Belle Starr

Belle Starr (born Feb. 5, 1848, Washington County, Mo., U.S.—died Feb. 3, 1889, near Briartown, Okla.) was an American outlaw of Texas and the Oklahoma Indian Territory.

Myra Belle Shirley grew up in Carthage, Missouri, from the age of two. After the death of an elder brother, who early in the Civil War had become a bushwhacker and had perhaps ridden with guerrilla leader William C. Quantrill’s raiders, and following also the burning of Carthage in 1863, the family moved to a farm at Scyene, near Dallas, Texas. At the end of the war the remnants of Quantrill’s gang turned to undisguised outlawry, becoming notorious as the gangs led by the Younger brothers and by Jesse and Frank James. They occasionally sought refuge at the Shirley farm, and Belle’s first child, Pearl, was probably fathered by Thomas C. (“Cole”) Younger. Soon afterward, Belle ran away with Jim Reed, a Missouri outlaw, and became his common-law wife. They lived for a time in California, where their son, Edward, was born and then returned to Texas, where Belle fashioned herself a “bandit queen,” costumed in either velvet and feathers or buckskin and moccasins. Reed was killed not long after his sensational holdup of the Austin–San Antonio stage in 1874, and Belle Shirley was named an accessory, although not a participant, in the indictment for that crime. She operated a livery stable in Dallas for a time and continued to have sundry unsavoury associations, both personal and professional.

Later she moved to Oklahoma Territory, where in 1880 she married Sam Starr, a Cherokee Indian and longtime friend of the Youngers and Jameses. They settled on a ranch, renamed Younger’s Bend, on the Canadian River (near present-day Eufaula). It became a favourite hideout for outlaws of every sort; Jesse James holed up there for several months. Gradually Belle Starr acquired the reputation, not necessarily warranted, of a criminal mastermind whose gang preyed on travelers, ranchers, and cowboys throughout the region. In 1883 she and her husband were indicted for horse stealing, and in March they were convicted by Judge Isaac C. Parker, the “hanging judge” of Fort Smith, Arkansas. They served nine months in the federal penitentiary in Detroit, Michigan. She was indicted three more times in the next few years—once on a charge that, disguised as a man, she took part in a post office robbery—but she was never again convicted. Sam was killed in a gunfight in 1887. Belle then settled with a new lover at the ranch and was shot in the back and killed there in 1889. Although there were several possible suspects, including a neighbour and her own son, Edward, the murderer was never identified. Her gravestone, erected by her daughter at Younger’s Bend, features a carved bell and star.

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Criminality and Famous Outlaws

A few months after her death, Richard K. Fox, publisher of the National Police Gazette, issued a purported biography, Belle Starr, the Bandit Queen, or The Female Jesse James. Fox’s portrayal of the beautiful Belle of Old Southern heritage who turned to crime to avenge the death of her brother, a dashing Confederate officer, long remained the popular image of her.