Louisiana: Constitutional framework: The parish (county), the municipality, and the special district are the units of local government. There are 64 parishes, with land areas that vary from roughly 180 square miles (466 square km) in Orleans parish near the city of New Orleans to more than 1,300 square…

United Kingdom: Local government: (Parishes are civil subdivisions, usually centred on a village or small town, that are distinct from church bodies.) They have the power to assess “precepts” (surcharges) on the local rates and a range of rights and duties, including maintenance of commons, recreational facilities, and environmental…

constable: Under him were petty constables in each tithing, or village. The high and petty, or parish, constables remained the executive legal officers in counties until the County Police Acts of 1839 and 1840 allowed certain justices to establish a paid police force. In Scotland bodies of high constables,…

library: 17th and 18th centuries and the great national libraries: …were established a number of parish libraries, attached to churches and chiefly intended for the use of the clergy (one of the earliest, at Grantham in Lincolnshire, was set up as early as 1598, and some of its original chained books are still to be seen there). They were sometimes…

George Crabbe: …together with a new work, The Parish Register, a poem of more than 2,000 lines in which he made use of a register of births, deaths, and marriages to create a compassionate depiction of the life of a rural community. Other works followed, including The Borough (1810), another long poem;…

Boston Celtics: …back to their college days), Robert Parish, Kevin McHale, and Dennis Johnson that advanced to the NBA Finals five times in the 1980s and won championships in 1980–81, 1983–84, and 1985–86.

India: Political systems: …the sovereign general assembly, or parishad, to the meetings of which members were summoned by kettledrum. Precise rules governed the seating arrangement, the agenda, and the order of speaking and debate, which terminated in a decision. A distinction was maintained between the families represented and the others. The broad authority…

Walter Mosley: In Parishioner (2012), published as an e-book, Xavier (“Ecks”) Rule, a reformed criminal, is roped into solving a kidnapping that occurred nearly a quarter of a century before. Down the River unto the Sea (2018) centers on a New York City police investigator who tries to…

Giorgio Parisi is an Italian physicist who was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on spin glasses, which proved widely applicable in the study of complex systems. He shared the prize with Japanese American meteorologist Syukuro Manabe and German oceanographer Klaus Hasselmann.

Charles Baudelaire: Prose poems: Baudelaire’s Petits poèmes en prose was published posthumously in 1869 and was later, as intended by the author, entitled Le Spleen de Paris (translated as The Parisian Prowler). He did not live long enough to bring these poems together in a single volume, but it is…

Notre-Dame school, during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, an important group of composers and singers working under the patronage of the great Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. The Notre-Dame school is important to the history of music because it produced the earliest repertory of

Uma Thurman: Career: …production of Beau Willimon’s play The Parisian Woman.

Le Parisien, morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the largest and most influential in France. Formerly called Le Parisien Libéré (“The Free Parisian”), it was established in Paris in 1944 as an organ of the French underground during the latter part of the German occupation in World

Le Parisien, morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the largest and most influential in France. Formerly called Le Parisien Libéré (“The Free Parisian”), it was established in Paris in 1944 as an organ of the French underground during the latter part of the German occupation in World

Henry-François Becque: La Parisienne (1885; Parisienne, 1943) scandalized the public by its treatment of the story of a married woman and her two lovers. Its importance, like that of Les Corbeaux, was not recognized until a decade after its appearance. In his last years, a withdrawn and…

Paris Saint-Germain FC, French professional football (soccer) club based in Paris and competing in Ligue 1, the topflight French men’s football league. In 2011 Qatar Sports Investments, a Qatari government-operated shareholding organization, bought a majority stake in Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) and

Jean Perréal was a painter, architect, and sculptor, and the most important portrait painter in France at the beginning of the 16th century. Perréal was a court painter to the Bourbons and later worked for Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I of France. He traveled to Italy several times between

Paris: Foundation and early growth (c. 7600 bce to 12th century ce): …Gallic tribe known as the Parisii. The first recorded name for the settlement was Lutetia (Latin: “Midwater-Dwelling”). When the Romans arrived, the Parisii were sufficiently organized and wealthy to have their own gold coinage. Julius Caesar wrote in his Commentaries (52 bce) that the inhabitants burned their town rather than…

Ford Madox Brown: 1840) and Parisina’s Sleep (1842). Already concerned with the accurate representation of natural phenomena, he drew from corpses in University College Hospital in London when painting his Prisoner of Chillon (1843). During a visit to Italy in 1845, he met Peter von Cornelius, a member of the…

plastic: Blow molding: …a thermoplastic hollow tube, the parison, is formed by injection molding or extrusion. In heated form, the tube is sealed at one end and then blown up like a balloon. The expansion is carried out in a split mold with a cold surface; as the thermoplastic encounters the surface, it…

Buddhism: Protective rites: …closely associated with texts called parittas, many of which are attributed directly to the Buddha. In Sri Lanka and the Theravada countries of Southeast Asia, parittas are traditionally chanted during large public rituals designed to avert collective, public danger. They are also very widely used in private rituals intended to…

parity, in economics, equality in price, rate of exchange, purchasing power, or wages. In international exchange, parity refers to the exchange rate between the currencies of two countries making the purchasing power of both currencies substantially equal. Theoretically, exchange rates of

perfect number: …obtained from it to be even, and in the 18th century the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler showed that any even perfect number must be obtainable from Euclid’s formula. It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers.

parity, in physics, property important in the quantum-mechanical description of a physical system. In most cases it relates to the symmetry of the wave function representing a system of fundamental particles. A parity transformation replaces such a system with a type of mirror image. Stated

Bell Trade Act: …Filipinos objected to the so-called Parity Amendment, which required an amendment to the Philippine constitution allowing U.S. citizens equal rights with Filipinos in the exploitation of natural resources and operation of public utilities; nonetheless, some powerful Filipinos involved in these negotiations stood to benefit from the arrangement.

information theory: Error-correcting and error-detecting codes: …of error-detecting code is the parity code, which adds one bit to a block of bits so that the ones in the block always add up to either an odd or even number. For example, an odd parity code might replace the two-bit code words 00, 01, 10, and 11…

parity: This conservation of parity implied that, for fundamental physical interactions, it is impossible to distinguish right from left and clockwise from counterclockwise. The laws of physics, it was thought, are indifferent to mirror reflection and could never predict a change in parity of a system. This…

Vinaya Piṭaka: Parivāra (“Appendix”), a classified digest of the rules in the other Vinaya texts, apparently confined to the Theravāda school.

bivalve: The shell: …typically develops either externally (parivincular) or internally (alivincular) but comprises outer lamellar, and inner fibrous, layers secreted by the mantle crest. The ligament type is generally characteristic of each bivalve group. The hinge plate with ligament also possesses interlocking teeth to enforce valve alignment and locking, when closed, to…

Elijah Bokher Levita: He may also have written Pariz un Viene (printed in 1594; “Paris and Vienna”), about a poor knight seeking to marry a princess.

Pauline Marois: …of finance and future premier Jacques Parizeau, recruited her as a press agent for the first government of the Parti Québécois (PQ). In 1979 she became the chief of staff for the minister of the status of women.

Dravidian languages: Central Dravidian languages: Parji, spoken in the Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, has borrowed extensively from Halbi, a dialect of Hindi. Parji is geographically contiguous to Ollari and Gadaba, which are spoken in the Koraput district of Orissa and the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Ollari and…

park, large area of ground set aside for recreation. The earliest parks were those of the Persian kings, who dedicated many square miles to the sport of hunting; by natural progression such reserves became artificially shaped by the creation of riding paths and shelters until the decorative

Park Chung-Hee was a South Korean general and politician, president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) from 1963 to his death. Widely regarded as the most influential South Korean leader of the 20th century, Park’s legacy remains deeply polarizing. His 18-year rule is closely associated with

Park City, city, Summit county, northern Utah, U.S. Founded in 1869 as a mining district in the valley between the Wasatch Range and the Uinta Plateau some 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Salt Lake City, the small city enjoyed several booms during the 19th and early 20th centuries but faltered during

Park Forest, village, Cook and Will counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It is a residential suburb of Chicago, lying about 30 miles (50 km) south of the city. Developed as a planned community after World War II, Park Forest attracted widespread interest because its planners assumed responsibility

Park Geun-Hye is a South Korean politician who served as president of South Korea (2013–17) and leader of the conservative Saenuri (“New Frontier”) Party. She was the first female president of South Korea. Park Geun-Hye had long been in the spotlight of Korean society as the daughter of Park

Antoni Gaudí: Mature work: …(1900–09; “Bellesguard Tower”) and the Park Güell (1900–14), in Barcelona, and in the Cripta de la Colònia Güell (1890–1916; “Crypt of Güell Colony”), south of that city, he arrived at a type of structure that has come to be called equilibrated—that is, a structure designed to stand on its own…

Park In-Bee is a South Korean golfer who in 2013 became the second player to win the first three major tournaments of the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) season: the Kraft Nabisco Championship, the LPGA Championship (later called the Women’s PGA Championship), and the U.S. Women’s Open.

PSY is a South Korean singer and rapper. Originally known in his country as a controversial and satirical hip-hop artist, he achieved international fame in 2012 with the music video to his humorous pop song “Gangnam Style,” which became the first video to have more than one billion views on

Parasite: Premise and plot: …that her husband, Geun-Se (Park Myeong-Hoon), has been living there for several years, unbeknownst to the Parks. This discovery plunges the Kims into conflict and threatens not only their scheme but their lives. Meanwhile, the Parks return home early from their trip, further complicating matters. The film’s climax comes…

Park Range, segment of the Rocky Mountains, extending south-southeastward for about 200 miles (320 km) from Carbon county, Wyo., to northwestern Park county, Colo., U.S. The range lies to a large extent within Medicine Bow, Pike, Arapaho, Routt, and White River national forests and includes the

ranger: …1916 a force of national-park rangers whose functions were protection and conservation of forests and wildlife, enforcement of park regulations (for which they have police power), and assistance to visitors. Similar functions with respect to the national forests were assigned to the rangers of the Forest Service, established in…

Park Ridge, city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it lies on the Des Plaines River, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of downtown. The area was first inhabited by Potawatomi Indians and used by French explorers as a portage. The site was settled in the early 1830s. In 1853

20 Under 40: Young Shapers of the Future (Film and Visual Arts): Park So-Dam (30): ” Park So-Dam, a native of South Korea, was attending high school when she chanced to see a stage production of Grease. She instantly resolved to become an actor, and, on graduating, she enrolled in Korea National University of Arts. She appeared in…

spire: …the exquisitely light spire of Park Street Church, Boston (1819), by Peter Banner.

California: The arts: …has produced such painters as David Park, Elmer Bischoff, and Richard Diebenkorn. Los Angeles has been more successful as a marketplace for art, with a thriving colony of galleries along La Cienega Boulevard. Carmel, Big Sur, Ojai, and Sausalito have harbored communities of practitioners of diverse arts.

Trafford Leigh-Mallory: …the Number 11 Group commander, Keith Park (in charge of defending southern England), and with the head of Fighter Command, Hugh Dowding. In defending Britain against German air attacks, these two commanders stressed the timely, well-directed use of individual fighter squadrons to intercept German planes, whereas Leigh-Mallory advocated the use…

Maud Wood Park was an American suffragist whose lobbying skills and grasp of legislative politics were successfully deployed on behalf of woman suffrage and welfare issues involving women and children. Park attended St. Agnes School in Albany, New York, and after graduating in 1887 she taught

Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer of the Niger. Educated as a surgeon at the University of Edinburgh, Park was appointed a medical officer in 1792 on a vessel engaged in the East Indies trade. His subsequent studies of the plant and animal life of Sumatra won for him the backing of the African

national park, an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment. A national park may be set aside for purposes of public recreation and enjoyment or because of its historical or scientific interest. Most of the landscapes and their accompanying plants and

Nick Park is a British animator and director of stop-motion films that often feature his characters Wallace and Gromit. Park demonstrated an early ability to draw, and by age 13 he was animating his cartoon creation Walter the Rat with his mother’s standard 8-mm movie camera. When he was 15, one of

Nick Park is a British animator and director of stop-motion films that often feature his characters Wallace and Gromit. Park demonstrated an early ability to draw, and by age 13 he was animating his cartoon creation Walter the Rat with his mother’s standard 8-mm movie camera. When he was 15, one of

Orlando Park was a U.S. entomologist known chiefly for his work on the biology and taxonomy of insects comprising the family Pselaphidae, a group of small, short-winged, mold beetles that commonly live in ant nests. Several years after acquiring his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, Park joined

Ali Wong: Early life and education: Wong befriended actor Randall Park, who was also in the Asian American studies department, and she joined Lapu, the Coyote That Cares Theatre Company, which Park cofounded. During her college years, she spent time studying abroad in Hanoi to learn the Vietnamese language and to gain insight into…

Robert E. Park was an American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on human ecology, a term he is credited with coining. One of the leading figures in what came to be known as the “Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal of

Robert E. Park was an American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on human ecology, a term he is credited with coining. One of the leading figures in what came to be known as the “Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal of

Thomas Park was a U.S. animal ecologist known for his experiments with beetles in analyzing population dynamics. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1932, Park taught at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and at the University of Chicago. He wrote, with others, Principles of

British Open: History: Willie Park, Sr., won the inaugural tournament and was presented with the Challenge Belt, a silver-buckled leather belt that each champion was to keep until the following Open. The tournament was opened to amateurs in 1861. In 1863 a purse of £10—which was to be…

Feisal Abdul Rauf: …community centre, to be called Park51, would house a Muslim prayer area, athletic facilities, a day-care centre, and a memorial to the September 11 attacks that would serve as a nondenominational space for prayer and meditation. Abdul Rauf emphasized that the centre would be open to non-Muslims as well as…

parka, hip-length, hooded jacket traditionally made of caribou, seal, or other fur, worn as an outer garment by Arctic peoples. The modern parka is often adapted for such sports as skiing. It is usually made of synthetic, water-repellent material, often filled with batting or goose or duck down for

Jennifer Lopez: Marriage to Marc Anthony and American Idol: In the thrillers Parker (2013) and The Boy Next Door (2015), she played, respectively, a divorced businesswoman who takes part in a heist and a woman who is drawn into a romance with a teenager who then begins stalking her. Lopez also provided voices for the animated films…

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Monopoly: …engineer, sold the concept to Parker Brothers in 1935. Before then, homemade versions of a similar game had circulated in many parts of the United States. Most were based on the Landlord’s Game, a board game designed and patented by Lizzie G. Magie in 1904. She revised and renewed the…

Colorado River: Economic development: …construction began downstream on the Parker Dam. From Lake Havasu, the reservoir impounded by the dam, water is transported some 250 miles across California to supply a portion of the water needs for Los Angeles and most of the water supply for San Diego. Davis, Imperial, Laguna, and Morelos dams…

Sean Parker: In 2015 Parker cofounded the Parker Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on initiatives in the life sciences, global public health, and civic engagement. The following year it provided the funding for the creation of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Waimea: …is the headquarters for the Parker Ranch (established about 1815), one of the largest Hereford cattle ranches in the United States and famous for its Hawaiian paniolos, who trace their roots to Mexican cowboys taken to the island in the 1830s. The ranch covers about 175,000 acres (70,000 hectares) and…

Eliot Spitzer: …Parker) the nightly talk show Parker Spitzer on CNN. In February 2011 Parker left the program, which was subsequently retitled In the Arena. It struggled in the ratings, and in July Spitzer stepped down as host after CNN announced that the show would be canceled. He later hosted Viewpoint with…

Legal Tender Cases: Lee and Parker v. Davis, the Court reversed its Hepburn v. Griswold decision by a five-to-four majority, asserting that the Legal Tender Act represented a justifiable use of federal power at a time of national emergency.

Alan Parker was a British director, writer, and producer who worked in a wide range of genres; his notable films included Midnight Express (1978) and Fame (1980). After he worked as an advertising copywriter and as a director of television commercials, Parker formed a production company with Alan

Alton B. Parker was an American jurist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1904, defeated by the incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt. Having practiced law in Kingston, N.Y., Parker was elected surrogate of Ulster county in 1877 and reelected six years later. He also was active in state Democratic

Alton B. Parker was an American jurist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1904, defeated by the incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt. Having practiced law in Kingston, N.Y., Parker was elected surrogate of Ulster county in 1877 and reelected six years later. He also was active in state Democratic

Annise Parker is an American politician who served as mayor of Houston (2010–16). At the time of her election, Houston, then America’s fourth largest city, became the country’s largest city to elect an openly gay mayor. Parker lived in Houston until age 15, when her father’s work with the Red Cross

Captain Marvel: Shazam! and the litigious origins of Captain Marvel: Writer Bill Parker and artist C.C. Beck created the superhero for Fawcett Comics in an effort to capitalize on the blockbuster success of DC Comics’ Superman, who had debuted the previous year. Fawcett’s Captain Marvel was a young boy named Billy Batson, who upon speaking the…

Bonnie and Clyde: …1930–32, he teamed up with Bonnie Parker, and the two began a crime spree that lasted 21 months. Often working with confederates—including Barrow’s brother Buck and Buck’s wife, Blanche, as well as Ray Hamilton and W.D. Jones—Bonnie and Clyde, as they were popularly known, robbed gas stations, restaurants, and small-town…

Candace Parker is a former professional basketball player who was one of the superstars of the WNBA in the early 21st century. In 2008 the 6-foot 4-inch (1.93-metre) forward-center was named league Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Rookie of the Year, becoming the first player in WNBA history to

Candace Parker is a former professional basketball player who was one of the superstars of the WNBA in the early 21st century. In 2008 the 6-foot 4-inch (1.93-metre) forward-center was named league Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Rookie of the Year, becoming the first player in WNBA history to

Swiss Family Robinson: …different ship, Captain Moreland (Cecil Parker) and his grandson. The two oldest Robinson boys manage to free the grandson, whom they soon discover is actually a girl (Janet Munro). The family is later attacked by the pirates and about to be overrun when Captain Moreland, who had been able…

Charlie Parker was an American alto saxophonist, composer, and bandleader. He was a lyric artist generally considered the greatest jazz saxophonist. Parker was the principal stimulus of the modern jazz idiom known as bebop, and—together with Louis Armstrong and Ornette Coleman—he was one of the

Charlie Parker was an American alto saxophonist, composer, and bandleader. He was a lyric artist generally considered the greatest jazz saxophonist. Parker was the principal stimulus of the modern jazz idiom known as bebop, and—together with Louis Armstrong and Ornette Coleman—he was one of the

Alexandre Alexeïeff: …(later his wife), the animator Claire Parker (1910–81).

Colonel Tom Parker was a Dutch-born carnival barker, entertainment promoter, and talent agent who became the manager of American rock-and-roll pioneer Elvis Presley in 1955, when the young singer was on the brink of achieving unprecedented stardom. He remained Presley’s manager until the rocker’s

Dorothy Parker was an American short-story writer, poet, screenwriter, and critic known for her witty—and often acerbic—remarks. She was one of the founders of the Algonquin Round Table, an informal literary group. Dorothy Rothschild was educated at Miss Dana’s School in Morristown, New Jersey, and

Ulysses S. Grant: Grant’s presidency: Notably, Grant named Ely S. Parker, a Seneca Indian who had served with him as a staff officer, commissioner of Indian affairs, and Grant’s wife persuaded him to appoint Hamilton Fish secretary of state. Strong-willed and forthright, Julia Grant also later claimed credit for helping to persuade her…

plasma: Regions of the Sun: In 1958 the American astrophysicist Eugene Parker showed that the equations describing the flow of plasma in the Sun’s gravitational field had one solution that allowed the gas to become supersonic and to escape the Sun’s pull. The solution was much like the description of a rocket nozzle in which…

Francis Parker was a founder of progressive elementary education in the United States and organizer of the first parent-teacher group at Chicago. At age 16 he began to teach and five years later became school principal at Carrollton, Ill. (1859). He was commissioned a lieutenant in the Union Army

animal behaviour: Adaptive design: …stercoraria) by British evolutionary biologist Geoffrey A. Parker. Shortly after cow excrement is deposited in a meadow, it is invaded by female dung flies that come to lay their eggs on the dung and by males seeking to mate with the females. Competition among the males for females is fierce.…

lacquerwork: Europe: John Stalker and George Parker’s Treatise of Japanning and Varnishing (London, 1688) was the first text with pattern illustrations. The English term japanning was inspired by the superiority of Japanese lacquer, which Stalker found “…in fineness of Black, and neatness of draught…more beautiful, more rich, or Majestick” than…

new wave: …pub rock veterans Nick Lowe, Graham Parker, and Elvis Costello; Squeeze and XTC, whose songs were sophisticated and infectious; ska revivalists such as Madness and the Specials; genre-hopping Joe Jackson; synthesizer bands such as Human

Horatio Parker was a composer, conductor, and teacher, and a prominent member of the turn-of-the-century Boston school of American composers. Parker studied in Boston and Munich. Returning to New York, he taught at the National Conservatory of Music, then directed by Antonin Dvořák. In 1894 he

Fort Smith: Judge Isaac C. Parker, known as a “hanging judge,” successfully carried out the difficult task of enforcing federal law in the area from 1875 to 1896. Fort Smith National Historic Site (established 1960) preserves the sites of the two forts and Judge Parker’s restored courtroom.

Stewart Parker was an Irish playwright whose innovative plays captured the human dimension of the religious conflict in Northern Ireland. Born into a working-class Protestant family, Parker won a scholarship to Queen’s University, Belfast (B.A., 1963; M.A., 1965), where he studied poetic drama. He

Jim Parker was an American professional gridiron football player who, during his 11-year career with the Baltimore Colts, established himself as one of the finest offensive linemen in National Football League (NFL) history. Parker played collegiate football at the Ohio State University under

Jim Parker was an American professional gridiron football player who, during his 11-year career with the Baltimore Colts, established himself as one of the finest offensive linemen in National Football League (NFL) history. Parker played collegiate football at the Ohio State University under

Waimea: In 1812 John Parker, a sailor, was granted a license by Kamehameha to hunt the cattle, and he subsequently domesticated them and helped establish ranching as a major industry on the island. Waimea is the headquarters for the Parker Ranch (established about 1815), one of the largest…

Walter White: …Herbert Hoover’s nomination of Judge John J. Parker of North Carolina for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. (Parker was on record as being opposed to black suffrage.) At the outbreak of World War II, White assisted labour leader A. Philip Randolph in pressing for a U.S. Fair Employment Practices…

Eliot Spitzer: …year he began cohosting (with Kathleen Parker) the nightly talk show Parker Spitzer on CNN. In February 2011 Parker left the program, which was subsequently retitled In the Arena. It struggled in the ratings, and in July Spitzer stepped down as host after CNN announced that the show would be…

pageant: Parker. Parker’s insistence on accurate retellings of history, use of natural settings with little or no artificial scenery, and reliance on amateur actors served to repopularize the pageant as historical drama. Max Reinhardt also made notable contributions to modern pageant drama with his efforts to…

James Brown: …Bootsy Collins, Fred Wesley, and Maceo Parker) have played an important role in creating the core vocabulary and grammar of funk music.

Mary-Louise Parker is an American actress of stage, screen, and television who is noted for bringing integrity and depth to her performances. Parker grew up in South Carolina and studied acting at the North Carolina School of the Arts. In 1975 she had a small part in the soap opera Ryan’s Hope, but