mufti: …the mufti of Istanbul, the shaykh al-Islām (Turkish: şeyhülislâm), ranked as Islam’s foremost legal authority, theoretically presiding over the whole judicial and theological hierarchy. The development of civil codes in most Islamic countries, however, has tended to restrict the authority of muftis to cases involving personal status and religious custom,…

sheikh: Shaykh al-jabal (“the mountain chief”) was a popular term for the head of the Assassins and was mistranslated by the crusaders as “the old man of the mountain.” By far the most important title was shaykh al-islām, which by the 11th century was given to…

Islamic arts: Architecture: …sides were the small funerary mosque of Shaykh Luṭf Allāh (Sheikh Lotfollāh) and, facing it, the ʿAlī Qāpū, the “Lofty Gate,” the first unit of a succession of palaces and gardens that extended beyond the maydān, most of which have now disappeared except for the Chehel Sotūn (“Forty Columns”), a…

Western dance: Ancient Egyptian dance: A tomb painting from Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qurnah, now in the British Museum, shows dancers dressed only in rings and belts, apparently designed to heighten the appeal of their nudity. These figures probably were intended to entertain the dead as they had been entertained in life.

Mount Hermon, snowcapped ridge on the Lebanon-Syria border west of Damascus. It rises to 9,232 feet (2,814 meters) and is the highest point on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is sometimes considered the southernmost extension of the Anti-Lebanon range. At its foot rise the two major

al-Aḥsāʾī: …of the heterodox Shīʿite Muslim Shaykhī sect of Iran.

The Setting Sun, novel by Dazai Osamu, published in 1947 as Shayō. It is a tragic, vividly painted story of life in postwar Japan. The narrator is Kazuko, a young woman born to gentility but now impoverished. Though she wears Western clothes, her outlook is Japanese; her life is static, and she

Sudan: Ethnic groups: …the Jalayin tribe proper, the Shāyqiyyah, and the Rubtab. The Juhaynah, by contrast, traditionally consisted of nomadic tribes, although some of them have now become settled. Among the major tribes in the Juhaynah grouping are the Shukriyah, the Kababish, and the Baqqārah. All three of these tribes herd camels or…

Shays’s Rebellion, (August 1786–February 1787), uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions. Armed bands forced the closing of several courts to prevent execution of foreclosures and debt processes. In September 1786 Daniel Shays and other local

Daniel Shays was an American officer (1775–80) in the American Revolution and a leader of Shays’s Rebellion (1786–87), an uprising in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions. Born to parents of Irish descent, Shays grew up in humble circumstances. At the outbreak of the American

shaitan, in Islāmic myth, an unbelieving class of jinn (“spirits”); it is also the name of Iblīs, the devil, when he is performing demonic acts. In the system of evil jinn outlined by the Arab writer al-Jāḥiẓ, the shaitans are identified simply as unbelieving jinn. Folklore, however, describes them

Iblīs, in Islam, the personal name of the Devil, possibly derived from the Greek diabolos. Iblīs, the counterpart of Satan in Christianity, is also referred to as ʿAduw Allāh ( “Enemy of God”), al-Aduw (“Enemy”), or, when he is portrayed as a tempter, al-Shayṭān (“Demon”). At the creation of

Captain Marvel, American comic strip superhero created by writer Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan for Marvel Comics. The character debuted in Marvel Super-Heroes no. 12 in December 1967. The role of Captain Marvel would be filled by many heroes over subsequent years, most notably by the Kree warrior

Zalman Shazar was an Israeli journalist, scholar, and politician who was the third president of Israel (1963–73). Shazar early became involved in the Zionist movement while a youth in Belarus. In 1905 he joined Po’alei Zion, a Zionist workers’ party, and was briefly imprisoned by tsarist

Shādhilīyah, widespread brotherhood of Muslim mystics (Ṣūfīs), founded on the teachings of Abū al-Ḥasan ash-Shādhilī (d. 1258) in Alexandria. Shādhilī teachings stress five points: fear of God, living the sunna (practices) of the Prophet, disdain of mankind, fatalism, and turning to God in times of

Joseph Gikatilla: …by his next major work, Shaʿareʾora (“Gates of Light”), an account of Kabbalist symbolism.

Saul was the first king of Israel (c. 1021–1000 bce). According to the biblical account found mainly in 1 Samuel, Saul was chosen king both by the judge Samuel and by public acclamation. Saul was similar to the charismatic judges who preceded him in the role of governing. His chief contribution,

shāʿir, (Arabic: “poet”), in Arabic literature, poet who in pre-Islāmic times was a tribal dignitary whose poetic utterances were deemed supernaturally inspired by such spirits as jinn and shaitans. As such, his word was needed to insure the success of certain tribal activities, particularly war,

Mount Ash-Shaʿnabī, mountain (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) that is the highest in Tunisia. It is part of a spur of the Tebéssa (Tabassah) Mountains, which are part of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. The mountain lies near the Algerian border, 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Al-Qaṣrayn

Mount Ash-Shaʿnabī, mountain (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) that is the highest in Tunisia. It is part of a spur of the Tebéssa (Tabassah) Mountains, which are part of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. The mountain lies near the Algerian border, 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Al-Qaṣrayn

ash-Shaʿrānī was an Egyptian scholar and mystic who founded an Islamic order of Ṣūfism. Throughout his life Shaʿrānī was influenced by the pattern of his education. His introduction and exposure to Islāmic learning were limited; his formal education was concerned with the ʿulūm al-wahb (“gifted

Huda Sharawi was an Egyptian feminist and nationalist who established numerous organizations dedicated to women’s rights and is considered the founder of the women’s movement in Egypt. Sharawi was born into a prosperous family in the Egyptian city of Al-Minyā and was raised in Cairo. Her father,

ash-Shaʿrānī: …Ṣūfī order known as ash-Shaʿrawīyah and attempted to select the best elements from the diverse and often conflicting world of the Ṣūfīs and the ʿulamāʾ for its operating principles. The order was housed in a well-endowed zāwiyah, a kind of monastery, and had attached to it a school for…

Anatoly Shcharansky is a Soviet dissident, a human-rights advocate who was imprisoned (1977–86) by the Soviet government and then allowed to go to Israel. Shcharansky’s father was a Communist Party member in Ukraine, working for a time on the party newspaper; and Shcharansky himself was a Komsomol

Anatoly Shcharansky is a Soviet dissident, a human-rights advocate who was imprisoned (1977–86) by the Soviet government and then allowed to go to Israel. Shcharansky’s father was a Communist Party member in Ukraine, working for a time on the party newspaper; and Shcharansky himself was a Komsomol

Anatoly Shcharansky: His wife, née Natalya Stiglitz, had also applied for a visa to go to Israel and was allowed to emigrate a day after their marriage in 1974. She adopted the Hebrew name Avital and, until his release, championed his cause from Jerusalem and in her travels abroad. Shcharansky’s…

Mikhail Yevgrafovich, Count Saltykov was a novelist of radical sympathies and one of the greatest of all Russian satirists. A sensitive boy, he was deeply shocked by his mother’s cruel treatment of peasants, which he later described in one of his most important works, Poshekhonskaya starina

Kemerovo, city and administrative centre of Kemerovo oblast (region), south-central Russia. Kemerovo lies along the Tom River near the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau Mountains. The small village of Kemerovo was founded in the 1830s and merged with the village of Shcheglovo in 1918 to form the

Kyiv: Origins and foundation: …by three brothers, Kyi (Kiy), Shchek, and Khoryv (Khoriv), leaders of the Polyanian tribe of the East Slavs. Each established his own settlement on a hill, and these settlements became the town of Kyiv, named for the eldest brother, Kyi; a small stream nearby was named for their sister Lybed…

Shchyokino, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Tula oblast (region), western Russia. Coal mining began in the locality in 1870, exploiting the lignite (brown coal) of the Moscow coalfield; chemical concerns, the product of foreign investment, were also soon established. Shchyokino later developed

Shchyolkovo, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Klyazma River a few miles northeast of Moscow. Shchyolkovo was renowned from the 18th century as a centre of handicraft silk weaving, and today it remains a centre of various textile

The Nutcracker, ballet by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. The last of his three ballets, it was first performed in December 1892. The story of The Nutcracker is loosely based on the E.T.A. Hoffmann fantasy story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, about a girl who befriends a nutcracker that comes to life on

Mikhail Semenovich Shchepkin was possibly the most influential actor of 19th-century Russia, known for his sensitive and realistic acting. Shchepkin was born a serf and began acting in amateur productions on the estate as a child. After attending public school he joined the Kursk theatre as an

Ukraine: Ukraine on the path to independence: …force led by the writer Yury Shcherbak. (See also environmentalism.)

Rybinsk, city, Yaroslavl oblast (region), northwestern Russia, on the Volga River. The 12th-century village of Rybnaya sloboda became the town of Rybinsk in 1777. Its river port flourished after the opening (1810) of the Mariinsk Waterway, linking the Volga to the Baltic Sea, and again with the

Doctors’ Plot: …had died in 1948, and Alexander S. Shcherbakov (d. 1945), who had been head of the Main Political Administration of the Soviet army, and with attempting to murder several marshals of the Soviet army. The doctors, at least six of whom were Jewish, also were accused of being in the…

Mikhayl Mikhaylovich Shcherbatov was a Russian ideologue, historian, and aristocratic commentator on Russian political and social developments in the 18th century. Shcherbatov was the son of a former governor-general of Moscow and a member of one of the oldest aristocratic families in Russia, and

Fyodor Ippolitovich Shcherbatskoy was a Western authority on Buddhist philosophy, whose most important work was the influential Buddhist Logic, 2 vol. (1930–32). Educated in comparative linguistics, Sanskrit literature, and Indian philosophy, Shcherbatskoy spoke fluently and wrote with ease in six

Ukraine: The period of Khrushchev: …of two figures—Petro Shelest and Volodymyr Shcherbytsky—who between them dominated Ukraine’s political landscape for almost 30 years. The earlier careers of both encompassed party work in regional party organizations. In 1961 Shcherbytsky became chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) of Ukraine. Upon the elevation of Pidhorny to Moscow, in…

Shchyokino, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Tula oblast (region), western Russia. Coal mining began in the locality in 1870, exploiting the lignite (brown coal) of the Moscow coalfield; chemical concerns, the product of foreign investment, were also soon established. Shchyokino later developed

Shchūchīnsk, city, northern Kazakhstan. It is located on Lake Shchuchye, about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Kökshetaū. It was founded in 1828 as a Cossack settlement and is the centre of a large agricultural area. Shchūchīnsk is also a health resort and the railway station for Kazakhstan’s leading

Shchūchīnsk, city, northern Kazakhstan. It is located on Lake Shchuchye, about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Kökshetaū. It was founded in 1828 as a Cossack settlement and is the centre of a large agricultural area. Shchūchīnsk is also a health resort and the railway station for Kazakhstan’s leading

Boris Shchukin was a Russian stage and motion-picture actor, particularly well known for his portrayals of the Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Shchukin grew up in Kashira and studied at the technical institute in Moscow. After serving in the military in World War I, he went to work for the railroad

Boris Shchukin was a Russian stage and motion-picture actor, particularly well known for his portrayals of the Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Shchukin grew up in Kashira and studied at the technical institute in Moscow. After serving in the military in World War I, he went to work for the railroad

Dance (I): …by the Russian textile baron Sergei Shchukin. Shchukin was Matisse’s greatest patron long before the striking colours and radically simplified forms of Matisse’s work were widely appreciated in his native France.

Lenin Mausoleum: It was designed by Alexei Shchusev and completed in 1930.

Shchyokino, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Tula oblast (region), western Russia. Coal mining began in the locality in 1870, exploiting the lignite (brown coal) of the Moscow coalfield; chemical concerns, the product of foreign investment, were also soon established. Shchyokino later developed

Shchyolkovo, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Klyazma River a few miles northeast of Moscow. Shchyolkovo was renowned from the 18th century as a centre of handicraft silk weaving, and today it remains a centre of various textile

Sheji: …are said to have worshipped She (Soil), for they alone had responsibility for the entire earth and country. This worship was meant to include the five spirits of the earth that resided in mountains and forests, rivers and lakes, tidelands and hills, mounds and dikes, and springs and marshes. Later…

transuranium element: Nihonium and flerovium: …and chemical properties of some superheavy elements. Computer calculations of the character and energy levels of possible valence electrons in the atoms of the elements nihonium and flerovium (elements 113 and 114) have substantiated their placement in the expected positions. Extrapolations of properties from elements with lower numbers to nihonium…

She, romantic novel by H. Rider Haggard, published in 1887, about two adventurers who search for a supernatural white queen, Ayesha, or “She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed,” who is the ruler of a lost African city called Kôr. Ayesha has waited for 2,000 years for the reincarnation of her lover, whom she killed

She, any member of a people distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Guangdong provinces of South China. Their language (which is classified as either Hmong-Mien [Miao-Yao] or Sino-Tibetan) appears to be related to that of the Yao, though most She are now

Simone de Beauvoir: L’Invitée (1943; She Came To Stay) describes the subtle destruction of a couple’s relationship brought about by a young girl’s prolonged stay in their home; it also treats the difficult problem of the relationship of a conscience to “the other,” each individual conscience being fundamentally a predator…

Sheji, in ancient Chinese religion, a compound patron deity of the soil and harvests. China’s earliest legendary emperors are said to have worshipped She (Soil), for they alone had responsibility for the entire earth and country. This worship was meant to include the five spirits of the earth that

Lloyd Bacon: Later years of Lloyd Bacon: …Bacon directed his last movie, She Couldn’t Say No. The RKO comedy starred a miscast Robert Mitchum as a doctor who woos an eccentric benefactress (Jean Simmons).

She Done Him Wrong, American romantic comedy film, released in 1933, that helped establish both Mae West and Cary Grant as major movie stars. The film is set in 1890s Manhattan and centres on Lady Lou (played by West), who works at a saloon and is the mistress of its crooked owner, Gus Jordan (Noah

Joy Harjo: Poetry, tenure as U.S. poet laureate, and other writing: In her third collection, She Had Some Horses (1983), she wove prayer chants and animal imagery into her verse. The title poem, considered a feminist masterpiece, frequently appears in anthologies. Its use of repetition creates an incantatory effect and conveys the many contradictions that embody womanhood:

Ossie Davis: …on the Bus (1996) and She Hate Me (2004), and a recurring character in 2004–05 on the series The L Word. The recipients of numerous honours, Davis and Dee were jointly awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1995 and a Kennedy Center Honor in 2004.

Jerry Bock: (1958), Tenderloin (1960), the admired She Loves Me (1963), The Apple Tree (1966), and The Rothschilds (1966).

Elliott Nugent: …Clive Brook; the musical comedy She Loves Me Not (1934), starring Bing Crosby as a college sophomore who helps hide a murder witness; Love in Bloom (1935), with George Burns and Gracie Allen; and Professor Beware (1938), starring Harold Lloyd, in his penultimate film, as a hapless Egyptologist.

She, any member of a people distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Guangdong provinces of South China. Their language (which is classified as either Hmong-Mien [Miao-Yao] or Sino-Tibetan) appears to be related to that of the Yao, though most She are now

Casuarinaceae, the beefwood family of dicotyledonous flowering plants, with two genera (Casuarina, 30 species; Gymnostoma, 20 species) of trees and shrubs, many of which have a distinctly pinelike aspect when seen from afar. They are naturally distributed in tropical eastern Africa, the Mascarene

Rosanne Cash: The critically acclaimed She Remembers Everything was released in 2018 and features collaborations with Kris Kristofferson, Elvis Costello, and T Bone Burnett. Cash’s memoir, Composed, was published in 2010.

She Stoops to Conquer, comedy in five acts by Oliver Goldsmith, produced and published in 1773. This comic masterpiece mocked the simple morality of sentimental comedies. Subtitled The Mistakes of a Night, the play is a lighthearted farce that derives its charm from the misunderstandings which

Dawn Powell: …referred to her next book, She Walks in Beauty (1928), as her first. She Walks in Beauty was set in pre-World War I Ohio. Other novels from this period include The Bride’s House (1929), Dance Night (1930), The Tenth Moon (1932), and The Story of a Country Boy (1934), the…

Lord Byron: Celebrity and marriage: Mad, bad, and dangerous to know: …for its enduring first poem, “She Walks in Beauty.”

Rene Karabash: She Who Remains: In parts of Albania and the broader Balkans, an ancient custom allows women to live as men—dressing like them, taking up professions traditionally reserved for them, even heading households. These women, known as burrneshat, or “sworn virgins,” take a vow of celibacy…

John Wayne: Trilogy”: Fort Apache (1948), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), and Rio Grande (1950), three elegiac films in which Wayne portrays stoic cavalry officers of the Old West. Wayne’s roles in these and other films for Ford offer a somewhat complex representation of the American character in that they…

Sir George Etherege: She wou’d if she cou’d, Etherege’s second comedy (1668), failed because of poor acting. It was the first comedy of manners to attain unity of tone by shedding the incongruous romantic verse element.

Jennifer Aniston: Later films and The Morning Show: …director Peter Bogdanovich’s ensemble farce She’s Funny That Way (2014), in which she portrayed a therapist with few professional boundaries, and Garry Marshall’s paean to motherhood, Mother’s Day (2016). In the animated Storks (2016), she provided the voice of a busy mother. Aniston later starred as a former beauty queen…

Lynn Nottage: Musical productions and other projects: …season (2017) of the drama She’s Gotta Have It, the latter of which is based on director Spike Lee’s 1986 debut feature film.

Spike Lee: Early films: She’s Gotta Have It, School Daze, and Do the Right Thing: Lee’s feature film debut was She’s Gotta Have It (1986), a prismatic character study about the love life of a contemporary Black woman. Establishing a career-long pattern, Lee not only wrote, produced, directed, and edited the film but also played a key supporting role. The film, which was made on…

The Worst Movies of All Time: The critics: Thumbs down and less-than-zero stars: …notoriously trounced the teen comedy She’s Out of Control (1989), starring Tony Danza as an overprotective father who becomes disturbed by his nerdy daughter’s beauty makeover. Siskel declared the movie “a sinkhole of tawdry values” and famously said, “When I saw She’s Out of Control I became so depressed I…

Sean Penn: Dead Man Walking, I Am Sam, and Mystic River: …Wright (married 1996; divorced 2010)—in She’s So Lovely (1997), for which he was named best actor at the Cannes film festival. In 1998 he starred in Terrence Malick’s World War II drama The Thin Red Line, and he later received Oscar nominations for Sweet and Lowdown (1999) and I Am…

Cyndi Lauper: She’s So Unusual: …1983 her first solo album, She’s So Unusual, was released on the CBS imprint Portrait Records. It included the effervescent single “Girls Just Want to Have Fun,” the popularity of which was enhanced by its supporting video, which became an MTV favorite. The chart-topping album spawned other hit singles, among…

Mick Jagger: Artist collaborations and other work: …released his first solo record, She’s the Boss, in 1985. The album reached number 6 on the U.K. album chart and number 13 in the United States. The album’s lead single, “Just Another Night,” reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock…

Channing Tatum: Step Up and early roles: …to Recognizing Your Saints and She’s the Man followed in 2006, as did his star turn as Tyler Gage in the box-office hit Step Up. In the latter, a dance drama, Tatum played a young man who repeatedly gets in trouble before meeting and falling in love with Nora Clark,…

H. Bruce Humberstone: …Vera-Ellen, and Vivian Blaine, and She’s Working Her Way Through College (1952), an entertaining showcase for Virginia Mayo, who starred as a burlesque star turned college student. Ronald Reagan was cast as an English professor in the latter film. After directing several Tarzan films in the late 1950s, Humberstone began…

Linda Hunt: Later work: Hunt’s later films included She-Devil (1989), based on a novel by Fay Weldon; the comedy Kindergarten Cop (1990), starring Arnold Schwarzenegger; and Altman’s Prêt-à-Porter (1994; Ready to Wear). She voiced Grandmother Willow in the Disney animated feature Pocahontas (1995). She played Commander

Shexian, town, southeastern Anhui sheng (province), China. It is a communications centre in the Xin’an River valley, at a point where the natural route from Hangzhou on the coast of Zhejiang province and Shanghai into northern Jiangxi province joins two routes across the Huang Mountains into the

Casuarinaceae: Some, especially the beefwood (C. equisetifolia, also called she-oak, ironwood, Australian pine, whistling pine, or swamp oak), also are used ornamentally in warm-climate countries, where they have often escaped cultivation and become established in the wild.

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: Film and TV adaptations: …the first five episodes of She-Ra: Princess of Power, a TV series that aired later that same year. This series focuses on She-Ra, the alter ego of Prince Adam’s twin sister, Princess Adora, who leads a rebellion against an evil intergalactic horde.

She, romantic novel by H. Rider Haggard, published in 1887, about two adventurers who search for a supernatural white queen, Ayesha, or “She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed,” who is the ruler of a lost African city called Kôr. Ayesha has waited for 2,000 years for the reincarnation of her lover, whom she killed

shea butter, edible fat made from the seeds of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa; family Sapotaceae) fruit. Shea butter is used in cosmetics, as a skin moisturizer, and as a cooking oil. It is also thought to have medicinal properties. The shea tree is indigenous to the dry savannah region of West and

Shea Stadium, former multipurpose stadium, located in Queens, New York, that was the home of the professional sports teams the New York Mets of Major League Baseball and the New York Jets of the National Football League. The venue also hosted famous concerts, most notably the Beatles in 1965, as

Jack Shea was an American speed skater who won both the 500- and 1,500-metre races at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. The two gold medals that Shea earned, along with the two won by Irving Jaffee in the 5,000- and 10,000-metre races, gave the Americans a clean sweep of the speed-skating

Jim Shea, Jr. is an American skeleton sledding champion, winner of a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Shea’s grandfather and father were also Olympic athletes. His grandfather Jack Shea became the first double gold medalist in the history of the Olympic Winter Games when he won the 500- and

Jack Shea was an American speed skater who won both the 500- and 1,500-metre races at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. The two gold medals that Shea earned, along with the two won by Irving Jaffee in the 5,000- and 10,000-metre races, gave the Americans a clean sweep of the speed-skating

foundations of mathematics: Intuitionistic logic: …for sets but also for sheaves, which, however, lie beyond the scope of this article.

Gallagher and Shean: …the act of “Gallagher and Shean.” They went separate ways from 1914 to 1920, but in the latter year (at the urging of Shean’s sister Minnie Marx, mother of the Marx Brothers) they rejoined to star in the Shubert Brothers’ Cinderella on Broadway, with huge success. They then appeared in…

Gallagher and Shean: …the act of “Gallagher and Shean.” They went separate ways from 1914 to 1920, but in the latter year (at the urging of Shean’s sister Minnie Marx, mother of the Marx Brothers) they rejoined to star in the Shubert Brothers’ Cinderella on Broadway, with huge success. They then appeared in…

viscosity: …proportional to the rate of shear strain, or rate of deformation, that results. In other words, the shear stress divided by the rate of shear strain is constant for a given fluid at a fixed temperature. This constant is called the dynamic, or absolute, viscosity and often simply the viscosity.…

ship: Structural integrity: …what is known as the shear curve. In turn, the shear curve is integrated over the length to give the bending moment curve—a curve that usually has its maximum near mid-length. A value for bending stress can then be obtained by dividing the maximum bending moment by a beam section…

wind shear: …change is known as a shear line. Wind shear is observed both near the ground and in jet streams, where it may be associated with clear-air turbulence. Vertical wind shear that causes turbulence is closely associated with the vertical and horizontal transport of momentum, heat, and water vapour.

shear modulus, numerical constant that describes the elastic properties of a solid under the application of transverse internal forces such as arise, for example, in torsion, as in twisting a metal pipe about its lengthwise axis. Within such a material any small cubic volume is slightly distorted

viscosity: …proportional to the rate of shear strain, or rate of deformation, that results. In other words, the shear stress divided by the rate of shear strain is constant for a given fluid at a fixed temperature. This constant is called the dynamic, or absolute, viscosity and often simply the viscosity.…

landslide: … within a slope exceed the shear strength (resistance to shearing) of the materials that form the slope.

shear stress, force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. The resultant shear is of great importance in nature, being intimately related to the downslope movement of earth materials and to earthquakes. Shear stress may occur

fluid mechanics: Stresses in laminar motion: …for the coefficient η is shear viscosity to distinguish it from the bulk viscosity, b, which is defined below. The word shear, however, is frequently omitted in this context.

shear wall, In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall or vertical truss. Lateral forces caused by