Charles Thomson Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie was a British Conservative politician, notable for his reorganization of local government. Educated at the City of London School, Ritchie pursued a career in business, and in 1874 he was elected to Parliament as Conservative member for the working-class

Dennis M. Ritchie was an American computer scientist and co-winner of the 1983 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science. Ritchie and the American computer scientist Kenneth L. Thompson were cited jointly for “their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically

Madonna: Marriages, children, and new projects: … and another to English director Guy Ritchie (married 2000; divorced 2008), with whom she had a son, Rocco, Madonna remained resolutely independent. (In 1996 she gave birth to her first child, Lourdes Leon, whose father is personal trainer and actor Carlos Leon. She also later adopted four children from Malawi:…

Elektra Records: Village Folk to “Riders on the Storm”: Simply recorded albums by Jean Ritchie, Josh White, and Theodore Bikel achieved substantial sales without the need for expensive marketing or hit singles, even after Elektra moved to offices on West 14th Street near Greenwich Village. But, while the other labels mostly stuck to traditional notions of folk, Elektra…

Elektra Records: Village Folk to “Riders on the Storm”: Simply recorded albums by Jean Ritchie, Josh White, and Theodore Bikel achieved substantial sales without the need for expensive marketing or hit singles, even after Elektra moved to offices on West 14th Street near Greenwich Village. But, while the other labels mostly stuck to traditional notions of folk, Elektra…

Sid Vicious was an English bass player and singer who achieved fame as a member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols in the late 1970s. Vicious’s short life and career were marked by violence, nihilism, rebellion, and apathy, which made him the ultimate icon of the confrontational style of music

Sahara: Study and exploration: …River took the British explorers Joseph Ritchie and George Francis Lyon to the Fezzan area in 1819, and in 1822 the British explorers Dixon Denham, Hugh Clapperton, and Walter Oudney succeeded in crossing the desert and discovering Lake Chad. The Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing

Michael Ritchie was an American film director who was best known for his comedies, notably The Candidate (1972), The Bad News Bears (1976), and Fletch (1985). While attending Harvard University, Ritchie began directing plays, including the first production (1960) of Arthur Kopit’s Oh Dad, Poor Dad,

World War II: Libya and Egypt, autumn 1941–summer 1942: General Neil Methuen Ritchie took Cunningham’s place on November 25, still more tanks were brought up, and a fortnight’s resumed pressure constrained Rommel to evacuate Cyrenaica and to retreat to Agedabia. There, however, Rommel was at last, albeit meagrely, reinforced; and, after repulsing a British attack…

ritual, the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or by sacerdotal decree. Ritual is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans. Human beings are sometimes described or

Richard Wright: Posthumous publications: …released works include a novella, Rite of Passage (1994), and an unfinished crime novel, A Father’s Law (2008). In addition, The Man Who Lived Underground, a rejected manuscript dating to 1941 that was later condensed into a short story, was released in its entirety in 2021. The novel centers on…

rite of passage, ceremonial event, existing in all historically known societies, that marks the passage from one social or religious status to another. This article describes these rites among various societies throughout the world, giving greatest attention to the most common types of rites;

The Rite of Spring, ballet by Russian modernist composer Igor Stravinsky that premiered at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris on May 29, 1913. It is considered one of the first examples of Modernism in music and is noted for its brutality, its barbaric rhythms, and its dissonance. Its opening

Chinese Rites Controversy, a 17th–18th-century argument originating in China among Roman Catholic missionaries about whether the ceremonies honouring Confucius and family ancestors were so tainted with superstition as to be incompatible with Christian belief. The Jesuits believed that they probably

Paulus Cua: Rites familiaux (1886; “Family Rites”), describing the Confucian-influenced, familial ancestor cult, is among his frequently cited books.

Meridel Le Sueur: …and The Mound Builders (1974); Rites of Ancient Ripening (1975; poetry); Harvest: Collected Stories (1977); and Ripening: Selected Work, 1927–80 (1982).

William Golding: Lord of the Flies and other novels: …include the Sea trilogy, comprising Rites of Passage (1980), which won the Booker Prize, and its sequels, Close Quarters (1987) and Fire Down Below (1989).

Arnold van Gennep: …Les Rites de Passage (1909; The Rites of Passage), in which he systematically compared those ceremonies that celebrate an individual’s transition from one status to another within a given society. He found a tripartite sequence in ritual observance: separation, transition, and incorporation. Gennep offered interpretations of the significance of these…

Arabic literature: Genres and themes: …the dead, or elegy (rithāʾ).

Harishchandra: …mark the end of the Rīti period of Hindi literature (c. 1650–1850) and usher in what is called the Bhartendu epoch, which in turn leads into the modern period. His advocacy of the development of the Hindi language and his opposition to the undue importance given to Urdu in official…

Italian language: …any length is the Tuscan Ritmo Laurenziano (“Laurentian Rhythm”) from the end of the 12th century, which was followed soon by other compositions from the Marches and Montecassino. In the 13th century lyric poetry was first written in a conventionalized Sicilian dialect that influenced later developments in Tuscany.

Ville Ritola was a Finnish long-distance runner, winner of three Olympic gold medals and two-time world-record holder for the 10,000-meter run. Ritola ran somewhat in the shadow of his great countryman Paavo Nurmi. Ritola lived and trained in the United States but competed internationally for

Ville Ritola was a Finnish long-distance runner, winner of three Olympic gold medals and two-time world-record holder for the 10,000-meter run. Ritola ran somewhat in the shadow of his great countryman Paavo Nurmi. Ritola lived and trained in the United States but competed internationally for

protease inhibitor: Examples of protease inhibitors include ritonavir, saquinavir, and indinavir.

ritornello, a recurrent musical section that alternates with different episodes of contrasting material. The repetition can be exact or varied to a greater or lesser extent. In the concerto grosso the full orchestra (tutti) has the ritornello; the solo group (concertino) has the contrasting

ritornello, a recurrent musical section that alternates with different episodes of contrasting material. The repetition can be exact or varied to a greater or lesser extent. In the concerto grosso the full orchestra (tutti) has the ritornello; the solo group (concertino) has the contrasting

ritornello, a recurrent musical section that alternates with different episodes of contrasting material. The repetition can be exact or varied to a greater or lesser extent. In the concerto grosso the full orchestra (tutti) has the ritornello; the solo group (concertino) has the contrasting

Claudio Monteverdi: Three decades in Venice: …them have survived in score—The Return of Ulysses to His Country and The Coronation of Poppea—and both are masterpieces. Although they still retain some elements of the Renaissance intermezzo and pastoral, they can be fairly described as the first modern operas. Their interest lies in revealing the development of…

Guillermo Valencia: His first volume of poetry, Ritos (1898, rev. ed. 1914; “Rites”), containing original poems and free translations from French, Italian, and Portuguese, established his literary reputation at home and abroad as a leader of the experimental Modernist movement with its exotic imagery. Unlike many of the Modernists, however, he was…

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio: …to literature, and the novels Ritournelle de la faim (2008 “Ritornello of Hunger”) and Alma (2017).

Albrecht Ritschl was a German Lutheran theologian who showed both the religious and ethical relevance of the Christian faith by synthesizing the teaching of the Scriptures and the Protestant Reformation with some aspects of modern knowledge. Most of the results of Ritschl’s scholarship were

F.W. Ritschl was a German classical scholar remembered for his work on Plautus and as the founder of the Bonn school of classical scholarship. Influenced by the textual criticism of the English and German classicists Richard Bentley and Gottfried Hermann, he made exhaustive studies that laid the

F.W. Ritschl was a German classical scholar remembered for his work on Plautus and as the founder of the Bonn school of classical scholarship. Influenced by the textual criticism of the English and German classicists Richard Bentley and Gottfried Hermann, he made exhaustive studies that laid the

Yannis Ritsos was a popular Greek poet whose work was periodically banned for its left-wing content. Ritsos was born into a wealthy but unfortunate family. His father died insane; his mother and a brother died of tuberculosis when he was 12. Reared by relatives, Ritsos attended Athens Law School

Ritsu, school of Buddhist moral discipline primarily concerned with vinaya, or the rules of monastic and religious practice. The school was founded in China in the 7th century by the monk Tao-hsüan on the basis of Theravāda texts that emphasized the letter of the law, as compared with the later

Japanese music: Tonal system: >ritsu scale, however, seems to reveal the early presence of an indigenous Japanese tonal ideal with the placement of its half steps.

Takamatsu: Ritsurin Park, renowned for its landscaping, occupies 185 acres (75 hectares) and contains much of interest, including a natural pine forest, a zoo, an art gallery, and a museum. The tiny offshore island of Megi is associated with an ancient Japanese children’s story, while the…

Japanese art: Nara period: …and complex legal codifications (ritsuryō) based on the Chinese system established an idealized order of social relationships and obligations. Thus, a hierarchical society was established, in symbolic and real terms, with all power proceeding from the emperor. The integration of religion into this scheme fixed a properly understood relationship…

René Schickele: …his first collection of poetry, Der Ritt ins Leben (1905; “The Ride into Life”), and in his first novel, Der Fremde (1907; “The Stranger”). This conflict was powerfully dramatized in Hans im Schnakenloch (1916; “Hans in the Gnat Hole”), in which the protagonist, Hans, must choose between Germany and France…

Peter Handke: As a playwright: …Ritt über den Bodensee (1971; The Ride Across Lake Constance).

Martin Ritt was an American motion-picture director noted for his films on socially conscious themes. The main characters in Ritt’s films tended to be loners or underdogs whose ethical scruples place them at odds with the dubious values of society. Ritt never developed a distinct visual style, but

Konrad E. Bloch: In 1942 Bloch and David Rittenberg discovered that the two-carbon compound acetic acid was the major building block in the 30 or more steps in the biosynthesis (natural formation) of cholesterol, a waxlike alcohol found in animal cells. In his search to determine how acetic acid molecules combine in…

Common Figure Skating Jumps Explained: Loop: The loop jump begins while the skater is moving backward. The skater uses the knee opposite the takeoff foot to help elevate themselves, landing on the same foot as takeoff and moving in the same backward direction. (A loop is different from a toe loop, which…

David Rittenhouse was an American astronomer and inventor who was an early observer of the atmosphere of Venus. A clockmaker by trade, Rittenhouse built mathematical instruments and, it is believed, the first telescope in the United States. He also introduced the use of natural spider webbing to

knight, now a title of honour bestowed for a variety of services, as in the British system of nobility and peerage, but originally in the European Middle Ages a formally professed cavalryman. The first medieval knights were professional cavalry warriors, some of whom were vassals holding lands as

Staphylococcus aureus: Infections and transmission: …involving newborns or immunocompromised adults, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS; or Ritter disease) develops, causing the skin to turn red and blister, giving it a burned or scalded appearance. S. aureus skin infections are often associated with the transmission of bacteria from person to person. This occurs primarily through direct…

amine: Occurrence and sources of amines: …are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.

Karl Gutzkow: …of the nine volumes of Die Ritter vom Geiste (“The Knights of the Spirit”), now considered the starting point of the modern German social novel; it also anticipated the Naturalist movement.

Leopold Hasner, Ritter von Artha was an economist, jurist, and politician who served as a liberal Austrian minister of education (1867–70) and briefly as prime minister (1870). Educated in philosophy and law at Prague and Vienna, Hasner in 1848 became editor of an official newspaper in Prague—the

Gustav, Ritter von Kahr was a conservative monarchist politician who served briefly as prime minister and then was virtual dictator of Bavaria during the anti-leftist reaction of the early 1920s. Kahr was appointed provincial governor of Upper Bavaria in 1917. Shortly after the abortive Kapp Putsch

Carl Ritter was a German geographer who was a cofounder, with Alexander von Humboldt, of modern geographical science. Ritter received an excellent education in the natural sciences and was well versed in history and theology. Guided by the educational principles of the famed Swiss teacher Johann

Islamic arts: Modern criticism: …world was taken up by Hellmut Ritter in his booklet Über die Bildersprache Niẓāmīs (1927; “On the Imagery of Neẓāmī”), which gives a most sensitive philosophical interpretation of Neẓāmī’s metaphorical language and of the role of imagery in the structure of Neẓāmī’s thought. Ritter’s criticism is basic to the study…

Johann Wilhelm Ritter was a German physicist who discovered the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and thus helped broaden humanity’s view beyond the narrow region of visible light to encompass the entire electromagnetic spectrum from the shortest gamma rays to the longest radio waves. A pharmacist

Peter Bogdanovich: The 1980s and beyond: …Audrey Hepburn, Colleen Camp, and John Ritter but was perhaps best remembered for Dorothy Stratten, who was murdered by her estranged husband shortly after filming ended. Stratten had been having an affair with Bogdanovich, and he later wrote The Killing of the Unicorn (1984), a biography about her.

Peter Bogdanovich: The 1980s and beyond: …Audrey Hepburn, Colleen Camp, and John Ritter but was perhaps best remembered for Dorothy Stratten, who was murdered by her estranged husband shortly after filming ended. Stratten had been having an affair with Bogdanovich, and he later wrote The Killing of the Unicorn (1984), a biography about her.

Tex Ritter was a country music singer and actor who was noted for playing singing cowboys in western movies. He was the singer of “High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin’)” featured in the movie High Noon (1952), which won an Academy Award for best song. Ritter was born to James Everett Ritter

Samuel Fuller: Films of the 1950s: Thelma Ritter was Oscar nominated for her colourful role as a hard-luck snitch. Hell and High Water (1954) was a more conventional submarine adventure also starring Widmark.

Tex Ritter was a country music singer and actor who was noted for playing singing cowboys in western movies. He was the singer of “High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin’)” featured in the movie High Noon (1952), which won an Academy Award for best song. Ritter was born to James Everett Ritter

John Henry Patterson: …by a Dayton tavern owner, James Ritty. The store eventually showed a profit, and Patterson bought Ritty out and renamed the firm the National Cash Register Company, later to be known familiarly as NCR.

Anno Hideaki: Live-action films, return to Neon Genesis Evangelion, and the Shin series: The elliptical drama Ritual (2000) received positive reviews and an award at the Tokyo International Film Festival. Cutie Honey (2004) was a candy-colored tokusatsu film about a young woman using magic powers to fight crime.

ritual, the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or by sacerdotal decree. Ritual is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans. Human beings are sometimes described or

ritual bath, religious or magic ceremony involving the use of water to immerse or anoint a subject’s body. The many forms of baptism (q.v.), ranging from total submersion to a symbolic sprinkling, indicate how certain ritual baths can vary in form even while retaining the same purificational

urban culture: The ritual city: Ritual cities represented the earliest form of urban centre, in which the city served as a centre for the performance of ritual and for the orthogenetic constitution and conservation of the society’s traditions. Ritual was the major cultural role of such cities, and…

ordeal: In ordeal by combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not by his own strength but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the “judgment of God” was…

Arabian religion: Sanctuaries, cultic objects, and religious practices and institutions: …sacral brotherhoods (mrzḥ; “thiasoi”) held ritual meals in the temples or in burial rooms of the dead.

Maya Deren: …and one camera and characterized Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946)—which also utilized dance and in which she appeared—as being about the nature and process of change. She continued to explore the concept of creating a truly cinematic form of dance (as opposed to simply recording a performance) in her last…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Classic Maya religion: The Ritual of the Bacabs covers religious symbolism, medical incantations, and similar matters.

rite of passage: Victor Turner and anti-structure: …of African rites of passage, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (1969), Turner revealed the drama and flux of everyday social life and highlighted the agency of rites in effecting social change, which he considered to be their fundamental role. Building upon van Gennep’s observation that rites of passage and…

human trafficking: Types of exploitation: …of human trafficking known as ritual (religion-based) slavery, in which young girls are provided as sexual slaves to atone for the sins of family members.

ceremonial object, any object used in a ritual or a religious ceremony. Throughout the history of religions and cultures, objects used in cults, rituals, and sacred ceremonies have almost always been of both utilitarian and symbolic natures. Ceremonial and ritualistic objects have been utilized as

ancient Greek civilization: The world of the tyrants: …small-scale ventures exploiting relationships of xenia (hospitality), there was something like free internationalism. Not that the old xenia ties disappeared—on the contrary, they were solidified, above all by the tyrants themselves.

Cees Nooteboom: Literary work: His novel Rituelen (1980; Rituals) is a study of chaos, order, and obsession. It won the F. Bordewijk Prize, annually conferred by the Jan Campert Foundation to exceptional Dutch prose, and the Pegasus Prize and brought him international recognition. Myth and reality are contrasted in Een lied…

granulomatosis and polyangiitis: Other agents, such as rituximab, or chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cyclophosphamide or methotrexate, may be used. GPA can be brought into remission through prompt treatment, in some cases without long-term maintenance with drug therapies.

Ritz Brothers, American comedy team of three brothers, celebrated for their parodies and energetic slapstick humour. Their true surname was Joachim, and the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October

César Ritz: The Ritz Hotel opened in 1898 to a crowd of diners.

Ritz Brothers: …the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29,…

Ritz Brothers: …the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29,…

César Ritz was the founder of the Paris hotel that made his name a synonym for elegance and luxury. In order to learn the restaurant business, Ritz got a job at the finest restaurant in Paris, the Voisin, until the Siege of Paris of 1870 caused shortages of food and fuel and put an end to Voisin’s

Ritz Brothers: …1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Ritz Brothers: …1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Ritz Brothers: …22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Ritz Brothers: …22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Terrence McNally: …included Bad Habits (produced 1971), The Ritz (originally produced as The Tubs, 1973; film 1976), and Frankie and Johnny in the Claire de Lune (produced 1987; film 1991). In 1995 McNally won a Tony Award for best play, for Love! Valour! Compassion! (film 1997), and he won another the following…

comic strip: The fact-based comic: historical, didactic, political, narrative: …Gonick and the Mexican cartoonist Rius (Eduardo del Río). These are at once elementary introductions and sophisticated presentations of sometimes difficult material (Gonick, for instance, has produced “cartoon guides” to physics, genetics, and computer science); they mix line drawings and explanations with asides, political observations, touches of satire, and farcical,…

Secretariat: Final years: Onion took the lead, and Riva Ridge stayed with him. Going into the far turn, Riva Ridge made his move, as did Secretariat. The stablemates ran head-to-head in a match race until Secretariat pulled away, winning by three and a half lengths in a new world record time for a…

Ouistreham: …the smaller resort town of Riva-Bella, where the 4th Commando Museum (also known as the Sword Beach Museum) commemorates the D-Day (June 6, 1944) landing of British troops during the Normandy Invasion in World War II. The Great Bunker of Riva-Bella is a German-built command-and-control centre that now houses a…

Bernardino Rivadavia was the first president (1826–27) of the Argentine republic (then known as the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata). Although one of his country’s ablest leaders, he was unable to unite the warring provinces or to control the provincial caudillos (bosses). Active in

Nathaniel Lee: A blank-verse tragedy, The Rival Queens (1677), made his reputation; it remained popular until the 19th century. Lucius Junius Brutus (1680) was prohibited for antimonarchical sentiments. Lee collaborated with John Dryden in Oedipus (1678) and The Duke of Guise (1682). Beginning in 1684, he was confined to Bedlam…

Rivaldo is a Brazilian football (soccer) player who was among the game’s most revered players in the 1990s and a vital component of the powerful Brazilian national team that included the similarly mono-monikered Romário and Ronaldo. Rivaldo was born into a working-class family, and, like many poor

private good: …or willingness to pay and rivalrous indicates that one person’s consumption of a product reduces the amount available for consumption by another. In practice, private goods exist along a continuum of excludability and rivalry and can even exhibit only one of these characteristics.

The Rivals, comedy in five acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, produced and published in 1775. The Rivals concerns the romantic difficulties of Lydia Languish, who is determined to marry for love and into poverty. Realizing this, the aristocratic Captain Jack Absolute woos her while claiming to be

Antoine Rivaroli, count de Rivarol was a French publicist, journalist, and epigrammatist and a would-be nobleman whose works supported monarchy and traditionalism in the era of the French Revolution. He assumed the title of count de Rivarol, claiming to come of a noble Italian family, but is said

Rivas, city, southwestern Nicaragua, on a narrow strip of land between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. Founded in 1736 and formerly known as Nicaragua, Rivas gained fame as a town on the “Vanderbilt Road,” over which Americans joining the California Gold Rush traveled from the adjoining lake

Lake Nicaragua: Geography: …a narrow land corridor, the Rivas Isthmus, which is 12 miles (19 km) wide.

Ángel de Saavedra, duke de Rivas was a Spanish poet, dramatist, and politician, whose fame rests principally on his play Don Álvaro, o la fuerza del sino (“Don Álvaro, or the Power of Fate”), which marked the triumph of Romantic drama in Spain. After entering politics Saavedra was condemned to

Paris: City site: …the simple, unchanging designation of Right Bank and Left Bank (when facing downstream). Specific places, however, are usually indicated by arrondissement or by quarter (quartier).

Paris: City site: …designation of Right Bank and Left Bank (when facing downstream). Specific places, however, are usually indicated by arrondissement or by quarter (quartier).

Auguste-Arthur de La Rive was a Swiss physicist who was one of the founders of the electrochemical theory of batteries. La Rive was elected to the chair of natural philosophy at the Academy of Geneva in 1823, and for the next seven years he conducted studies on the specific heat of various gases

Richard Rive was a South African writer, literary critic, and teacher whose short stories, which were dominated by the ironies and oppression of apartheid and by the degradation of slum life, have been extensively anthologized and translated into more than a dozen languages. He was considered to be

Richard Rive was a South African writer, literary critic, and teacher whose short stories, which were dominated by the ironies and oppression of apartheid and by the degradation of slum life, have been extensively anthologized and translated into more than a dozen languages. He was considered to be