Skopje, principal city and capital of North Macedonia. Standing on the banks of the Vardar River amid mountainous country, Skopje began as ancient Scupi, an Illyrian tribal centre. It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor

Shlisselburg, town, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern European Russia. It is located on the Neva River where it flows out of Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg city. Founded as Oreshek in 1323 by the republic of Novgorod, the town was captured in the early 17th century by the Swedes, who

shloka, chief verse form of the Sanskrit-language Indian epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata) and the most common poetic meter (chhanda) in classical Sanskrit literature. It is a fluid meter that lends itself well to improvisation and musical accompaniment. The shloka consists of 2 verse lines

Solomon was a biblical Israelite king who built the first Temple of Jerusalem and who is revered in Judaism and Christianity for his wisdom and in Islam as a prophet. Nearly all evidence for Solomon’s life and reign comes from the Bible (especially the first 11 chapters of the First Book of Kings

Rashi was a renowned medieval French commentator on the Bible and the Talmud (the authoritative Jewish compendium of law, lore, and commentary). Rashi combined the two basic methods of interpretation, literal and nonliteral, in his influential Bible commentary. His commentary on the Talmud was a

Abraham Shlonsky was an Israeli poet who founded Israel’s Symbolist school and was an innovator in using colloquial speech in Hebrew verse. In the early 1920s Shlonsky emigrated to Palestine, becoming literary editor of various periodicals. He translated into Hebrew works by authors such as Bertolt

Abraham Shlonsky was an Israeli poet who founded Israel’s Symbolist school and was an innovator in using colloquial speech in Hebrew verse. In the early 1920s Shlonsky emigrated to Palestine, becoming literary editor of various periodicals. He translated into Hebrew works by authors such as Bertolt

Atlas Mountains: The people: The Ishelhiyen (Shluh) of the High Atlas in Morocco inhabit the river valleys that cut down deeply into the massif. Their villages, with populations of several hundred inhabitants in each, are often located at an altitude of more than 6,500 feet. They consist of terraced houses,…

Berber languages: …languages include Tashelhit (Tashelhiyt, Tashelhait, Shilha), Tarifit, Kabyle, Tamazight, and Tamahaq. The family may also include extinct languages such as the Guanche languages of the Canary Islands, Old Libyan (Numidian), and Old Mauretanian, which are known from inscriptions but have not yet been studied thoroughly enough to make any affirmative

Workers’ Opposition: Shlyapnikov, S.P. Medvedev, and later Aleksandra Kollontay, not only objected to the subordination of the trade unions but also insisted that the unions, as the institutions most directly representing the proletariat, should control the national economy and individual enterprises. Although the group received substantial support…

Otto Yulyevich Shmidt was a Soviet scientist and explorer responsible for the Soviet program of exploration and exploitation of Arctic resources; through his many activities he exercised a wide and diverse influence on Soviet life and thought. Professor of mathematics at the University of Moscow

Yiddish literature: Old Yiddish literature: …early Yiddish adaptations is the Shmuel-bukh (1544; “Samuel Book”), which retells the biblical stories of Saul and David. While the content derives from the biblical books of Samuel and other Hebrew sources, the form was clearly influenced by German models. Using the “Hildebrand stanza” similar to that of the Nibelungenlied,…

Samuel was a religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his day—seer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel.

Hebrew literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: Shneur Zalman of Ladi created the highly systematized Ḥabad Ḥasidism, which was widely accepted in Lithuania. The Musar movement of Israel Salanter encouraged the study of medieval ethical writers.

sheng: …the sheng, including the Japanese shō and the Korean saenghwang. The Chinese instrument plays melodies with occasional fourth or fifth harmonies (e.g., F or G above C), whereas the Japanese shō normally plays 11-note chords, a tradition that may have emerged from a misinterpretation of ancient court notations. Contemporary Chinese…

China: Japan and the Ryukyu Islands: …king of the Ryukyu Islands, Shō Tai, the title of vassal king and in the following year took over the island’s foreign affairs. In reprisal for the massacre of shipwrecked Ryukyuans by a Taiwanese tribe in 1871, the Tokyo government sent a punitive expedition to Taiwan. Meanwhile, the Japanese sent…

Battle of Leyte Gulf: Sho-Go and the Battle of Leyte Gulf: …to the American landings with Sho-Go (Victory Operation), a plan to decoy the U.S. Third Fleet north, away from the San Bernardino Strait, while converging three forces on Leyte Gulf to attack the landing; the First Attack Force, under Vice Adm. Kurita Takeo, was to move from the north across…

Shewa, historic kingdom of central Ethiopia. It lies mostly on high plateau country, rising to 13,123 feet (4,000 m) in Mount Ābuyē Mēda. Its modern capital and main commercial centre is Addis Ababa. Shewa is bounded on the northwest by the Blue Nile River and on the southwest by the Omo River; its

Claude Lanzmann: …film was the stepping-stone to Shoah, his most-acclaimed work. After Israel, Why was released, the Foreign Ministry in Israel asked him to create a film on the Holocaust. The film consumed the next 11 years of his life. Perhaps the most-notable aspect of Shoah is that, in nine-and-a-half hours, there…

shoal, accumulation of sediment in a river channel or on a continental shelf that is potentially dangerous to ships. On the continental shelf it is conventionally taken to be less than 10 m (33 feet) below water level at low tide. Shoals are formed by essentially the same factors that produce

Shoalhaven River, river in southeastern New South Wales, Australia, rising in the Gourock Range of the Eastern Highlands (25 miles [40 km] west of Goruya) and flowing northward mainly through a precipitous gorge. At Braidwood, it emerges into a broad basin that supports pastoral activities.

Rockingham: …Hampshire and Maine share the Isles of Shoals, offshore islands notable for trade and fishing in the early 18th century. Recreational areas along the coastline include Hampton Beach, Rye Harbor, Wallis Sands, and Ordiorne Point state parks. Other public lands include Pawtuckaway, Kingston, and Bear Brook state parks. The county…

Torii Kiyonobu was a Japanese painter who founded the Torii school, the only Ukiyo-e school to have survived to this day. (Ukiyo-e is a popular style of painting and woodblock printing utilizing colour and based on themes of the “floating world.”) Torii learned painting from his actor-painter

mappō: …“true law” (Sanskrit saddharma, Japanese shōbō); the age of the “copied law” (Sanskrit pratirupadharma, Japanese zōbō); and the age of the “latter law,” or the “degeneration of the law” (Sanskrit pashchimadharma, Japanese mappō). A new period, in which the true faith will again flower, will be ushered in some time…

Dōgen: His chief work, Shōbōgenzō (1231–53; “Treasury of the True Dharma Eye”), containing 95 chapters and written over a period of more than 20 years, consists of his elaboration of Buddhist principles. Dōgen taught shikan taza, “zazen only,” zazen signifying the Zen practice of meditation in the cross-legged (lotus)…

Chicago Marathon: …with four victories, and Russia’s Liliya Shobukhova set the women’s record with three career wins. In 2024 Ruth Chepngetich of Kenya tied the latter record and became the first women to run a marathon in less than 2 hours and 10 minutes.

Shōchiku Co., Ltd., leading Japanese motion-picture studio, the films of which are usually home-centred dramas aimed toward an audience of women. The company was formed in 1902 as a production company for Kabuki performances. The business was expanded in 1920 to include motion-picture production,

alcohol consumption: Japan: …sake the common beverage is shochu, a sake mash distillate that contains about 25 percent alcohol. There is historical evidence of heavy drinking and alcoholism, as well as various attempts to impose prohibition. Abstinence was practiced by some followers of Buddhism and of some revered Japanese philosophers. In the last…

shock, in physiology, failure of the circulatory system to supply sufficient blood to peripheral tissues to meet basic metabolic requirements for oxygen and nutrients and the incomplete removal of metabolic wastes from the affected tissues. Shock is usually caused by hemorrhage or overwhelming

shock absorber, device for controlling unwanted motion of a spring-mounted vehicle. On an automobile, for example, the springs act as a cushion between the axles and the body and reduce the shocks on the body produced by a rough road surface. Some combinations of road surface and car speed may

Rob Reiner: Later films: presidency, and Shock and Awe (2017), about a group of reporters covering the impending invasion of Iraq in 2003. He also played the journalists’ boss in the latter film. In 2023 Reiner directed the documentary Albert Brooks: Defending My Life, about the comedy legend and Reiner’s long-time…

7 Deadliest Weapons in History: Shock cavalry: Few military advances fundamentally altered European society more than the rise of shock cavalry. The ascendancy of the mounted knight was the result of an accumulation of technological innovations over hundreds of years. The war saddle had been introduced by the 6th century,…

Samuel Fuller: Films of the 1960s and ’70s: With Shock Corridor (1963) and The Naked Kiss (1964), both made for Allied Artists, Fuller had almost total freedom, resulting in two of his most accomplished—and disturbing—works. Shock Corridor starred Peter Breck as a reporter who has himself committed to an institution in order to track…

Naomi Klein: No Logo and The Shock Doctrine: Klein’s The Shock Doctrine (2007) was a scathing critique of neoliberalism—particularly of Milton Friedman’s “Chicago school” of economics. The book examined what Klein termed “disaster capitalism,” a form of extreme capitalism that advocated privatization and deregulation in the wake of war or natural catastrophe. The Shock…

Naomi Klein: No Logo and The Shock Doctrine: The Shock Doctrine was adapted as a feature-length documentary film by director Michael Winterbottom in 2009.

military technology: Antiquity and the classical age, c. 1000 bce–400 ce: Also, the shock cavalry of Philip and Alexander was an exception so rare as to prove the rule; moreover, their decisiveness was made possible by the power of the Macedonian infantry phalanx.) Heavy infantry remained the dominant European military institution until it was overthrown in the 4th…

talk radio: …talk, also referred to as shock jock radio, which reached its peak of popularity in the 1990s. Aimed mainly toward men between 18 and 49 years old, hot talk mixed vulgar jokes with talk about pop culture and politics and often took political positions contrary to feminism and liberalism. Among…

Robert S. Dietz: …for his suggestion that certain shock effects in rocks are indicative of meteorite impact.

Robert Hughes: …with the eight-part television series The Shock of the New, an exploration of the impact of modern art and architecture. Appearing on PBS in 1981, the series showcased his prickly, critical style, his refreshingly frank viewpoint, and his penetrating appraisals.

Poland: Economy of Poland: …an approach known as “shock therapy,” which sought both to control inflation and to expedite Poland’s transition to a market economy. As part of that plan, the government froze wages, removed price controls, phased out subsidies to state-owned enterprises, and permitted large-scale private enterprise.

shock therapy, method of treating certain psychiatric disorders through the use of drugs or electric current to induce shock; the therapy derived from the notion (later disproved) that epileptic convulsions and schizophrenic symptoms never occurred together. In 1933 the psychiatrist Manfred Sakel

John Waters: Books and honors: …several books, including his autobiography Shock Value (1981) and Role Models (2010), about the people who inspired him, such as playwright Tennessee Williams, St. Catherine of Siena, atheist activist Madalyn Murray O’Hair, singer Johnny Mathis, convicted Manson Family murderer Leslie Van Houten, rock-and-roller Little Richard, and clothing designer

shock wave, strong pressure wave in any elastic medium such as air, water, or a solid substance, produced by supersonic aircraft, explosions, lightning, or other phenomena that create violent changes in pressure. Shock waves differ from sound waves in that the wave front, in which compression takes

weapon: A weapon may be a shock weapon, held in the hands, such as the club, mace, or sword. It may also be a missile weapon, operated by muscle power (as with the javelin, sling, and bow and arrow), mechanical power (as with the crossbow and catapult), or chemical power (as…

electrical shock, the perceptible and physical effect of an electrical current that enters the body. The shock may range from an unpleasant but harmless jolt of static electricity, received after one has walked over a thick carpet on a dry day, to a lethal discharge from a power line. The great

electrical shock, the perceptible and physical effect of an electrical current that enters the body. The shock may range from an unpleasant but harmless jolt of static electricity, received after one has walked over a thick carpet on a dry day, to a lethal discharge from a power line. The great

children’s literature: Heritage and fairy tales: Struwwelpeter (“Shock-headed Peter”), by the premature surrealist Heinrich Hoffmann, aroused cries of glee in children across the continent. Wilhelm Busch created the slapstick buffoonery of Max and Moritz, the ancestors of the Katzenjammer Kids and indeed of many aspects of the comic strip.

Earth: Effects of planetesimal impacts: …is thought to have been shock-heated by the impacts of meteorite-size bodies and larger planetesimals. For a meteorite collision, the heating is concentrated near the surface where the impact occurs, which allows the heat to radiate back into space. A planetesimal, however, can penetrate sufficiently deeply on impact to produce…

Carrie Fisher: …other works included the memoir Shockaholic (2011) and The Princess Diarist (2016), which includes a selection of journal entries written during the filming of the first Star Wars movie.

William B. Shockley was an American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and ushered in the age of

William B. Shockley was an American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and ushered in the age of

William B. Shockley was an American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and ushered in the age of

Douglas Sirk: Hollywood films of the 1940s: Shockproof (1949), another film noir (written by Samuel Fuller and Helen Deutsch), explored the dark side of human nature, as evinced by a cunning parolee (Patricia Knight) who deceives but then does right by the parole officer (Cornel Wilde) who has fallen in love with…

Adobe Inc.: Application software: …Adobe gained two innovative programs, Shockwave and Flash, for producing and distributing animations and interactive media over the Internet for viewing in Web browsers. In 2008 Adobe Media Player was introduced as a competitor to Apple’s iTunes, Windows Media Player, and RealPlayer from RealNetworks, Inc. In addition to playing audio…

Akihito: …tradition, he married a commoner, Shōda Michiko, who was the daughter of a wealthy businessman. Michiko was a graduate of a Roman Catholic university for women in Tokyo. Their first child, Crown Prince Naruhito, was born on February 23, 1960; he was followed by Prince Akishino (born November 30, 1965)…

Abeokuta: …was founded about 1830 by Sodeke (Shodeke), a hunter and leader of the Egba refugees who fled from the disintegrating Oyo empire. The town was also settled by missionaries (in the 1840s) and by Sierra Leone Creoles, who later became prominent as missionaries and as businessmen. Abeokuta’s success as the…

shoe, outer covering for the foot, usually of leather with a stiff or thick sole and heel, and generally (distinguishing it from a boot) reaching no higher than the ankle. Climatic evidence suggests that people were probably protecting their feet from frigid conditions by about 50,000 years ago.

baccarat: …dealing box called a “shoe.” Players aim for a total count of nine, or as close as they can get, in a hand of two or three cards. Face (court) cards and 10s are counted as zero; all others take their index value. The cards in each hand are…

automobile: Brakes: …was carried directly to semicircular brake shoes by a system of flexible cables. Mechanical brakes, however, were difficult to keep adjusted so that equal braking force was applied at each wheel; and, as vehicle weights and speeds increased, more and more effort on the brake pedal was demanded of the…

buckle: The shoe buckle has also been important as an ornament. Jewelled buckles (with real or imitation gems) were worn during the reign of Louis XIV, and at about the same time the shoe buckle became popular in the United States. In 18th-century Europe, buckles became even…

devil’s backbone, (Euphorbia tithymaloides), succulent plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native from Florida to Venezuela. The plant is called devil’s backbone for the zigzag form some varieties exhibit as well as shoe flower. It is also called redbird cactus (despite not being a true

Bill Shoemaker was the greatest American jockey of the second half of the 20th century. Weighing only 1 pound 13 ounces (0.8 kg) at birth, Shoemaker grew to an adult weight of 98 pounds (44.5 kg) and a height of 4 feet 11.5 inches (1.51 metres). He moved with his family at age 10 to California,

shoebill, (Balaeniceps rex), large African wading bird, a single species that constitutes the family Balaenicipitidae (order Balaenicipitiformes, Ciconiiformes, or Pelecaniformes). The species is named for its clog-shaped bill, which is an adaptation for catching and holding the large, slippery

Chinese hibiscus, (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), perennial species of hibiscus cultivated for its large brightly colored flowers. Chinese hibiscus is the most common species of hibiscus and is grown as an ornamental hedge in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The origins of Chinese hibiscus are

Bill Shoemaker: The Shoe: Willie Shoemaker’s Illustrated Book of Racing, written with Dan Smith, was published in 1976.

shoebill, (Balaeniceps rex), large African wading bird, a single species that constitutes the family Balaenicipitidae (order Balaenicipitiformes, Ciconiiformes, or Pelecaniformes). The species is named for its clog-shaped bill, which is an adaptation for catching and holding the large, slippery

shoebill, (Balaeniceps rex), large African wading bird, a single species that constitutes the family Balaenicipitidae (order Balaenicipitiformes, Ciconiiformes, or Pelecaniformes). The species is named for its clog-shaped bill, which is an adaptation for catching and holding the large, slippery

Federico García Lorca: Early poetry and plays: …prodigiosa (written 1924, premiered 1930; The Shoemaker’s Prodigious Wife), a classic farce, and El amor de don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín (written 1925, premiered 1933; The Love of Don Perlimplín with Belisa in Their Garden in Five Plays: Comedies and Tragi-Comedies, 1970), a “grotesque tragedy” partially drawn from…

Bill Shoemaker was the greatest American jockey of the second half of the 20th century. Weighing only 1 pound 13 ounces (0.8 kg) at birth, Shoemaker grew to an adult weight of 98 pounds (44.5 kg) and a height of 4 feet 11.5 inches (1.51 metres). He moved with his family at age 10 to California,

Carolyn Shoemaker was an American astronomer who became an expert at identifying comets. With her husband, Gene Shoemaker, and David H. Levy, she discovered the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet in 1993. Spellman received bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Chico (California) State College, having studied

Gene Shoemaker was an American astrogeologist who—along with his wife, Carolyn Shoemaker, and David H. Levy—discovered the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet in 1993. Shoemaker received a bachelor’s degree in geology from the California Institute of Technology and a doctorate from Princeton University. He

Gene Shoemaker was an American astrogeologist who—along with his wife, Carolyn Shoemaker, and David H. Levy—discovered the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet in 1993. Shoemaker received a bachelor’s degree in geology from the California Institute of Technology and a doctorate from Princeton University. He

personal identity: Traditional criticisms: …by the contemporary American philosopher Sydney Shoemaker, is to replace the notion of memory with that of “quasi-memory.” A person quasi-remembers a past experience or action if he has a memory experience that is caused in some appropriate way by that past action or experience. It may be theoretically possible…

William Gropper: …Depression agricultural program) and “The Shoemaker” (on the poverty of the working class). He later painted a mural at the Department of the Interior building in Washington, D.C.

Bill Shoemaker was the greatest American jockey of the second half of the 20th century. Weighing only 1 pound 13 ounces (0.8 kg) at birth, Shoemaker grew to an adult weight of 98 pounds (44.5 kg) and a height of 4 feet 11.5 inches (1.51 metres). He moved with his family at age 10 to California,

Bill Shoemaker was the greatest American jockey of the second half of the 20th century. Weighing only 1 pound 13 ounces (0.8 kg) at birth, Shoemaker grew to an adult weight of 98 pounds (44.5 kg) and a height of 4 feet 11.5 inches (1.51 metres). He moved with his family at age 10 to California,

shōen, in Japan, from about the 8th to the late 15th century, any of the private, tax-free, often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans. The estates developed from land tracts assigned

Sir Isaac Shoenberg was the principal inventor of the first high-definition television system, which was used by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the world’s first public high-definition telecast (from London, 1936). Before emigrating to England in 1914, Shoenberg had installed the

Morris West: …The Devil’s Advocate (1959) and The Shoes of the Fisherman (1963).

Jim Dine: His Shoes Walking on My Brain (1960), for example, is a childlike painting of a face with a pair of leather shoes fixed to the forehead. His reputation was secured during the 1960s by his wittily incongruous painted images of tools, clothes, and other utilitarian and…

Vittorio De Sica: …of the genre: Sciuscià (1946; Shoeshine), an account of the tragic lives of two children during the American occupation of Italy; Ladri di biciclette (1948; The Bicycle Thief), an Oscar winner for best foreign film; Miracolo a Milano (1951; Miracle in Milan), a comic parable about the clash of rich…

sedimentary rock: Formation of sandstones today: River sands today form shoestring-shaped bodies, tens of metres thick, a few hundred metres wide, up to 60 kilometres or more long, and usually oriented perpendicularly to the shoreline. In meandering back and forth, a river may construct a wide swath of sand deposits, mostly accumulating on meander-point bars.…

shofar, ritual musical instrument, made from the horn of a ram or other animal, used on important Jewish public and religious occasions. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. This latter custom has been preserved in

biblical literature: The role of the judges: The Hebrew term shofet, which is translated into English as “judge,” is closer in meaning to “ruler,” a kind of military leader or deliverer from potential or actual defeat. In a passage from the so-called Ras Shamra tablets (discovered in 1929), the concept of the judge as a…

shofar, ritual musical instrument, made from the horn of a ram or other animal, used on important Jewish public and religious occasions. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. This latter custom has been preserved in

shofar, ritual musical instrument, made from the horn of a ram or other animal, used on important Jewish public and religious occasions. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. This latter custom has been preserved in

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: …developing a new style called shōfū or “Bashō style.” Bashō proclaimed what he called makoto no (“true”) haiku, seeking the spirit of this poetic form in sincerity and truthfulness. He also introduced a new beauty to haiku by using simple words. Bashō essentially grafted the aristocratic conceptions of medieval poetry…

Japanese music: Music notation: …a column of syllables called shoga, which were used to help players memorize the instrumental part by singing it. With that system it was even possible to substitute a vocal rendition of one part in an ensemble if that instrument was missing. Finally, there is another parallel column that contains…

Takuma Shōga, original name Takuma Tamemoto was a member of a Japanese family of professional artists who specialized in Buddhist paintings (butsuga), creating a new style of religious painting that incorporated features of Chinese Southern Sung art. A high-ranking priest of the Shingon sect of

Shōgatsu, public holiday observed in Japan on January 1–3 (though celebrations sometimes last for the entire week), marking the beginning of a new calendar year. On the eve of the new year, temple bells ring 108 times: 8 times to ring out the old year and 100 times to usher in the new year. Prior

Shoghi Effendi Rabbānī was the leader of the international Bahāʾī faith, who held the title of Guardian of the Cause of God from 1921 until his death. Shoghi Effendi spent his early childhood in Acre. In 1918 he earned a B.A. from the American University in Beirut, Lebanon. His education was

shogi, Japanese form of chess, the history of which is obscure. Traditionally it is thought to have originated in India and to have been transmitted to Japan via China and Korea. Shogi, like Western chess and Chinese chess, is played by two persons on a board with pieces of varying powers, and the

shogi, Japanese form of chess, the history of which is obscure. Traditionally it is thought to have originated in India and to have been transmitted to Japan via China and Korea. Shogi, like Western chess and Chinese chess, is played by two persons on a board with pieces of varying powers, and the

James Clavell: Asian Saga novel series: …the Asian Saga were bestsellers, Shōgun was the standout. The novel offers a fictionalized account of navigator William Adams, who was the first Englishman to set foot in Japan and became the trusted adviser of Japanese shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Clavell was inspired to write the novel after coming upon an…

James Clavell: Asian Saga novel series: In 1980 a TV miniseries based on Shōgun became one of the most popular miniseries ever made. Starring Richard Chamberlain, Mifune Toshirō, and Shimada Yōko, it won an Emmy Award in 1981 for outstanding limited series. Clavell had served as executive producer. In 2024 Hulu and the FX…

shogun, in Japanese history, a military ruler. The title was first used during the Heian period, when it was occasionally bestowed on a general after a successful campaign. In 1185 Minamoto Yoritomo gained military control of Japan; seven years later he assumed the title of shogun and formed the

shogunate, government of the shogun, or hereditary military dictator, of Japan from 1192 to 1867. The term shogun appeared in various titles given to military commanders commissioned for the imperial government’s 8th- and 9th-century campaigns against the Ezo (Emishi) tribes of northern Japan. The

shogunate, government of the shogun, or hereditary military dictator, of Japan from 1192 to 1867. The term shogun appeared in various titles given to military commanders commissioned for the imperial government’s 8th- and 9th-century campaigns against the Ezo (Emishi) tribes of northern Japan. The

Shōhaku was a Japanese scholar and author of waka and renga (“linked-verse”) poetry during the late Muromachi period (1338–1573). Along with two other renga masters, he composed Minase sangin hyakuin (1488; Minase Sangin Hyakuin: A Poem of One Hundred Links Composed by Three Poets at Minase).

Japan: Political reform in the bakufu and the han: …Chu Hsi school at the Shōheikō, the bakufu official college headed by the Hayashi family. He even instituted a five-level examination system for promotions among bakufu officials who were trained at this shogunal academy.