Kenneth L. Pike was an American linguist and anthropologist known for his studies of the aboriginal languages of Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, New Guinea, Java, Ghana, Nigeria, Australia, Nepal, and the Philippines. He was also the originator of tagmemics. Pike studied theology at Gordon College

Mary Hayden Green Pike was an American novelist, best remembered for her popular books of the Civil War era on racial and slavery themes. Pike studied at the Female Seminary in Charlestown, Massachusetts (1840–43). Her first novel, Ida May (1854), was published under the pseudonym Mary Langdon. A

Emerald Fennell: Directing career: …two of its stars—Keoghan and Rosamund Pike, who plays Felix’s eccentric mother, Elspeth Catton—were nominated for Golden Globe Awards for their performances.

Zebulon Pike was a U.S. army officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. In 1805 Pike, then an army lieutenant, led a 20-man exploring party to the headwaters of the Mississippi River with instructions to discover the river’s source, negotiate peace treaties with Indian tribes,

Zebulon Pike was a U.S. army officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. In 1805 Pike, then an army lieutenant, led a 20-man exploring party to the headwaters of the Mississippi River with instructions to discover the river’s source, negotiate peace treaties with Indian tribes,

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Ctenoluciidae (pike-characids) Elongate, pikelike body. Large mouth, canine teeth, scales ciliated, carnivorous, food fishes. Panama and South America. To 67.5 cm (27 inches) or more. 2 genera, 7 species. Family Cynodontidae (cynodontids) Large mouth, large canine teeth, long anal fin. Carnivorous, food fishes that inhabit South

dogfish: The spiny dogfishes of the family Squalidae possess a sharp spine in front of each of their two dorsal fins. The most widely known species is Squalus acanthias, called the spiny dogfish, spurdog, or skittle dog. It is abundant along northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts; a…

squawfish, any of several edible fishes of the genus Ptychocheilus found in the rivers of western North America. They are the largest members of the carp family (Cyprinidae) in North America. Because of the offensive connotation attributed to the word “squaw,” these animals are also referred to as

pike perch, any of several freshwater food and game fishes of the family Percidae (order Perciformes), found in Europe and North America. Although more elongated and slender than perches, pike perches have the two dorsal fins characteristic of the family. They are, like perches, carnivorous, and as

Pikes Peak, peak in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in El Paso county, Colorado, U.S., 10 miles (16 km) west of Colorado Springs. It ranks 32nd in elevation (14,115 feet [4,302 metres]) among Colorado peaks and is widely known because of its commanding location and easy accessibility.

hill climb: event is the Pikes Peak race, held annually since 1916. All types of motorcars—sports cars, antiques, classics, stock cars—participate under strict safety rules and regulations. This type of competition is especially rough on the low gears of the car’s transmission and on the tires. Hill climbs for motorcycles…

Thomas Piketty is a French economist who was best known for Le Capital au XXIe siècle (2013; Capital in the Twenty-first Century). Piketty was born to militant Trotskyite parents and was later politically affiliated with the French Socialist Party. After he took the baccalauréat examination, he

The Queen of Spades, classic short story by Aleksandr Pushkin, published in 1834 as “Pikovaya dama.” In the story a Russian officer of German ancestry named Hermann learns that a fellow officer’s grandmother, an old countess, possesses the secret of winning at faro, a high-stakes card game. Hermann

Amitabh Bachchan: Return to stardom: …notable films include the comedy Piku (2015), for which he won his fourth National Film Award, and Pink (2016), a courtroom drama in which he was cast as a lawyer. In 102 Not Out, he played a man trying to break the record for the oldest man alive.

chess: The pragmatists: …was a depreciation of the bishop: The Hypermoderns had attacked Tarrasch’s high opinion of an unobstructed bishop and said a bishop could profitably be traded for a knight. The post-Soviet players often traded bishop for knight for minimal compensation. They also often exchanged their good bishop, the one less encumbered…

punk: Postpunk groups such as Public Image Ltd and Joy Division replaced punk’s worldliness with inner concerns, matching rock with the technological rhythms of disco. Nevertheless, punk’s influence could be seen throughout British society, notably in mass media shock tactics, the confrontational strategies of environmentalists, and the proliferation of independent…

Piła, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, on the Gwda River. Its economic growth has been steady since World War II. Industries include lumber mills, railroad workshops, potato-processing facilities, and an electric-bulb factory. The city is a railway junction on the

Philae, island in the Nile River between the old Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam, in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern Egypt. Its ancient Egyptian name was P-aaleq; the Coptic-derived name Pilak (“End,” or “Remote Place”) probably refers to its marking the boundary with Nubia. The

Pilar, town, southwestern Paraguay. It lies on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, across from the mouth of the Arroyo Bermejo. Founded in 1779 and originally known as Ñeembucú, the town is a river port handling the agricultural products of the fertile area between the Paraguay and Paraná

San Vicente: Notable landmarks include El Pilar colonial church and nearby Amapulapa Park, a national recreation area. Pop. (2005 est.) urban area, 34,600.

Propaganda Movement: López Jaena, Rizal, and journalist Marcelo del Pilar emerged as the three leading figures of the Propaganda Movement, and magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished.

pilaster, in Greco-Roman Classical architecture, shallow rectangular column that projects slightly beyond the wall into which it is built and conforms precisely to the order or style of the adjacent columns. The anta of ancient Greece was the direct ancestor of the Roman pilaster. The anta,

Pontius Pilate was a Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26–36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the final trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii

Pilates, exercise discipline created by German American gymnast, bodybuilder, and entrepreneur Joseph H. Pilates in the mid-20th century and refined by his students and disciples. The Pilates regimen was practiced largely in a prone, supine, or seated position on a mat and emphasized the

Pilates: …American gymnast, bodybuilder, and entrepreneur Joseph H. Pilates in the mid-20th century and refined by his students and disciples. The Pilates regimen was practiced largely in a prone, supine, or seated position on a mat and emphasized the development of stability and flexibility by strengthening the musculature, particularly the core…

Stefano Pilati is an Italian fashion designer who was the creative director (2004–12) at the storied house of fashion, Yves Saint Laurent (YSL), and head of design (2013–16) at Ermenegildo Zegna. As an unhappy youth pursuing a career as a land surveyor, Pilati found fulfillment in sketching

Giovanni Boccaccio: Petrarch and Boccaccio’s mature years: Leonzio Pilato, whom Boccaccio housed from 1360 to 1362 and whose nomination as reader in Greek at the Studio (the old University of Florence) he procured, made the rough Latin translation through which Petrarch and Boccaccio became acquainted with Homer’s poems—the starting point of Greek…

Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier: …in a Montgolfier balloon with Pilatre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d’Arlandes, as passengers. The balloon sailed over Paris for 5.5 miles (9 kilometers) in about 25 minutes.

Pontius Pilate was a Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26–36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the final trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii

Pilbara, region of northwestern Western Australia, extending south from the De Grey River to the Ashburton River and as far as 450 miles (720 km) inland. It occupies an area of about 197,000 square miles (510,000 square km) and averages 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation. The Pilbara includes one

Australia: Tectonic framework: …such as the Yilgarn and Pilbara blocks of the Western Shield, enclosed by later orogenic (mountain) belts. The second is as the basement to a younger cover of Phanerozoic sediment (deposited during the past 541 million years); for example, all the sedimentary basins west of the Tasman Line are underlain…

Pilbara, region of northwestern Western Australia, extending south from the De Grey River to the Ashburton River and as far as 450 miles (720 km) inland. It occupies an area of about 197,000 square miles (510,000 square km) and averages 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation. The Pilbara includes one

Ramapithecus: …his student English-born American anthropologist David Pilbeam and soon gained wide acceptance among anthropologists. The age of the fossils (about 14 million years) fit well with the then-prevailing notion that the ape-human split had occurred at least 15 million years ago. The first challenge to the theory came in the…

pilchard, a species of sardine (q.v.) found in Europe. It is the local name in Great Britain and

Pilcher Hawk, monoplane glider designed, built, and first flown by the English aviator Percy Sinclair Pilcher in 1896. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Pilcher completed work on four gliders between 1895 and 1899: Bat (1895), Beetle (1895), Gull (1896), and Hawk

Percy Sinclair Pilcher was a British aviation pioneer and glider experimenter. Trained as a naval cadet, Pilcher served for six years as a midshipman before beginning an apprenticeship with a Glasgow shipbuilding firm. In 1893 he found employment as an assistant lecturer to a professor of marine

Pilcomayo River, chief western tributary of the Paraguay River, south-central South America. It rises in the eastern Andes Mountains in Bolivia and flows in a southeasterly direction through the Gran Chaco plains of Paraguay to join the Paraguay River opposite Asunción, after a course of 1,550

pile, in building construction, a postlike foundation member used from prehistoric times. In modern civil engineering, piles of timber, steel, or concrete are driven into the ground to support a structure; bridge piers may be supported on groups of large-diameter piles. On unstable soils, piles are

hemorrhoid, mass formed by distension of the network of veins under the mucous membrane that lines the anal channel or under the skin lining the external portion of the anus. A form of varicose vein, a hemorrhoid may develop from anal infection or from increase in intra-abdominal pressure, such as

pile, in textiles, the surface of a cloth composed of an infinite number of loops of warp threads, or else of an infinite number of free ends of either warp or of weft, or filling, threads that stand erect from the foundation or ground structure of the cloth. In looped pile the loops are uncut; in

pile: …driven into the ground by pile drivers, machines consisting usually of a high frame with appliances for raising and dropping a pile hammer or for supporting and guiding a stream or air hammer.

Pilea, genus of 600–715 species of herbaceous creeping plants in the nettle family (Urticaceae) but lacking the stinging hairs typical of that family. The plants are widespread in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. A few are useful as border-edging plants in warm areas, and many varieties

Pilea: …expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached to the centre of the undersides of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted…

Pilea: Giant baby tears, or depressed clearweed (P. depressa), of similar habit, has small, smooth green leaves.

Pilea: …of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves.

Pilea: Especially popular are the artillery plant, or rockweed (Pilea microphylla), with fine fernlike foliage and anthers that forcefully expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached…

Pilea: …of several basket plants called creeping charlie, or Swedish ivy, is P. nummulariifolia, with small, round, quilted leaves and a vigorous trailing habit. Giant baby tears, or depressed clearweed (P. depressa), of similar habit, has small, smooth green leaves.

Pilea: …on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached to the centre of the undersides of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves.

gibbon: The pileated gibbon (H. pileatus), of southeastern Thailand and western Cambodia, has white hands and feet; the male is black and the female buff with a black cap and chest patch. The difference in colour comes about with age; the juveniles are buff and both sexes…

pileated woodpecker, (Dryocopus pileatus), species of large nonmigratory woodpecker known for its black plumage, red crest, and bold white stripes on the face and neck. It is the largest living woodpecker in North America. Only the ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) and the imperial

harbours and sea works: The piled jetty: …and most obvious is the piled jetty—its piles can be driven from floating craft and the deck and superstructure added thereto, working wholly above water. In regions in which there is a large tidal range, it may sometimes be both advantageous and necessary to take the opportunity provided by extremely…

kilim, pileless floor covering handwoven in most places where pile rugs are made. The term is applied both generally and specifically, with the former use referring to virtually any ruglike fabric that does not have pile. When used specifically the term refers to a more limited number of

hemorrhoid, mass formed by distension of the network of veins under the mucous membrane that lines the anal channel or under the skin lining the external portion of the anus. A form of varicose vein, a hemorrhoid may develop from anal infection or from increase in intra-abdominal pressure, such as

Nicolas Poussin: Legacy: …into a theoretical dispute with Roger de Piles; their respective sides were known as Poussinists and Rubenists, the former upholding the importance of line over colour and the latter the reverse. The Rubenists eventually triumphed, and the result was the art of Antoine Watteau and the Rococo.

pileus, close-fitting, brimless hat worn by the ancient Romans and copied from the Greek sailor’s hat called the pilos. In Roman times the head was generally left uncovered, but commoners and freed slaves sometimes wore the felt pileus. The hat was again popular during the Renaissance, especially

mushroom: Form and major groups: …consists of a cap (pileus) and a stalk (stipe). The sporophore emerges from an extensive underground network of threadlike strands (mycelium). An example of an agaric is the honey mushroom (Armillaria mellea). Mushroom mycelia may live hundreds of years or die in a few months, depending on the available…

shipworm, any of the approximately 65 species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Teredidae (Teredinidae). Shipworms are common in most oceans and seas and are important because of the destruction they cause in wooden ship hulls, wharves, and other submerged wooden structures. Only a small

rag worm, any of a group of mostly marine or shore worms of the class Polychaeta (phylum Annelida). A few species live in fresh water. Other common names include mussel worm, pileworm, and sandworm. Rag worms vary in length from 2.5 to 90 cm (1 inch to 3 feet); they are commonly brown, bright red,

celandine: The lesser celandine, or pilewort (Ranunculus ficaria), is a member of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It has heart-shaped leaves and typical buttercup flowers. Native to Europe, it has become naturalized in North America.

Eric Gill: …for machine use and renamed Pilgrim in 1953.

Annie Dillard: In her Pulitzer Prize-winning collection Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (1974), she distilled from keen observations of her own habitat the essential enigmas of religious mysticism. Critics hailed the work as an American original in the spirit of Henry David Thoreau’s Walden. Holy the Firm (1977) and Teaching a Stone to…

pilgrim bottle, vessel with a body varying from an almost full circle, flattened, to a pear shape with a shortish neck, a spreading foot, and, generally, two loops on the shoulders. Through the loops either a chain or a cord was passed for carrying the bottle or for maintaining the stopper in

Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent colony in New England (1620). Of the 102 colonists, 35 were members of the English Separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism) who had earlier fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to escape

Pilgrim Festivals, in Judaism, the three festivals on which male Israelites were required to go to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice at the Temple and bring offerings of the produce from their fields. In the synagogue liturgy, special Psalms (called collectively Hallel) are read and prayers are recited

Wesleyan Church, U.S. Protestant church, organized in 1968 by the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America and the Pilgrim Holiness Church. The Wesleyan Methodist Church originated in 1843 after members of the Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from that church to organize a

ballad: Medieval romance: …and Solomon, the Spanish “Pilgrim to Compostela” and the French and Catalonian ballads on the penance of Mary Magdalene reshape canonical stories radically.

Anthony Of Novgorod: …importance derives mainly from his Pilgrim’s Book, written during a visit to Constantinople about 1200. The book is unique for information on late 12th-century Constantinople and as the most comprehensive source on its archaeology and religious culture before the French and Venetian pillage (1204) during the Fourth Crusade.

The Pilgrim’s Progress, religious allegory by the English writer John Bunyan, published in two parts in 1678 and 1684. The work is a symbolic vision of the good man’s pilgrimage through life. At one time second only to the Bible in popularity, The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most famous Christian

Billy Pilgrim, fictional character, protagonist of Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), a novel by Kurt

Crusades: The effects of religion: … was another popular religious practice, pilgrimage to a holy shrine. Eleventh-century Europe abounded in local shrines housing relics of saints, but three great centers of pilgrimage stood out above the others: Rome, with the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul; Santiago de Compostela, in northwestern Spain; and

Pilgrimage, sequence novel by Dorothy M. Richardson, comprising 13 chapter-novels, 11 of which were published separately: Pointed Roofs (1915), Backwater (1916), Honeycomb (1917), The Tunnel (1919), Interim (1919), Deadlock (1921), Revolving Lights (1923), The Trap (1925), Oberland (1927), Dawn’s

pilgrimage, a journey undertaken for a religious motive. Although some pilgrims have wandered continuously with no fixed destination, pilgrims more commonly seek a specific place that has been sanctified by association with a divinity or other holy personage. The institution of pilgrimage is

Gottfried Böhm: …this vein, Böhm built the Pilgrimage Church of Mary, Queen of Peace (1963–72), at Neviges, a striking jewel-like structure of reinforced concrete that engages with its surroundings as the natural destination of a sloping path. He also designed the Bensberg town hall (1962–71), a modern concrete building with an angular…

Pilgrimage of Grace, (1536), a rising in the northern counties of England, the only overt immediate discontent shown against the Reformation legislation of King Henry VIII. Part of the resentment was caused by attempts, especially under Henry’s minister Thomas Cromwell, to increase government

Van Wyck Brooks: In The Pilgrimage of Henry James (1925), Brooks took a stand against expatriation, arguing that James’s later writing was convoluted and inferior because of his too-long separation from his native land. Brooks suffered a mental breakdown from 1927 to 1931. The Life of Emerson (1932), largely…

Pilgrimage to Cythera, oil painting created by French Rococo artist Antoine Watteau and presented in 1717 to the Académie Royale as his reception piece. Acclaimed as one of his finest works, it also established the new genre of paintings of fêtes galantes. The subject of the painting may have been

Guy Butler: …Songs and Ballads (1978), and Pilgrimage to Dias Cross (1987). In 1989 he edited (with Jeff Opland) The Magic Tree, a collection of 119 narrative poems translated from several South African languages and chosen for their South African setting. His nonfiction work includes The Prophetic Nun (2000), which chronicles the…

Sir Richard Burton: Exploration in Arabia: His Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (1855–56) was not only a great adventure narrative but also a classic commentary on Muslim life and manners, especially on the annual pilgrimage. Instead of returning to London to enjoy his sudden fame, however, he organized a new expedition in…

Christoph Willibald Gluck: The middle years: In La Rencontre imprévue, first performed in Vienna on Jan. 7, 1764, no vaudeville elements remain at all, with the result that the work is a perfect example of opéra comique. Gluck gave the scores of Le Cadi dupé and La Rencontre imprévue particular charm by…

Boston Red Sox, American professional baseball team based in Boston. One of the most-storied franchises in American sports, the Red Sox have won nine World Series titles and 14 American League (AL) pennants. Founded in 1901, the franchise (then unofficially known as the Boston Americans) was one of

Garrison Keillor: (2007), Liberty (2008), Pilgrims (2009), and The Lake Wobegon Virus (2020). Guy Noir and the Straight Skinny (2012) centres on a private detective featured in A Prairie Home Companion. Keillor also published the novels Me (1999) and Love Me (2003) as well as books for children and young…

Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent colony in New England (1620). Of the 102 colonists, 35 were members of the English Separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism) who had earlier fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to escape

Paolo Veronese: The early years: …latter—depicted in such paintings as The Pilgrims of Emmaus and Feast in the House of Levi—allowed him to compose large groups of figures in increasingly complex Renaissance architectural settings that attest to his knowledge of the works of the 16th-century Venetian architects Michele Sanmicheli, Andrea Palladio, and Jacopo Sansovino.

Christoph Willibald Gluck: The middle years: In La Rencontre imprévue, first performed in Vienna on Jan. 7, 1764, no vaudeville elements remain at all, with the result that the work is a perfect example of opéra comique. Gluck gave the scores of Le Cadi dupé and La Rencontre imprévue particular charm by…

Christoph Willibald Gluck: The middle years: In La Rencontre imprévue, first performed in Vienna on Jan. 7, 1764, no vaudeville elements remain at all, with the result that the work is a perfect example of opéra comique. Gluck gave the scores of Le Cadi dupé and La Rencontre imprévue particular charm by…

Pilgrims’ Way, the North Downs trackway in southern England. It is a famous prehistoric route between the English Channel and the chalk heartland of Britain in Wessex and survives as minor roads or as bridle paths in many areas. Both a ridgeway and a lower terrace way beneath the chalk escarpment

pili nut, (Canarium ovatum), tropical tree of the family Burseraceae, cultivated for its edible seeds known as pili nuts. The plant is native to the Philippines, where the pili nut has traditionally been a major source of fat and protein in the diet. The uncooked nuts are used as a laxative, though

Pilibhit, city, northern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Bareilly, on a tributary of the Ramganga River (itself a tributary of the Ganges [Ganga] River). Pilibhit is a rail junction and is linked with Bareilly by road. Sugar processing is the

Sudirman Range: …15,476 feet (4,717 metres) at Mount Pilimsit (Ngga Pilimsit; formerly Mount Idenburg). The mountains extend for 200 miles (320 km) west from the Jayawijaya Mountains.

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: …to the Soviet Union (Piling Blood, 1984; The Collected Poems of Al Purdy, 1986). The landscape of southwestern Saskatchewan figures centrally in the poetry of Lorna Crozier (Angels of Flesh, Angels of Silence, 1988; What the Living Won’t Let Go, 1999). Also from Saskatchewan, Karen Solie (Short Haul Engine,…

Hungarian literature: Writing after 1945: …delightful children’s verses, and by János Pilinszky, an Existentialist Catholic whose most memorable poems deal with the experience of what he called the “universe of camps” produced by World War II. Also noteworthy were the urbane László Kálnoky and István Vas. Ferenc Juhász and László Nagy were two poets of…

colobus: …colour: black-and-white colobus (genus Colobus), red colobus (genus Piliocolobus), and olive colobus (genus Procolobus).

Mount Pelion, mountain on the Magnesia peninsula of southeastern Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Greece, rising to 5,417 feet (1,651 metres) at its highest point. Pelion peak (5,075 feet), just northeast of Vólos, has a wooded western flank overlooking a gulf whose ancient ports were Iolcos and

Mount Pelion, mountain on the Magnesia peninsula of southeastern Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Greece, rising to 5,417 feet (1,651 metres) at its highest point. Pelion peak (5,075 feet), just northeast of Vólos, has a wooded western flank overlooking a gulf whose ancient ports were Iolcos and

Pilipino language, standardized form of Tagalog, and one of the two official languages of the Philippines (the other being English). It is a member of the Austronesian language phylum. Tagalog is the mother tongue for nearly 25 percent of the population and is spoken as a first or second language

Dav Pilkey is an American cartoonist, writer, and illustrator known for his humorous books and graphic novels for children. He is the creator of several popular children’s characters, including Captain Underpants, Dog Man, and Ricky Ricotta. His book The Paperboy (1996) was named a 1997 Caldecott

Dav Pilkey is an American cartoonist, writer, and illustrator known for his humorous books and graphic novels for children. He is the creator of several popular children’s characters, including Captain Underpants, Dog Man, and Ricky Ricotta. His book The Paperboy (1996) was named a 1997 Caldecott

construction: Glass as a building material: In 1952 the Pilkington Brothers in England developed the float glass process, in which a continuous 3.4-meter- (11-foot-) wide ribbon of glass floated over molten tin and both sides were fire finished, avoiding all polishing and grinding; this became the standard method of production. Pilkington also pioneered the…

pottery: Pottery factories: …with William Burton of the Pilkington pottery in Manchester, which made experimental decorative ware of all kinds.

Francis Pilkington was an English composer of lute songs (ayres) and madrigals. Pilkington studied music extensively in his youth and received a bachelor of music degree from Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1595. He became a lay clerk at Chester Cathedral in 1602 and a minor canon 10 years later. After