streams, and the seashore. Most larvae are aquatic, and some species can tolerate highly saline or alkaline waters—such as

lark: …horned, or shore, lark (Eremophila alpestris) is native to the New World. The bill is quite variable: it may be small and narrowly conical or long and downward-curving; and the hind claw is long and sometimes straight. Plumage is plain or streaked (sexes usually alike) in a colour closely…

yellow scales, (Xanthoria parietina), lichen species characterized by lobed margins and a wrinkled centre. It is usually found where the air is filled with mineral salts, especially near the sea and on rocks and walls. It was once considered a valuable medication for jaundice because of its yellow

tree: Tree height growth: Some species, such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), are polycyclic; they have several flushes from a single bud during the growing season.

hardness tester: The Shore scleroscope measures hardness in terms of the elasticity of the material. A diamond-tipped hammer in a graduated glass tube is allowed to fall from a known height on the specimen to be tested, and the hardness number depends on the height to which the…

Shore Temple, complex of elegant shrines (c. 700 ce), one among a number of Hindu monuments at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu state, India. It is considered the finest early example of medieval southern Indian temple architecture. Unlike most of its neighbours

Dinah Shore was an American singer and television personality who projected a sunny disposition and exuded an effervescent Southern charm that, combined with her sultry contralto renditions of such favorites as “Blues in the Night,” “I’ll Walk Alone,” and “Buttons and Bows,” endeared her to record

Boston Bruins: …future Hall of Fame members Eddie Shore, Aubrey (“Dit”) Clapper, and Cecil (“Tiny”) Thompson, among others. The Bruins took home two more Stanley Cups, after the 1938–39 and 1940–41 seasons, behind goal-keeping great Frank Brimsek. They returned to the Stanley Cup finals five more times between 1943 and 1958 but…

Dinah Shore was an American singer and television personality who projected a sunny disposition and exuded an effervescent Southern charm that, combined with her sultry contralto renditions of such favorites as “Blues in the Night,” “I’ll Walk Alone,” and “Buttons and Bows,” endeared her to record

The Lord of the Rings: …film scores by Canadian composer Howard Shore for the films The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003), based on the three-part fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings (1954–56) by J.R.R. Tolkien. Shore won three Oscars and four Grammys for…

Jane Shore was a mistress of the English king Edward IV (reigned 1461–70 and 1471–83). Beautiful, charming, and witty, she is thought to have exercised a beneficial influence over Edward. The daughter of a prosperous London merchant, Jane at an early age married William Shore, a goldsmith. Edward,

India: Relations with the Marathas and Mysore: Lord Cornwallis and his successor Sir John Shore (governor-general 1793–98) were eager to comply, but Cornwallis nevertheless found himself involved in the third Mysore war (1790–92) with Tipu Sultan, who possessed his father’s ability without his judgment. The cause was a combination of Tipu Sultan’s intransigence with conflicting obligations undertaken…

Shorea, genus of plants in the family Dipterocarpaceae, comprising about 360 species of tall South Asian evergreen trees that are extremely valuable for their timber. Sal (Shorea robusta) is perhaps the second most important timber tree (after teak) in the Indian subcontinent. The timbers are of

Shorea: …with a few other species, dumala (S. oblongifolia), a very large tree, yields dammar resin, which has various uses, including as varnish and incense.

Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary: Flora and fauna: …by a dense forest of sal (Shorea robusta) that provides habitat for sloth bears, black bears, several varieties of deer, wild pigs, hyenas, and many species of birds, including peafowl, red jungle fowl, and green pigeons. By the end of the 20th century, hunting and poaching had wiped out the

shorebird, any member of the suborder Charadrii (order Charadriiformes) that is commonly found on sea beaches or inland mudflats; in Britain they are called waders, or wading birds. Shorebirds include the avocet, courser, lapwing, oystercatcher, phalarope, plover, pratincole, sandpiper, and snipe

furniture industry: Woodworking machinery: Thus in Shoreditch, London, whole streets of houses were occupied by cabinetmakers, often several in one house, who made pieces that varied from the finest individual items to the cheapest, turned out in pairs or perhaps six at a time. These men had their machining done in…