Icelandic literature: Poetry: The early works of Hannes Pétursson show great sensitivity and skill in adapting Icelandic to new, European metres. Pétursson’s later poems (such as those in the collection Ur hugskoti [1976; “Recollections”]) reveal a movement away from innovative forms to more traditional verse. Other poets contemporary to Pétursson include Þorsteinn…

lwa: Description: The Rada and Petwo pantheons are arguably the most important, in terms of both size and the role played by Rada and Petwo lwa in Vodou, and, in fact, many of the other groups have been integrated into the Rada and the Petwo pantheons. This fusion underscores the…

Petworth, town (parish), Chichester district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, southern England. The parish adjoins the great park of Petworth House, now owned by the National Trust. The mansion itself was largely rebuilt (1688–96) by Charles Seymour, 6th duke of

Petworth: …adjoins the great park of Petworth House, now owned by the National Trust. The mansion itself was largely rebuilt (1688–96) by Charles Seymour, 6th duke of Somerset, and contains a noted art collection. Its deer park was landscaped in the 18th century by Lancelot (“Capability”) Brown. Pop. (2001) 2,775; (2011)…

Peter and the Wolf, children’s theatre composition for orchestra and narrator by Sergey Prokofiev. The work, which tells a Russian folk tale, premiered May 2, 1936, in Moscow. Since that time it has introduced many young listeners to classical music and helped train them to recognize the distinct

conure: Among them is the half-moon conure, A. canicularis, called Petz’s conure, or “dwarf parrot”; from Central America, it is 24 cm (about 10 inches) long and mostly green, with orange forehead, dull-blue crown, and blue in the wings. The large (to 50 cm [20 inches]) Patagonian conure, or burrowing…

aberration: …a paraboloidal surface called the Petzval surface (after József Petzval, a Hungarian mathematician). Flat image fields are desirable in photography in order to match the film plane and projection when the enlarging paper or projection screen lie on a flat surface. Distortion refers to deformation of an image. There are…

aberration: …a paraboloidal surface called the Petzval surface (after József Petzval, a Hungarian mathematician). Flat image fields are desirable in photography in order to match the film plane and projection when the enlarging paper or projection screen lie on a flat surface. Distortion refers to deformation of an image. There are…

aberration: …a paraboloidal surface called the Petzval surface (after József Petzval, a Hungarian mathematician). Flat image fields are desirable in photography in order to match the film plane and projection when the enlarging paper or projection screen lie on a flat surface. Distortion refers to deformation of an image. There are…

history of photography: Development of the daguerreotype: During this same period, József Petzval and Friedrich Voigtländer, both of Vienna, worked on better lens and camera design. Petzval produced an achromatic portrait lens that was about 20 times faster than the simple meniscus lens the Parisian opticians Charles Chevalier and N.M.P. Lerebours had made for Daguerre’s cameras.…

fennel: Other species: Hog’s fennel, or sulfurweed (Peucedanum officinale), is another member of the Apiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in parts of Europe. Fennel flower, or black cumin (Nigella sativa), is an unrelated plant of the family Ranunculaceae; its seeds are used as a spice.

Alexander the Great: Consolidation of the empire: Peucestas, the new governor of Persis, gave this policy full support to flatter Alexander; but most Macedonians saw it as a threat to their own privileged position.

lynx spider: The green lynx (Peucetia viridans) hunts prey on vegetation and flowers and can adjust its body color to match the background. Females in this species also construct a silk retreat in which they suspend the egg sac. Females then guard the eggs and young spiders in…

Ruvo di Puglia: …was the centre of the Peucettii, an ancient Apulian tribe. It then became a flourishing Greek town that was famous in the 5th–3rd century bc for its potteries, which were imitations of imported Corinthian and Attic black- and red-figure ware, but with a marked local character. A large collection of…

Georg von Peuerbach was an Austrian mathematician and astronomer instrumental in the European revival of the technical understanding of the astronomical ideas of Ptolemy (fl. c. ad 140) and the early use of sines in Europe. Nothing is known of Peuerbach’s life before 1446, when he entered the

PSA Group: In 1896 Armand Peugeot (1849–1915) established the Société Anonyme des Automobiles Peugeot. The company began mass-producing cars in 1929 with the introduction of the 201. That car’s success led to other models. In addition, in 1953 Peugeot began producing motorized scooters that proved highly popular.

Fulani, a primarily Muslim people scattered throughout many parts of Africa, mostly in West Africa from Lake Chad in the east to the Atlantic coast. They are concentrated principally in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger but can also be found in several other countries. The Fulani language,

western Africa: The wider influence of the Sudanic kingdoms: The Fulani language, however, is classified as part of the Niger-Congo family of languages spoken by Black Africans, and the earliest historical documentation reports that the Fulani were living in the westernmost Sudan close to ancient Ghana. The development of this organized kingdom thrust pastoral peoples…

Laurales: Other families: Peumus boldus, native to Chile, is the source of boldo wood, a hardwood used in cabinetmaking. A dye is obtained from its bark, and the leaves contain an essential oil and the alkaloid boldine, which are employed medicinally as a digestive aid and stimulant. The…

Mongo Beti: In 1978 Beti launched Peuples Noirs/Peuples Africains (“Black Peoples/African Peoples”), a political and cultural bimonthly periodical devoted to the exposure and defeat of neocolonialism in Africa. An outspoken opponent of Ahmadou Ahidjo, who governed Cameroon from 1960 to 1982, Beti settled in France before Cameroon achieved independence in 1960;…

Tabula Peutingeriana, copy of an ancient Roman map, made in 1265 by a monk of Colmar (Alsace) on 12 sheets of parchment. Eleven of the sheets are now in the Nationalbibliothek in Vienna. The dimensions are 268 by 13 1 3 inches (6.82 by 0.34 metres). The copy was found by Conradus Celtis in 1494 and

digestive system disease: Mouth and oral cavity: …small intestine is characteristic of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Aggregates of small yellow spots on the buccal mucosa and the mucosa behind the lips due to the presence of enlarged sebaceous glands just below the mucosal surface indicate Fordyce disease.

Pevensey, locality (parish), Wealden district, administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, southeastern England. Once an English Channel port, it now lies 1 mile (1.6 km) inland along a narrow waterway. From the 13th century on, silting of the waterway brought about Pevensey’s

Spencer Compton, earl of Wilmington was a British politician, favourite of King George II and nominal prime minister of Great Britain from February 1742 to July 1743. Third son of James Spencer, 3rd earl of Northampton, he first entered Parliament in 1698; in 1715 he became speaker of the House of

Antoine Pevsner was a Russian-born French sculptor and painter who—like his brother, Naum Gabo—advanced the Constructivist style. Pevsner studied art in Russia at Kiev and St. Petersburg. In 1911 and 1913 he visited Paris, where he was influenced by Cubism; he subsequently introduced Cubist

Naum Gabo was a pioneering Constructivist sculptor who used materials such as glass, plastic, and metal and created a sense of spatial movement in his work. Gabo studied medicine and natural science, then philosophy and art history, at the University of Munich in Germany; he also took engineering

Sir Nikolaus Pevsner was a German-born British art historian. He studied at various German universities and taught at Göttingen University before moving to England to escape Nazism. There he taught at the Universities of London, Oxford, and Cambridge. He is best known for his writings on

Antoine Pevsner was a Russian-born French sculptor and painter who—like his brother, Naum Gabo—advanced the Constructivist style. Pevsner studied art in Russia at Kiev and St. Petersburg. In 1911 and 1913 he visited Paris, where he was influenced by Cubism; he subsequently introduced Cubist

pew, originally a raised and enclosed place in a church designed for an ecclesiastical dignitary or officer; the meaning was later extended to include special seating in the body of the church for distinguished laity and, finally, to include all church seating. In its early stages, the pew was

Mangroves Matter: Mangroves Matter transcript: Stacy is an officer at Pew Charitable Trusts and has worked hard to champion mangrove forests and other important coastal ecosystems. So Stacy, tell us a bit about what a mangrove is. I’ve heard it said that a mangrove is more like a lifestyle than a taxonomic group. Do you…

J. Howard Pew: …such funded project is the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan opinion research group that focuses on issues of the press, public policy, and politics.

J. Howard Pew was an American industrialist who expanded, with his brother Joseph N. Pew, Jr., the Sun Oil Company (founded by his father; now called Sunoco) by introducing new refining, marketing, and distribution techniques. Beginning in 1886, Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912),

Joseph N. Pew, Jr. was an American industrialist who helped run, along with his brother J. Howard Pew, the Sun Oil Company (started by his father; now called Sunoco) and became an influential member of the U.S. Republican Party. Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912), began refining oil

J. Howard Pew was an American industrialist who expanded, with his brother Joseph N. Pew, Jr., the Sun Oil Company (founded by his father; now called Sunoco) by introducing new refining, marketing, and distribution techniques. Beginning in 1886, Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912),

Joseph N. Pew, Jr. was an American industrialist who helped run, along with his brother J. Howard Pew, the Sun Oil Company (started by his father; now called Sunoco) and became an influential member of the U.S. Republican Party. Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912), began refining oil

Joseph N. Pew, Jr. was an American industrialist who helped run, along with his brother J. Howard Pew, the Sun Oil Company (started by his father; now called Sunoco) and became an influential member of the U.S. Republican Party. Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912), began refining oil

J. Howard Pew: Beginning in 1886, Pew’s father, Joseph Newton Pew, Sr. (1848–1912), piped and refined oil in Pennsylvania and Ohio. When oil was discovered near Beaumont, Texas, in 1901, he bought some wells and built a pipeline to the nearby Neches River, whence the oil could be shipped to his huge new…

pewee, any of eight species of birds of the genus Contopus (family Tyrannidae); it is named for its call, which is monotonously repeated from an open perch. In North America a sad, clear “pee-oo-wee” announces the presence of the eastern wood pewee (C. virens), while a blurry “peeurrr” is the call

pewter, tin-based alloy used as a material from which domestic utensils were fashioned. A brief treatment of pewter follows. For full treatment, see metalwork: Pewter. The use of pewter dates back at least 2,000 years to Roman times. Ancient pewter contained about 70 percent tin and 30 percent

encyclopaedia: Readership: ” The Jesuit Michael Pexenfelder made his intended audience clear enough by writing his Apparatus Eruditionis (1670; “Apparatus of Learning”) in the form of a series of conversations between teacher and pupil. St. Isidore addressed himself not only to the needs of his former pupils in the episcopal…

Bordeaux: …15th-century bell towers: that of Pey-Berland, near Saint-André Cathedral, and the Saint-Michel Tower, with a spire of 357 feet (109 metres). A late 20th-century urban development plan called for the renovation of the city centre and extension of new districts northward around a large lake and along the west bank…

Peyer patch, any of the nodules of lymphatic cells that aggregate to form bundles or patches and occur usually only in the lowest portion (ileum) of the small intestine; they are named for the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Hans Conrad Peyer. Peyer patches are round or oval and are located in the

Peyer patch, any of the nodules of lymphatic cells that aggregate to form bundles or patches and occur usually only in the lowest portion (ileum) of the small intestine; they are named for the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Hans Conrad Peyer. Peyer patches are round or oval and are located in the

peyote, (Lophophora williamsii), species of hallucinogenic cactus (family Cactaceae). Peyote is found only on limestone soils of the Chihuahuan desert of southern Texas and northern Mexico. Averaging about eight centimetres (three inches) wide and five centimetres (two inches) tall, the body of the

Native American dance: Mexico and Mesoamerica: The hikuli, or peyote dance, held in November, follows Huichol and Tarahumara pilgrimages for peyote. The dance of the Huichol is the more ecstatic. After consuming the trance-inducing peyote, men and women move in a counterclockwise progression, leaping jerkily and twisting their bodies.

peyote music, a type of Native American music associated with the sacramental consumption of the vision-inducing peyote cactus (Lophophora) by followers of the Native American Church. The precise origin of the use of peyote as a religious sacrament among North American native peoples remains

Native American Church, most widespread indigenous religious movement among North American Indians and one of the most influential forms of Pan-Indianism. The term peyote derives from the Nahuatl name peyotl for a cactus. The tops of the plants contain mescaline, an alkaloid drug that has

Native American Church, most widespread indigenous religious movement among North American Indians and one of the most influential forms of Pan-Indianism. The term peyote derives from the Nahuatl name peyotl for a cactus. The tops of the plants contain mescaline, an alkaloid drug that has

Western architecture: France: …of the pre-Revolutionary period were Marie-Joseph Peyre, whose Livre d’architecture of 1765 was influential in publicizing the type of work being produced by French students in Rome; Charles de Wailly, who was an important teacher and, with Peyre, was the architect of the Paris Odéon; Jacques Gondoin, architect of the…

Bruno Peyron is a French yachtsman who set a number of sailing records and was a three-time winner (1993, 2002, 2005) of the Jules Verne Trophy for the fastest trip around the world under sail. Peyron, who was the oldest of two nautical world-champion brothers, was raised in La Baule in southern

Bruno Peyron is a French yachtsman who set a number of sailing records and was a three-time winner (1993, 2002, 2005) of the Jules Verne Trophy for the fastest trip around the world under sail. Peyron, who was the oldest of two nautical world-champion brothers, was raised in La Baule in southern

Mark Robson: Films of the 1950s: Robson rebounded with Peyton Place (1957), an adaptation of Grace Metalious’s best-selling novel about the scandals in a small New England town. Most of the work’s sensationalistic elements—notably sadomasochism, incest, and abortion—were toned down or eliminated from the film version. Nevertheless, the novel’s many fans flocked to the…

Ruby Dee: …TV show, the soap opera Peyton Place. Her later films included The Way Back Home (2006) and American Gangster (2007). Her performance as the mother of a drug kingpin (played by Denzel Washington) in the latter film earned Dee her first Academy Award nomination. She continued to appear in numerous…

Mario Vargas Llosa: Literary works and political career: …en el agua: memorias (1993; A Fish in the Water: A Memoir). In 2012 he told The Guardian, “I learned from my political experiences that I am a writer, not a politician. Part of the reasons I have lived the life I have is because I wanted to have an…

Masoud Pezeshkian is the president of Iran (2024– ). He is distinguished from his predecessor in that he favors a nuclear agreement with the West and modest social and political reforms at home. He is the most reform-oriented president since Mohammad Khatami (1997–2005), under whom he served as

Talambo affair: Juan Antonio Pezet, acceded to Spain’s demands for an indemnity in return for the islands, but the ensuing furor among his countrymen enabled Gen. Mariano Ignacio Prado to oust him in 1865. Prado forged an alliance with Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile and declared war against…

cup fungus: Peziza, which contains about 50 widespread species, produces in summer a cup-shaped fruiting body or mushroomlike structure on rotting wood or manure. Fire fungus is the common name for two genera (Pyronema and Anthracobia) of the order that grow on burned wood or steamed soil.

cup fungus, any member of a large group of fungi (kingdom Fungi) in the order Pezizales (phylum Ascomycota) and typically characterized by a disk- or cup-shaped structure (apothecium) bearing spore sacs (asci) on its surface. Some of the cup fungi are important plant pathogens, such as Monilinia

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Pezizales Saprotrophic; amyloid asci; ascomata nonstalked, may be goblet-shaped or saucer-shaped; ascocarp may be operculate aboveground or be borne belowground; includes truffles; example genera include Peziza, Glaziella, Morchella, Pyronema, Terfezia, and Tuber. Class Sordariomycetes

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Pezizomycetes Saprotrophic on wood, soil, or dung; unitunicate, operculate asci; includes some cup fungi; contains 1 order. Order Pezizales Saprotrophic; amyloid asci; ascomata nonstalked, may be goblet-shaped or saucer-shaped; ascocarp may be operculate aboveground or be borne belowground; includes truffles; example genera

fungus: Annotated classification: Subphylum Pezizomycotina Symbiotic with algae to form lichen; contains all ascomycetes able to produce ascomata; many form ascocarps, although some have lost the ability to undergo meiosis and cannot produce asci (formerly Deuteromycota); contains 10 classes. Class Arthoniomycetes Forms lichens; contains 1 order.

dodo: >Pezophaps solitaria of Rodrigues). Although a few classifications still assign the dodo and other members of the family to the order Raphiformes, most researchers consider the order outdated.

parrot: Equally unusual is the ground parrot, or ground parakeet (Pezoporus wallicus). Rare local populations exist in the wastelands of coastal southern Australia and western Tasmania. It runs in the grass, flushes like a quail, and makes a sudden deceptive pitch, and it was formerly hunted with dogs. It eats…

Fra Diavolo was an Italian brigand chief who repeatedly fought against the French occupation of Naples; he is celebrated as a popular guerrilla leader in folk legends and in the novels of the French writer Alexandre Dumas père. After committing various crimes, the young Pezza joined the mountain

Zambia: Zambia in the 21st century: …competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF), made claims of voting irregularities and contested the election. Sporadic violence ensued in areas loyal to Sata, but the result of the election stood, and Mwanawasa was sworn in for his second term in October 2006. Mwanawasa again suffered a stroke in…

Panama: Security: …civilian control and include the Public Force (PF) and the Technical Judicial Police, a special investigative unit. National defense is also entrusted to the PF, which has limited combat capabilities but some military components, including air and naval units. In the late 1990s concern was raised that Panama needed greater…

Bakelite, trademarked synthetic resin invented in 1907 by Belgian-born American chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland. A hard, infusible, and chemically resistant plastic, Bakelite was based on a chemical combination of phenol and formaldehyde (phenol-formaldehyde resin), two compounds that were derived

Johann Friedrich Pfaff was a German mathematician who proposed the first general method of integrating partial differential equations of the first order. Pfaff was professor of mathematics at the University of Helmstedt from 1788 until 1810, when he was appointed professor of mathematics at the

Courtney Love: …Patty Schemel and the bassist Kristen Pfaff. Cobain committed suicide days before the release of Hole’s second album, Live Through This (1994). Two months later Pfaff died of a heroin overdose. In 1998 Hole released Celebrity Skin, a commercial and critical success, but the group disbanded in May 2002.

Priests’ Charter, (October 1370), treaty that unified the legal system in all the Swiss cantons, particularly highlighting two features: safety on the highways for traders and nonintervention by foreign priests. Bruno Brun, a provost wanting to escape punishment, was the catalyst for an amendment

Jakob Messikomer: …dwelling sites at Robenhausen, near Lake Pfäffikon, in Switzerland.

Bavarian Forest: …quartz ridge known as the Pfahl. The ridge runs roughly along the Regen valley and ranges from 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 m) in height. The Vorderer Forest, or Danube Hills, a rolling plateau situated to the southwest between the Danube and the Pfahl, seldom rises more than…

Lake Dwellings, German Pfahlbauten: “pile structures,” remains of prehistoric settlements within what are today the margins of lakes in southern Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy. According to the theory advanced by the Swiss archaeologist Ferdinand Keller in the mid-19th century, the

Palatinate, in German history, the lands of the count palatine, a title held by a leading secular prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Geographically, the Palatinate was divided between two small territorial clusters: the Rhenish, or Lower, Palatinate and the Upper Palatinate. The Rhenish Palatinate

Palatine Chapel, private chapel associated with a residence, especially of an emperor. Many of the early Christian emperors built private churches in their palaces—often more than one—as described in literary sources of the Byzantine period. Such structures in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Tur.)

Bregenz: …at the foot of the Pfänder Mountain (3,487 feet [1,063 metres]; ascended by suspension railway). Inhabited in prehistoric times, it was later the site of a Celtic settlement and then of a Roman camp (Brigantium). Settled by the Alemanni, a Germanic people, in the 6th century, it was ruled by…

phenomenology: Phenomenology of essences: Of the coeditors, Alexander Pfänder contributed chiefly to the development of phenomenological psychology and pure logic but developed also the outlines of a complete phenomenological philosophy. Moritz Geiger applied the new approach particularly to aesthetics and Adolf Reinach to the philosophy of law. The most original and dynamic…

zone melting: Pfann and was first used in the early 1950s to purify germanium for transistors. The purity achieved was hitherto unheard of—less than one part of detectable impurity in 10,000,000,000 parts of germanium. The method was adopted in transistor manufacture around the world.

Ludwig Anzengruber: …Anzengruber published an anti-clerical drama, Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld (1870; “The Pastor of Kirchfeld”), which was a great success. Except for the melancholy Der Meineidbauer (1872; “The Farmer Forsworn”), most of his plays were gay and witty comedies set among the people of small towns; they include Die Kreuzelschreiber (1872;…

Martin Niemöller: …Nazi Party, Niemöller founded the Pfarrernotbund (“Pastors’ Emergency League”). The group, among its other activities, helped combat rising discrimination against Christians of Jewish descent caught in the tension between a religious definition as Christian and the German racial definition of Jews based on the identity of people’s grandparents.

per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), any of a group of synthetic chemical compounds that contain fluorine atoms attached to chains of carbon atoms. Numerous different per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been synthesized, many of which possess highly useful properties when applied

Wilhelm Pfeffer was a German botanist whose work on osmotic pressure made him a pioneer in the study of plant physiology. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1865, Pfeffer continued his studies at the universities of Marburg and Bonn. He then held teaching positions at Bonn

Wilhelm Pfeffer was a German botanist whose work on osmotic pressure made him a pioneer in the study of plant physiology. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1865, Pfeffer continued his studies at the universities of Marburg and Bonn. He then held teaching positions at Bonn

Johannes Pfefferkorn was a German controversialist—a Christianized Jew—and opponent of Jewish literature, whose dispute with the Humanist and Hebraist Johannes Reuchlin (q.v.) was a European cause célèbre in the early 16th century. Pfefferkorn began a campaign to rid Germany of Jewish writings that

Compaq: Decline, rebound, stagnation, and sale to Hewlett-Packard: …European sales and marketing leader, Eckhard Pfeiffer, who had been made chief operating officer and heir apparent after the 1990 retirement of Bill Murto, another cofounder. Under Pfeiffer the company laid off 1,700 employees and aggressively cut prices to shore up market share declines, and it also introduced a variety…

Michelle Pfeiffer is an American actress, noted for her beauty and air of vulnerability. Pfeiffer has consistently chosen challenging roles throughout her decades-long career that have earned her critical and popular acclaim. She received Academy Award nominations for her performances in Dangerous

classical scholarship: Classical scholarship in the 20th century: …learned of all commentaries; and Rudolf Pfeiffer (1889–1979) wrote a masterly commentary on Callimachus and an important history of classical scholarship.

Big Sur: Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park, with diverse wildlife and some 800 acres (325 hectares) of coastal redwood and chaparral, contains the village of Big Sur, some 30 miles (50 km) south of Monterey, and borders the Big Sur River, a short stream in the Santa…

history of publishing: Printed illustrations: Albrecht Pfister of Bamberg was printing books illustrated with woodcuts about 1461. Copper engravings, which were better able to produce fine lines, were especially suitable for the reproduction of maps; among the few incunabula illustrated with engravings is a Ptolemy Geographia printed at Rome by…

Miklos Szentkuthy was a Hungarian writer who wrote complex experimental fiction that explored the absurdity of life and the impossibility of imposing order on a chaotic world. After attending Budapest University, Szentkuthy taught secondary school in Budapest (1932–57). After publishing several

Hans Pfitzner was a German composer who upheld traditional ideals during the post-Wagnerian era. Pfitzner was a pupil at Frankfurt of Iwan Knorr. Between 1892 and 1934 he held posts as teacher and conductor in several German towns, including Strassburg, where he was director of the conservatory and

Hans Pfitzner was a German composer who upheld traditional ideals during the post-Wagnerian era. Pfitzner was a pupil at Frankfurt of Iwan Knorr. Between 1892 and 1934 he held posts as teacher and conductor in several German towns, including Strassburg, where he was director of the conservatory and

Pfizer Inc. is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical companies, known for developing, manufacturing, and marketing medications and vaccines for humans and animals. Among its best-known products are Zoloft, an antidepressant; Viagra, an erectile dysfunction

COVID-19 vaccine: The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were about 95 percent effective in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2; the Janssen vaccine was about 67 percent effective in preventing moderate to severe disease. Other vaccines included the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, a recombinant vaccine first approved in the United Kingdom in late 2020,…

Liberal Front Party (PFL), centre-right Brazilian political party that supports free-market policies. Founded in 1984, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) was established ostensibly to oppose the presidential candidacy of Paulo Maluf in Brazil’s 1985 elections—the first civilian democratic elections

PFLAG, American organization representing the interests of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community. PFLAG was founded in 1973 and has amassed more than 250,000 members in the United States and more than 500 affiliates, making it the largest membership organization of

Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper: …Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage (1898; Plant-Geography upon a Physiological Basis, 1903), a climatological and physiological study of the world’s vegetation. The first section of the book treats factors that affect plant life, the second gives his classification of world vegetation, and the third contains a systematic account of this vegetation.…

classification of religions: Philosophical: …seen in the works of Otto Pfleiderer, a German theologian of the 19th century. Pfleiderer believed it impossible to achieve a significant grouping of religions unless, as a necessary preliminary condition, the essence of religion were first isolated and clearly understood. Essence is a philosophical concept, however, not a historical…

Oman: Periodic civil unrest: …Arab Gulf (later called the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman; PFLO) gained control of the growing rebellion by the late 1960s with the aid of the People’s Republic of China, the Soviet Union, Marxist South Yemen (which had achieved independence from the British in late 1967), and Iraq.

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), organization providing an institutional framework for militant organizations associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), notable for its Marxist-Leninist ideology and its hijacking of a number of aircraft between 1968 and 1974.