ship construction, complex of activities concerned with the design and fabrication of all marine vehicles. Ship construction today is a complicated compound of art and science. In the great days of sail, vessels were designed and built on the basis of practical experience; ship construction was

Port Hawkesbury, town, Inverness county, northeastern Nova Scotia, Canada. It lies along the Strait of Canso, at the southern end of Cape Breton Island, 36 miles (58 km) east of Antigonish. Originally called Ship Harbour, the town was renamed in 1860, possibly for Charles Jenkinson, Baron

ship money, in British history, a nonparliamentary tax first levied in medieval times by the English crown on coastal cities and counties for naval defense in time of war. It required those being taxed to furnish a certain number of warships or to pay the ships’ equivalent in money. Its revival and

automaton: Automatons in the Renaissance: …most celebrated nefs is the “Ship of Charles V” (Musée de Cluny, Paris).

Ship of Fools, novel by Katherine Anne Porter, published in 1962. Porter used as a framework Das Narrenschiff (1494; The Ship of Fools), by Sebastian Brant, a satire in which the world is likened to a ship whose passengers, fools and deranged people all, are sailing toward eternity. Porter’s novel

Stanley Kramer: Directing: Kramer returned to drama with Ship of Fools (1965), which was based on the Katherine Anne Porter novel. Though viewed by some as a soap opera, the Oscar-nominated film addressed important issues, notably anti-Semitism and the rise of Nazism, and it boasted a cast that included Vivien Leigh (in her…

Sebastian Brant: …verse by Alexander Barclay (The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde) and another in prose by Henry Watson, and it gave rise to a whole school of fool’s literature. Yet Brant essentially looks backward; he is not a forerunner of the Reformation nor even a true humanist but rather…

Das Narrenschiff, long poem by Sebastian Brant, published in 1494. It was published in English as The Ship of Fools. The work concerns the incidents on a ship carrying more than 100 people to Narragonia, the fools’ paradise, and is an unsparing, bitter, and sweeping satire, especially of the

Cristina Peri Rossi: …nave de los locos (1984; The Ship of Fools), La última noche de Dostoievski (1992; Dostoevsky’s Last Night), Desastres íntimos (1997; Intimate Disasters), and El amor es una droga dura (1999; “Love Is a Strong Drug”).

camel, (genus Camelus), any of three species of large ruminating hoofed mammals of arid Africa and Asia known for their ability to go for long periods without drinking. The Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), has one back hump, while the domesticated Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)

ship of the line, type of sailing warship that formed the backbone of the Western world’s great navies from the mid-17th century through the mid-19th century, when it gave way to the steam-powered battleship. The ship of the line evolved from the galleon, a three- or four-masted vessel that had a

ship of Theseus, in the history of Western philosophy, an ancient paradox regarding identity and change across time. Mentioned by Plutarch and later modified by Thomas Hobbes, the ship of Theseus has spawned a variety of theories of identity within modern and contemporary metaphysics. Discussions

rat: …the Norway rat), and the house rat, R. rattus (also called the black rat, ship rat, or roof rat), live virtually everywhere that human populations have settled; the house rat is predominant in warmer climates, and the brown rat dominates in temperate regions, especially urban areas. Most likely originating in…

Ship Rock, volcanic neck with radiating dikes located in the northwestern corner of New Mexico, U.S. The landmark stands 1,400 feet (420 metres) above the surrounding area and is the basis of local Navajo legends. Solidified in the vent of an ancient volcano, the more resistant rock of the neck is

corvette, small, fast naval vessel ranking in size below a frigate. In the 18th and 19th centuries, corvettes were three-masted ships with square rigging similar to that of frigates and ships of the line, but they carried only about 20 guns on the top deck. Frequently serving as dispatchers among

ship’s bell, bell used as early as the 15th century to sound the time on board ship by striking each half hour of a watch. As this practice served to regulate the rhythm of daily life for sailors, naval tradition came to regard the ship’s bell as the “soul” of the vessel. The mariner’s day is

Brian Eno: …Eno’s own albums, the four-track The Ship (2016) meditated on the sinking of the Titanic and on World War I. In 2018 he released a box set of music commissioned for art pieces, Music for Installations. He collaborated with his brother, Roger Eno, on Mixing Colours (2020), a set of…

ship: Ship classification: The leading classification society, operating in almost every country in the world, is Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, which began its work long before any national legislation existed for the performance of its purposes. The history of Lloyd’s Register of Shipping can be traced back to 1760. The…

ship-of-the-line warfare, columnar naval-battle formation developed by the British and Dutch in the mid-17th century whereby each ship followed in the wake of the ship ahead of it. This formation maximized the new firing power of the broadside (simultaneous discharge of all the guns arrayed on one

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) About 60 species; worldwide distribution; damage wood; examples Lymexylon, Hylecoetus. Superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Lamellicornia) Antennae 10-segmented with last 3 to 7 segments forming a lamellate (platelike) club; body stout; larvae without cerci (appendages at end of abdomen);

ship construction, complex of activities concerned with the design and fabrication of all marine vehicles. Ship construction today is a complicated compound of art and science. In the great days of sail, vessels were designed and built on the basis of practical experience; ship construction was

Shipka Pass, pass in the Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria. Situated on the main road from Ruse on the Danube River through Stara Zagora to Edirne (Adrianople) in Turkey, it was a strategically important pass and was the scene of fierce fighting during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). The pass was

Catherine East was an American feminist and public official, a major formative influence on the women’s movement of the mid-20th century. East earned a degree in history at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1943. After 24 years in the career services division of the Civil Service

Shipibo, Panoan-speaking Indian group living on the upper Ucayali River near the headwaters of the Amazon, on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian high Andes Mountains. In the pre-Spanish period, the Shipibo were only minimally influenced by the Inca empire, despite the proximity of the Shipibo to

Shipka Pass, pass in the Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria. Situated on the main road from Ruse on the Danube River through Stara Zagora to Edirne (Adrianople) in Turkey, it was a strategically important pass and was the scene of fierce fighting during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). The pass was

Jennifer Shipley is a New Zealand politician who was New Zealand’s first female prime minister (1997–99). After graduating from Christchurch Teachers’ College in 1972, Robson married Burton Shipley, a farmer, and began teaching at a primary school. Active in the community, she joined the National

Jennifer Shipley is a New Zealand politician who was New Zealand’s first female prime minister (1997–99). After graduating from Christchurch Teachers’ College in 1972, Robson married Burton Shipley, a farmer, and began teaching at a primary school. Active in the community, she joined the National

The Shipman’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is based on an old French fabliau and resembles a story found in Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron. In the tale told by Chaucer’s Shipman, the wife of a rich merchant convinces a young monk that her husband

Harold Shipman was a British doctor who is one of the deadliest serial killers in history, believed to have murdered about 250 of his patients, according to an official inquiry into his crimes. In 2000 he was convicted on 15 counts of murder and sentenced to life in prison; four years later he died

Harold Shipman was a British doctor who is one of the deadliest serial killers in history, believed to have murdered about 250 of his patients, according to an official inquiry into his crimes. In 2000 he was convicted on 15 counts of murder and sentenced to life in prison; four years later he died

Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard was a British colonial official in South Africa who served as administrator in the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana) from 1885 to 1895 and was closely associated with the empire builder Cecil Rhodes. The scion of a naval family, Shippard was educated

William Shippen, Jr. was the first systematic teacher of anatomy, surgery, and obstetrics in the United States. He was also one of the first to use dissected human bodies in the teaching of anatomy in America. Shippen graduated from the College of New Jersey (Princeton) in 1754, studied in London,

containerization: …a major element in ocean shipping, made possible by new ships specifically designed for container carrying. Large and fast, container ships carry containers above deck as well as below; and their cargoes are easily loaded and unloaded, making possible more frequent trips and minimum lost time in port. Port facilities…

shipping, the transporting of goods and passengers by water. Described as the backbone of global trade, maritime shipping is responsible for the transport of the majority of raw materials, components, and finished products that drive the economy. Efficient and relatively low-cost, transoceanic

pasteurellosis, any bacterial disease caused by Pasteurella species. The name is sometimes used interchangeably with the so-called shipping fever, a specific type of pasteurellosis (caused by Pasteurella multocida) that commonly attacks cattle under stress, as during shipping. In this type of

Annie Proulx: In The Shipping News (1993; film 2001), the protagonist Quoyle and his family, consisting of two young daughters and his aunt, leave the United States and settle in Newfoundland, Canada, after the accidental death of his unfaithful wife. The Shipping News was awarded both a Pulitzer Prize and a National…

The Shipping News, novel by American writer Annie Proulx that was published in 1993. It won both a Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, and it was adapted as a 2001 film. The Shipping News begins by introducing us to Quoyle, a 36-year-old man who lives in a small town in upstate New York. He

shipping route, any of the lines of travel followed by merchant sea vessels. Many of the most important modern shipping routes are near-coastal or transoceanic, though several major rivers, including the Amazon and the Nile, are large enough for the navigation of shipping vessels and are

nuclear reactor: From production reactors to commercial power reactors: …build a civilian prototype at Shippingport, Pennsylvania. This reactor, the largest of the power-reactor prototypes, went online in 1957; it is often hailed as the first commercial-scale reactor in the United States.

Shiprock, town, San Juan county, northwestern New Mexico, U.S. Lying on the vast Navajo reservation, the town, originally called Needles, was founded in 1903 as a center of tribal government. It served as such until 1938, when the Navajo nation established its capital at Window Rock, Arizona. The

shipworm, any of the approximately 65 species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Teredidae (Teredinidae). Shipworms are common in most oceans and seas and are important because of the destruction they cause in wooden ship hulls, wharves, and other submerged wooden structures. Only a small

rocket and missile system: Antiship: The SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a small, vertically launched, flip-out wing supersonic missile with a range of about 390 miles, appeared in the 1980s.

7 of the World’s Deadliest Shipwrecks: …among the things that could send a ship to the bottom. While some nautical disasters such as the sinking of the Titanic have captured the popular imagination, others—some of which involved a significantly greater loss of life—have remained relatively unknown.

short story: From Egypt to India: …earliest surviving Egyptian tales, “The Shipwrecked Sailor” (c. 2000 bce), is clearly intended to be a consoling and inspiring story to reassure its aristocratic audience that apparent misfortune can in the end become good fortune. Also recorded during the 12th dynasty were the success story of the exile Sinuhe…

shipyard, shore establishment for building and repairing ships. The shipbuilding facilities of the ancient and medieval worlds reached a culmination in the arsenal of Venice, a shipyard in which a high degree of organization produced an assembly-line technique, with a ship’s fittings added to the

Juan Carlos Onetti: …major novel, El astillero (1961; The Shipyard), an antihero named Larsen returns to Santa María to try to revive a useless and abandoned shipyard, ending his life in futility and unheroic defeat. The book has been viewed as an ironic allegory reflecting the decay and breakdown of Uruguayan society. The…

Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Formation and ideology: …founders of the PIJ—most notably Fathi al-Shiqaqi—previously had been involved with the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist organization founded in Egypt, where Shiqaqi and other Palestinians had sought higher education. Shiqaqi and his associates were sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood’s Islamist outlook, but they believed that the revival of an Islamic…

Kuwait: Relief: …metres) above sea level at Al-Shiqāyā peak, in the western corner of the country. The Al-Zawr Escarpment, one of the main topographic features, borders the northwestern shore of Kuwait Bay and rises to a maximum elevation of 475 feet (145 metres). Elsewhere in coastal areas, large patches of salty marshland…

Zhongshan, city in southern Guangdong sheng (province), southern China. Located in the south-central part of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta, Zhongshan has a network of waterways connecting it with all parts of the delta and is on an express highway running north to Guangzhou (Canton) and south to

Indus River, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Its total drainage area is about 450,000 square miles (1,165,000 square km), of which 175,000 square miles (453,000 square km) lie in the ranges and

Salomon Sulzer: An important publication was Shir Ẕion (1840–66; “Song of Zion”), a comprehensive collection of music for the Sabbath, festivals, and holy days, for cantor, choir, and congregational responses with optional organ accompaniment. The musical style was a compromise between traditional chant (for the cantor) and Protestant-like settings for choir;…

Shīr ʿAlī Khān was the emir of Afghanistan from 1863 to 1879 who tried with only limited success to maintain his nation’s equilibrium in the great power struggles between Russia in the north and British India in the south. The third son of Dōst Moḥammad Khān, Shīr ʿAlī succeeded to the throne upon

Kilimanjaro: Shira ridge (13,000 feet [3,962 metres]) is a remnant of an earlier crater. Below the saddle, Kilimanjaro slopes in a typical volcanic curve to the plains below, which lie at an elevation of about 3,300 feet (1,000 metres). The breathtaking snow-clad dome of Kibo contains…

Japanese music: Shintō music: In later times the Heian-originated shirabyōshi female dancer-musicians became important elements in the transfer of courtly and religious traditions into later theatrical forms. Although the influence of Shintō music in the Japanese music traditions is evident, the major source of religious musical influence is found elsewhere, in the Buddhist temples.

Armenia: Relief: Elevated volcanic plateaus (Lory, Shirak, and others), cut by deep river valleys, lie amid these ranges.

Shirakaba, humanistic literary journal (1910–23) founded by a loose association of writers, art critics, artists, and others—among them Shiga Naoya, Arishima Takeo, and Mushanokōji Saneatsu—who together had attended the elite Peers’ School (Gakushūin) in Tokyo. The members of this group, called

Shirakawa was the 72nd emperor of Japan who abdicated the throne and then established a cloister government (insei) through which he could maintain his power unburdened by the exacting ceremonial and family duty required of the legitimate Japanese sovereign. He thus established a precedent that

Shirakawa Hideki is a Japanese chemist who, with Alan G. MacDiarmid and Alan J. Heeger, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2000 for their discovery that certain plastics can be chemically altered to conduct electricity almost as readily as metals. Shirakawa earned a Ph.D. from the Tokyo Institute

Shirakawa Masaaki is a Japanese banker and economist who served (2008–13) as governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ), the country’s central bank. Shirakawa joined the BOJ in 1972 after graduating with a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Tokyo. He later studied in the United States

Shirakawa was the 72nd emperor of Japan who abdicated the throne and then established a cloister government (insei) through which he could maintain his power unburdened by the exacting ceremonial and family duty required of the legitimate Japanese sovereign. He thus established a precedent that

Go-Shirakawa was the 77th emperor of Japan, during whose reign political power was transferred from the imperial court to the provincial warrior class. He ascended the throne in 1155, taking the reign name Go-Shirakawa, after the death of his brother, the emperor Konoe. When his father, the former

Armenia: Relief: Elevated volcanic plateaus (Lory, Shirak, and others), cut by deep river valleys, lie amid these ranges.

Japanese Alps: …the Akaishi Range and contains Mount Shirane (10,472 feet [3,192 m]).

moose: …Minnesota, and northern Michigan; the Shiras moose (A. alces shirasi), which inhabits the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada; and the Alaskan moose (A. alces gigas), which inhabits Alaska and northwestern Canada. Although not widely accepted, some classifications also recognize several Eurasian subspecies, including the European moose (A.…

George Shiras, Jr. was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1892–1903). Shiras was admitted to the bar in 1855, and in 25 years of practice he built up a wide reputation in corporation law. In 1892 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by Pres. Benjamin Harrison. An able

White Heron Castle, castle in Himeji, Japan, that was built in the 14th century and reconstructed in 1577. It is also known as Shirasagi-jo or Shirasagi Castle, from the Japanese word shirasagi (“egret”). Built on Mount Himeyama, the castle was originally a fortification for the Akamatsu clan

White Heron Castle, castle in Himeji, Japan, that was built in the 14th century and reconstructed in 1577. It is also known as Shirasagi-jo or Shirasagi Castle, from the Japanese word shirasagi (“egret”). Built on Mount Himeyama, the castle was originally a fortification for the Akamatsu clan

Moses ibn Ezra: …treatise on the poetic art, Kitāb al-muḥāḍarah wa al-mudhākarah (“Conversations and Recollections”; translated into Hebrew as Shirat Yisraʾel, or “Song of Israel,” in 1924 by B. Halper). Dealing with Arabic, Castilian, and Jewish poetry, the work is an important Spanish literary history.

Shiraz, city, capital of Fars ostān (province), southwestern Iran. It is located in central Fars in the southern part of the Zagros Mountains, on an agricultural lowland at an elevation of 4,875 feet (1,486 meters). Famous for its wine, it is both a historic site and an attractive modern city, with

Shiraz, city, capital of Fars ostān (province), southwestern Iran. It is located in central Fars in the southern part of the Zagros Mountains, on an agricultural lowland at an elevation of 4,875 feet (1,486 meters). Famous for its wine, it is both a historic site and an attractive modern city, with

Shīrāz rug, handwoven floor covering made in the district around the city of Shīrāz in southern Iran. The best known are the Qashqāʾī rugs, products of nomadic peoples. A group of tribes—some Arab, some Turkish, forming the Khamseh Confederation—weaves rugs somewhat similar to the Qashqāʾī pieces

Shīrāz school, in Persian miniature painting, styles of a group of artists centered at Shīrāz, in southwestern Iran near the ancient city of Persepolis. The school, founded by the Mongol Il-Khans (1256–1353) in mid-14th century, was active through the beginning of the 16th century. It developed

eastern Africa: The Shirazi migration: For much of the 13th century the most important coastal town was Mogadishu, a mercantile city on the Somalian coast to which new migrants came from the Persian Gulf and southern Arabia. Of these, the most important were called Shirazi, who, in the…

astronomy: The Islamic world: Al-Ṭūsī’s student al-Shīrāzī went farther, using a minor epicycle to eliminate the need for an equant point. In the 14th century Ibn al-Shāṭir of Damascus built on the works of the Marāgheh school in his Nihāyat al-suʾl fi taṣḥīḥ al-uṣūl (“Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary…

Shirdi Sai Baba was a spiritual leader dear to Hindu and Muslim devotees throughout India and in diaspora communities as far flung as the United States and the Caribbean. The name Sai Baba comes from sai, a Persian word used by Muslims to denote a holy person, and baba, Hindi for father. Sai Baba’s

Shire, draft horse breed native to the middle section of England. The breed descended from the English “great horse,” which carried men in full battle armour that often weighed as much as 400 pounds. Shires were improved as draft and farm animals in the latter part of the 18th century by breeding

shire, in Great Britain, a county. The Anglo-Saxon shire (Old English scir) was an administrative division next above the hundred and seems to have existed in the south in the time of Alfred the Great (871–899) and to have been fully established by the reign of Edgar (959–975). It was administered

United Kingdom: Government and justice: In local government the Anglo-Saxon shire and hundred courts continued to function as units of administration and justice, but with important changes. Bishops and earls ceased to preside over the shire courts. Bishops now had their own ecclesiastical courts, while earls had their feudal courts. But although earls no longer…

Shire Highlands, plateau in southern Malaŵi, with an area of about 2,800 square miles (7,300 square km). Roughly diamond-shaped, it is bounded by the Shire River valley (northwest and southwest), the Ruo River valley (southeast), and the Lake Chilwa-Phalombe Plain (northeast). Its average elevation

Shire River, most important river in Malaŵi. The Shire River is 250 miles (402 km) long and issues from the southern shore of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malaŵi), of which it is the only outlet. It enters Lake Malombe (q.v.) 5 miles (8 km) south of Mangochi and exits to flow through swampy banks flanked by

The Godfather: Plot: …of his daughter, Connie (Talia Shire). Vito’s youngest son, Michael (Pacino), who has distanced himself from the family business, attends the festivities with his non-Italian girlfriend, Kay (Diane Keaton).

10 Must-Read Modern Poets: Warsan Shire: The daughter of Somali parents who fled their home country for Kenya, Shire was born in Nairobi and raised in London, where her family moved shortly after she was born. In 2014 she was named London’s first Young Poet Laureate. Many of Shire’s…

sheriff, a senior executive officer in an English county or smaller area who performs a variety of administrative and judicial functions. Officers of this name also exist in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United States. In England the office of sheriff existed before the Norman Conquest

the Shirelles, American vocal group popular in the late 1950s and early ’60s, one of the first and most successful so-called “girl groups.” The original members were Addie (“Micki”) Harris (b. January 22, 1940, Passaic, New Jersey, U.S.—d. June 10, 1982, Los Angeles, California), Doris Coley (b.

William L. Shirer was an American journalist, historian, and novelist, best known for his massive study The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (1960). In the 1920s and ’30s Shirer was stationed in Europe and in India as a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and

William L. Shirer was an American journalist, historian, and novelist, best known for his massive study The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (1960). In the 1920s and ’30s Shirer was stationed in Europe and in India as a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and

South American forest Indian: Economic systems: The same holds for the Shirianá and Waica of the Orinoco–Amazon headwaters.

shirk, (Arabic: “making a partner [of someone]”), in Islam, idolatry, polytheism, and the association of God with other deities. The Qurʾān (Islamic scripture) stresses in many verses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharīk). It warns those who believe their idols will intercede

Saladin: Early life and military career: …the staff of his uncle Asad al-Dīn Shīrkūh, an important military commander under the emir Nūr al-Dīn, who was the son and successor of Zangī. During three military expeditions led by Shīrkūh into Egypt to prevent its falling to the Latin Christian (Frankish) rulers of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem,…

Elisabeth Moss: Mad Men and The Handmaid’s Tale: …portrayed writer Shirley Jackson in Shirley (2020). She also starred in another landmark TV series, The Handmaid’s Tale (2017– ), which was inspired by Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel. Moss drew praise for her subtle and complex portrayal of Offred, and in 2017 she earned Emmy Awards for her acting in…

Regina King: If Beale Street Could Talk and later work: …presidential nomination, in the biopic Shirley. The following year she appeared in Darren Aronofsky’s crime thriller Caught Stealing.

poppy: Major Papaver species: The white-and-red or white-and-pink Shirley poppy is an annual variety developed from the corn poppy (P. rhoeas). The long-headed poppy (P. dubium) is an annual similar to the corn poppy but with narrower, tapering capsules and smaller, paler flowers. The Iceland poppy (P. nudicaule), from Arctic North America, is…

Shirley Temple: …in the creation of a doll made in her likeness and a nonalcoholic beverage named for her.

Anne Shirley, fictional character, the heroine of Anne of Green Gables (1908) and several subsequent novels for children by Lucy Maud Montgomery. Anne, a red-haired Canadian orphan, is an imaginative, high-spirited girl who speaks her mind. She wants, above all, to find a home with people who will

James Shirley was an English poet and dramatist, one of the leading playwrights in the decade before the closing of the theaters by Parliament in 1642. Shirley was educated at the University of Cambridge and after his ordination became master of the St. Albans Grammar School. About 1624 he moved to

Belle Starr was an American outlaw of Texas and the Oklahoma Indian Territory. Myra Belle Shirley grew up in Carthage, Missouri, from the age of two. After the death of an elder brother, who early in the Civil War had become a bushwhacker and had perhaps ridden with guerrilla leader William C.

Selina Hastings, countess of Huntingdon was a central figure in the evangelical revival in 18th-century England, who founded the Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion, a sect of Calvinistic Methodists. The daughter of Washington Shirley, 2nd Earl Ferrers, Selina in 1728 married Theophilus Hastings,

William Shirley was a colonial governor of Massachusetts who played an important role in Britain’s struggle against France for control of North America. In 1731, after 11 years of law practice in England, Shirley migrated to Boston. He was appointed admiralty judge in 1733 and the king’s advocate

Sir Hubert Shirley-Smith was a British civil engineer who designed steel bridges in many parts of the world and was a noted writer on engineering topics. One year after he graduated from the City and Guilds of London Institute (1922), Shirley-Smith joined the engineering firm of Sir Douglas Fox and

Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre and other novels of Charlotte Brontë: In her novel Shirley, Charlotte avoided melodrama and coincidences and widened her scope. Setting aside Maria Edgeworth and Sir Walter Scott as national novelists, Shirley is the first regional novel in English, full of shrewdly depicted local material—Yorkshire characters, church and chapel, the cloth workers and machine breakers…