Lucretia, legendary heroine of ancient Rome. According to tradition, she was the beautiful and virtuous wife of the nobleman Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Her tragedy began when she was raped by Sextus Tarquinius, son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the tyrannical Etruscan king of Rome. After

Lucretius was a Latin poet and philosopher known for his single, long poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things). The poem is the fullest extant statement of the physical theory of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. It also alludes to his ethical and logical doctrines. Apart from Lucretius’s poem

Andrea del Sarto: …1517 or 1518 Sarto married Lucrezia del Fede, a widow whom he had, according to her testimony, used as a model for several years; she brought him property and a useful dowry. In 1518 he was summoned by the king of France, Francis I, to Fontainebleau, where he was preceded…

Samuel Butler: …the Machines” (1863) and “Lucubratio Ebria” (1865)—were later worked up in Erewhon. Both show him already grappling with the central problem of his later thought: the relationship between mechanism and life. In the former he tries out the consequences of regarding machines as living organisms competing with man in…

Lucius Licinius Lucullus was a Roman general who fought Mithradates VI Eupator of Pontus from 74 to 66 bc. He served in the Social War (91–87) under Lucius Cornelius Sulla. As quaestor in 88, he was the only one of Sulla’s officers to take part in his march on Rome. He was Sulla’s proquaestor in

Cuba: Languages of Cuba: …the Santería religion also speak Lucumí, a “secret” Yoruboid language of the Niger-Congo family.

Lugo, city, capital of Lugo provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It lies on the Miño River, southeast of A Coruña. Lugo originated as the Roman Lucus Augusti, and its Roman walls, which were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in

Lucy, U.S. spacecraft that will be the first to visit the Trojan asteroids, which orbit the Sun with Jupiter but ahead of and behind the planet at the Lagrange points. It will fly by three asteroids in the main asteroid belt and eight asteroids in the Trojan swarms. Lucy was launched on October 16,

Lucy, nickname for a remarkably complete (40 percent intact) hominin skeleton found by American paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson at at the fossil site Hadar in Ethiopia on Nov. 24, 1974, and dated to 3.2 million years ago. (The nickname stems from the Beatles’ song “Lucy in the Sky With

Jamaica Kincaid: Literary works: Annie John (1984) and Lucy (1990) are novels but autobiographical in nature, as are most of Kincaid’s subsequent works, with an emphasis on mother-daughter relationships. A Small Place (1988), a three-part essay, continues her depiction of Antigua and her rage at its despoliation.

Morgan Freeman: … and a psychology professor in Lucy. Freeman also appeared in the comedies Ted 2 (2015), Going in Style (2017), a remake of the 1979 film about retirees who plan a bank heist, and Just Getting Started (2017), in which two rivals at a retirement community team up to save the…

animal learning: Language learning: A chimpanzee called Lucy was accustomed to instructing her trainer, Roger Fouts, by gesturing “Roger tickle Lucy.” One day, instead of complying with this request, Fouts signed back “No, Lucy tickle Roger.” Although at first nonplussed, after several similar exchanges Lucy eventually did as asked. A simple instance…

Amy Poehler: Producing and directing: …Moxie (2021) and the documentary Lucy and Desi (2022). In 2023 Poehler and Fey teamed up yet again, this time for a comedy tour of the United States.

Elizabeth Strout: Lucy Barton novels: Lucy by the Sea (2022) takes place during the COVID-19 pandemic as Lucy and her first husband flee New York City for Crosby, Maine. Amid the isolation and turmoil, they rekindle their relationship, and Lucy draws parallels between the lockdown and her own childhood. Characters…

Willa Cather: …the much-anthologized “Paul’s Case,” and Lucy Gayheart (1935), Cather reflected the other side of her experience—the struggle of a talent to emerge from the constricting life of the prairies and the stifling effects of small-town life.

Ellen Burstyn: Burstyn’s later credits included Lucy in the Sky (2019), Pieces of a Woman (2020), and Queen Bees (2021).

I Love Lucy: …star of another situation comedy, The Lucy Show, which aired from 1962 to 1968.

Peanuts: …most emphatically, with a “Drat!” Lucy van Pelt, his frequent tormentor and the big sister to his blanket-toting friend Linus, offered psychiatric advice and presented a steely exterior, but she could not resist observing that “happiness is a warm puppy.” Snoopy, Charlie Brown’s beagle, made pithy observations and spent his…

Richard de Lucy was the chief justiciar (judiciary officer) of England under King Henry II (reigned 1154–89). He was involved in the king’s struggle against the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, and he virtually controlled the country during Henry’s protracted absences resulting from family

Sir Thomas Lucy was an English squire whom William Shakespeare may possibly have caricatured as Justice Shallow in Henry IV, Part 2 and The Merry Wives of Windsor. At 16 Lucy married an heiress, Joyce Acton, daughter of Thomas Acton of Sutton, Worcestershire, and rebuilt Charlecote, the family

St. Lucy ; feast day December 13) was a virgin martyr who was one of the earliest Christian saints to achieve widespread veneration, having a large following before the 5th century. She is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse (Sicily) and of virgins. Because of various traditions associating

Ralph Eugene Meatyard: …his life working on the Lucybelle Crater series, photographs taken outdoors of his wife wearing a mask of an old hag and accompanied by one of their friends or relatives wearing an old man mask. All the individuals in the photographs are called Lucybelle Crater (Meatyard wrote captions for each…

lud, among the Votyaks and Zyryans, a sacred grove where sacrifices were performed. The lud, surrounded by a high board or log fence, generally consisted of a grove of fir trees, a place for a fire, and tables for the sacrificial meal. People were forbidden to break even a branch from the trees

Dalian, city and port, southern Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It consists of the formerly independent cities of Dalian and Lüshun, which were amalgamated (as Lüda) in 1950; in 1981 the name Dalian was restored, and Lüshun became a district of the city. Situated at the southern tip

Ludacris is an American rapper and actor who exemplified the Dirty South school of hip-hop, an exuberant profanity-laden musical style popularized by artists in the southern United States. Ludacris’s magnetic larger-than-life rapping persona propelled him to stardom. Though born in Illinois, Chris

Luddite, member of the organized bands of 19th-century English handicraftsmen who rioted for the destruction of the textile machinery that was displacing them. The movement began in the vicinity of Nottingham toward the end of 1811 and in the next year spread to Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire,

Murray Bookchin was an American anarchist, political philosopher, trade-union organizer, and educator best known for his organizing activities on behalf of labour unions and his vehement critiques of capitalism, globalization, and humanity’s treatment of the environment. Bookchin was the son of

Betty White: The latter was hosted by Allen Ludden. White and Ludden married in 1963 and were together until his death in 1981.

South Asian arts: Folk dance: In the luddi, women click their fingers and clap their hands, moving in a circle by jumps and half-turns and accelerating their rhythm by stamping their feet.

Luddite, member of the organized bands of 19th-century English handicraftsmen who rioted for the destruction of the textile machinery that was displacing them. The movement began in the vicinity of Nottingham toward the end of 1811 and in the next year spread to Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire,

Erich Ludendorff was a Prussian general who was mainly responsible for Germany’s military policy and strategy in the latter years of World War I. After the war he became a leader of reactionary political movements, for a while joining the Nazi Party and subsequently taking an independent,

Lüdenscheid, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), west-central Germany. It is situated in the hilly, wooded Sauerland region between the Lenne and Volme rivers, southeast of Essen. A Frankish settlement in the 9th century and chartered in 1278, it became a centre of the iron industry during

Lüderitz, town on the Atlantic coast of Namibia (formerly South West Africa). The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias stopped there in 1487 and named the bay Angra Pequena. Long neglected, it became the first German settlement in South West Africa when a Hamburg merchant, Franz Adolf Lüderitz,

German South West Africa: In 1883 Franz Adolf Lüderitz, a merchant from Bremen, Germany, established a trading post in southwest Africa at Angra Pequena, which he renamed Lüderitzbucht. He also acquired the adjacent coastal area, which he named Lüderitzland. These areas were constituted the first German colony under German protection on…

methaqualone, sedative-hypnotic drug that was historically used in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety and that became widely known as a recreational drug with a dangerously high potential for addiction. Today, in most countries worldwide, methaqualone has no accepted medical use and is illegal

Wars of the Roses: Competing claims to the throne and the beginning of civil war: …scattered after a skirmish at Ludford Bridge (October 12). York fled to Ireland, and the Lancastrians, in a packed parliament at Coventry (November 1459), obtained a judicial condemnation of their opponents and executed those on whom they could lay hands.

Ludfordian Stage, second of two stages of the Ludlow Series, made up of all rocks deposited during the Ludfordian Age (425.6 million to 423 million years ago) of the Silurian Period. In 1980 the International Commission on Stratigraphy established the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Ludhiana, city, central Punjab state, northwestern India. The city stands on the former bank of the Sutlej River, 8 miles (13 km) south of its present course and about 170 miles (270 km) northwest of Delhi. The city was founded in 1480 by members of Delhi’s ruling Lodī dynasty, from which its name

ludi publici, (Latin: “public games”), ancient Roman spectacles, primarily consisting of chariot races and various kinds of theatrical performances, usually held at regular intervals in honour of some god; they are distinct from the gladiatorial contests (associated with funeral rites). A special

Secular Games, celebrations held in ancient Rome to mark the commencement of a new saeculum, or generation. The games originated with the Etruscans, who, at the end of a mean period of 100 years (as representing the longest human life in a generation), presented the underworld deities with an

ludi scaenici, (Latin: “stage games”), in ancient Rome, theatrical performances associated with the celebration of public games (ludi publici), in which Greek dramatic forms were first used by the Romans. Although originally performed at the Ludi Romani (for which Livius Andronicus wrote the first

Uralic languages: Smaller Baltic-Finnic groups: …Baltic-Finnic group, composed of the Ludic dialects, is found between Veps and Karelian and is generally considered a blend of the two major groups rather than a separate language; the dialects are more closely akin to Karelian. The Ingrians and the Votes live on the southern Gulf of Finland in…

Ludacris is an American rapper and actor who exemplified the Dirty South school of hip-hop, an exuberant profanity-laden musical style popularized by artists in the southern United States. Ludacris’s magnetic larger-than-life rapping persona propelled him to stardom. Though born in Illinois, Chris

Martyrs of Uganda: The soldiers and officials Bruno Serunkuma, James Buzabaliawo, and Luke Banabakintu were martyred with them.

Christa Luding-Rothenburger is a former speed skater and cyclist from East Germany who made history as the only person to win Summer and Winter Olympic medals in the same year (1988). At the Winter Games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, she won the gold medal in the 1,000-meter speed-skating event; she

Ludington, city, seat (1874) of Mason county, western Michigan, U.S. It is on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River, about 60 miles (100 km) north of Muskegon. Settled in the 1840s, it was originally named Marquette for Jacques Marquette, the Jesuit explorer who died there in 1675

William Le Baron Jenney: …aspect of the design; the Ludington Building (1891); the Fair Store (1891–92; later remodelled as the Loop store of Montgomery Ward); and the second Leiter Building (1889–90), which became Sears, Roebuck and Co.’s Loop store.

Sybil Ludington was an American Revolutionary War heroine, remembered for her valiant role in defense against British attack. Ludington was the daughter of Henry Ludington, a New York militia officer and later an aide to Gen. George Washington. According to accounts generally attributed to the

jewel orchid: sikkimensis, Dossinia marmorata, Ludisia discolor, and Macodes petola are found in Southeast Asia and the Pacific and feature spikes of small white flowers. These species have wide green or brownish green leaves with red or gold veins borne near the base of the plant.

Bruno Lüdke was a German serial killer who may have murdered more than 80 people. Although he is commonly regarded as continental Europe’s deadliest serial killer, some criminologists have questioned the scale of his activity, maintaining that many of his confessions were coerced by police. Lüdke

Ludlow Series, the third of four main divisions (in ascending order) making up the Silurian System; it represents all those rocks on a global basis deposited during the Ludlow Epoch (427.4 million to 423 million years ago). The name is derived from the type district, located immediately west of the

Ludlow Series, the third of four main divisions (in ascending order) making up the Silurian System; it represents all those rocks on a global basis deposited during the Ludlow Epoch (427.4 million to 423 million years ago). The name is derived from the type district, located immediately west of the

Ludlow, town (parish), administrative and historic county of Shropshire, western England, on the River Teme. A castle, occupying a commanding position, was begun probably in 1085 by Roger de Lacy; it fell into ruin in the 18th century. The planned town was laid out in 12th-century grid fashion

printing: Semimechanized composition: The Ludlow is considered a combination machine; though it automatically casts slugs, it is related to hand composition by the way the matrices are assembled. The matrices are bronze blocks bearing the letter or sign engraved in intaglio on their lower side and with two shoulders…

Ludlow, town (township), Hampden county, south-central Massachusetts, U.S. It is located on the Chicopee River, just northeast of Springfield. Settled about 1751, it was known as Stony Hill until 1774, when it was renamed (probably for Ludlow, England) and incorporated, becoming set off from

Ludlow Massacre, attack on striking coal miners and their families by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914, resulting in the deaths of 25 people, including 11 children. About 10,000 miners under the direction of the United Mine

Ludlow Series, the third of four main divisions (in ascending order) making up the Silurian System; it represents all those rocks on a global basis deposited during the Ludlow Epoch (427.4 million to 423 million years ago). The name is derived from the type district, located immediately west of the

Ludlow Series, the third of four main divisions (in ascending order) making up the Silurian System; it represents all those rocks on a global basis deposited during the Ludlow Epoch (427.4 million to 423 million years ago). The name is derived from the type district, located immediately west of the

Edmund Ludlow was a radical republican who fought for Parliament against the Royalists in the English Civil Wars and later became one of the chief opponents of Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate regime. His memoirs provide valuable information on republican opposition to Cromwell and on the factional

Christian Socialism: …Denison Maurice, novelist Charles Kingsley, John Malcolm Ludlow, and others, who founded a movement that took shape in England immediately after the failure of the Chartist agitation of 1848. Their general purpose was to vindicate for “the Kingdom of Christ” its “true authority over the realms of industry and trade,”…

printing: Typecasting compositors (1880s): In 1911 the American Washington I. Ludlow perfected a typecasting machine for the large display type that bears his name. The matrices are assembled by hand in a composing stick, which is then inserted above the opening of a mold; the matrices are also distributed by hand.

Ludlul bel nemeqi, in ancient Mesopotamian religious literature, a philosophical composition concerned with a man who, seemingly forsaken by the gods, speculates on the changeability of men and fate. The composition, also called the “Poem of the Righteous Sufferer” or the “Babylonian Job,” has been

Robert Ludlum was a U.S. author of spy thrillers. He worked in the theatre as an actor and a successful producer and acted for television before turning to writing. Among his best-sellers were The Scarlatti Inheritance (1971), The Osterman Weekend (1972; film, 1983), The Matarese Circle (1979), and

St. Ludmila ; feast day September 16) was a Slavic martyr and patron of Bohemia, where she pioneered in establishing Christianity. She was a grandmother of St. Wenceslas, the future prince of Bohemia. Ludmila married Borivoj, the first Czech prince to adopt Christianity. After their baptism by

Conrad Detrez: Ludo (1974) is a fictional account of his World War II childhood, and Les Plumes du coq (1975; “The Plumes of the Rooster”) treats the 1951 abdication of the Belgian king Leopold III. Detrez’s most celebrated novel is L’Herbe à brûler (1978; A Weed for…

Pachisi, board game that was created in India in about the 4th century CE. Four players in opposing partnerships of two attempt to move pieces around a cross-shaped track. Moves are determined by throws of cowrie shells or dice. Each player has four pieces, which begin at the center space, move

Liudolf was the duke of Swabia and son of the Holy Roman emperor Otto I, against whom he led a revolt. Liudolf, Otto’s son by his marriage to the English princess Eadgyth, was made duke of Swabia by his father in 950. In 952, feeling his inheritance rights threatened by Otto’s second marriage (to

Western sculpture: Early and High Baroque: …the figure of the expiring Ludovica Albertoni in the Altieri Chapel, San Francesco a Ripa, Rome (c. 1674). The former is generally considered the masterpiece of Baroque religious sculpture and shows how Bernini could organize the arts of architecture, painting, and sculpture in an overwhelming effect on the senses that…

Gonzaga Dynasty: …with the 14th century, when Luigi I (also called Ludovico; 1267–1360), after fierce struggles, supplanted his brother-in-law Rinaldo (nicknamed Passerino) Bonacolsi as lord of Mantua in August 1328, with the title of captain general and afterward of vicar-general of the empire, adding the designation of count of Mirandola and Concordia.…

Borghese Family: In the 19th century, Camillo Fillipo Ludovico (1775–1832) played an important role in Franco-Italian relations. Having married Napoleon’s sister Marie Pauline (1803), he reached the rank of general in the army and was named governor of Piedmont (1807). After Napoleon’s abdication, he concluded a surrender with the victorious Austrians…

Western sculpture: Early Classical (c. 500–450 bce): …relief carvings of the so-called Ludovisi Throne. Moreover, for the first time individual artists—and their contributions to technical and stylistic development—can in some cases be positively identified through Roman copies and written descriptions of their works.

Gregory XV was the pope from 1621 to 1623. Of noble birth, he was educated at the University of Bologna, where he earned a doctorate in law. He was appointed archbishop of Bologna in 1612 and cardinal in 1616 by Pope Paul V. He succeeded Paul as pope on Feb. 9, 1621. Gregory’s pontificate achieved

Southeast Asian arts: Ketoprak and ludruk: Two other types of popular theatre, ketoprak and ludruk, were performed in Java by 150 to 200 professional troupes. Ketoprak, created by a Surakarta court official in 1914, evolved into a spoken drama of Javanese and Islamic history in which the clown figure is…

backgammon: …ancient Romans played a game, Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum (“Twelve-lined Game”), which was identical, or nearly so, to modern backgammon. The game is still most generally played in the eastern Mediterranean countries.

Decimus Magnus Ausonius: …urbium (“Order of Noble Cities”); Ludus septem sapientum (“Play of the Seven Sages”), a forerunner of the morality play; and many epigrams, including adaptations from the Greek Anthology. His sentimental fondness for old ties is seen in Parentalia, a series of poems on deceased relatives, and Professores Burdigalenses, on the…

Herman Bang: …translated into English: Ludvigsbakke (1896; Ida Brandt) and De uden faedreland (1906; Denied a Country). The work he did from 1886 to 1890—including a collection of short stories, Stille existenser (1886; “Quiet Existences”), and the novels Stuk (1887; “Stucco”) and Tine (1889)—is considered to be his best. Bang died while…

Louis II was the king of Hungary and of Bohemia from 1516, who was the last of the Jagiełło line to rule those countries and the last king to rule all of Hungary before the Turks conquered a large portion of it. The only son of Vladislas II of Hungary and Bohemia, Louis was sickly as a child but

Ludwig August, Ritter von Benedek was an Austrian field marshal whose defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz (Battle of Sadowa) on July 3, 1866, was decisive in the emergence of Prussia as the predominant German power and the creation of a Prussian-dominated German Empire. Benedek entered the Austrian

canals and inland waterways: Europe: …in central Europe, but the Ludwig Canal, forming part of the Rhine-Main-Danube route, was opened in 1840. At the same time, steps were taken to improve river navigation generally, to provide speedier transport, and to enable a greater volume of freight to be carried. The Danube was regulated for 232…

Louis IV was the East Frankish king, the last of the East Frankish Carolingians. During his reign, the country was ravaged by frequent Magyar raids, and local magnates (the ancestors of the later ducal dynasties) brought Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, and Saxony under their sway. The only son of the

Louis IV was the duke of Upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–47), German king (from 1314), and Holy Roman emperor (1328–47), first of the Wittelsbach line of German emperors. His reign was marked by incessant diplomatic and military struggles to defend the right of the empire to

Louis II was the king of the East Franks, who ruled lands from which the German state later evolved. The third son of the Carolingian emperor Louis I the Pious, Louis the German was assigned Bavaria at the partition of the empire in 817. Entrusted with the government of Bavaria in 825, he began his

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis III was the king of part of the East Frankish realm who, by acquiring western Lotharingia (Lorraine) from the West Franks, helped to establish German influence in that area. A son of Louis II the German, king of the East Franks, Louis the Younger invaded Aquitaine on his father’s orders in

Main-Danube Canal: In 1837, under Ludwig I of Bavaria, work began on a canal between Bamberg and Kelheim, following much the same route as the modern canal. The Ludwig Canal remained in use until World War II, but it was never able to compete with the railways. In 1921 the…

Louis II was an eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid

Louis II was a Frankish emperor (850–875) who, as ruler of Italy, was instrumental in checking the Arab invasion of the peninsula. The eldest son of the Frankish emperor Lothar I, who ruled the “middle realm” of what had once been Charlemagne’s empire, Louis took over the administration of Italy on

Louis III was the last king of Bavaria, from 1913 to 1918, when the revolution of November 7–8 brought the rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty to an end. In 1868 he married Maria Theresa, daughter of the archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este. In December 1912, on the death of his father, the regent

University of Munich, autonomous coeducational institution of higher learning supported by the state of Bavaria in Germany. It was founded in 1472 at Ingolstadt by the duke of Bavaria, who modeled it after the University of Vienna. During the Protestant Reformation, Johann Eck made the university a

Baden: Louis William I, margrave of Baden-Baden from 1677 to 1707, was a distinguished commander in the imperial army in wars against the Turks and against the French; he built the palace of Rastatt. Charles III William, margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1709 to 1738, founded Karlsruhe…

Carl F.W. Ludwig was a founder of the physicochemical school of physiology in Germany. A professor of physiology at the universities of Marburg (1846–49), Zürich (1849–55), Vienna (1855–65), and Leipzig (1865–95), Ludwig is best known for his study of the cardiovascular system. He invented (1847) a

Daniel Keith Ludwig was an American entrepreneur who parlayed a $5,000 loan on his father’s signature into a global shipping and real estate empire. Ludwig left school after the eighth grade and worked for a marine engine company before going into business for himself at the age of 19. He converted

Emil Ludwig was a German writer internationally known for his many popular biographies. Ludwig was trained in law but at 25 began writing plays and poems. After serving as foreign correspondent for a German newspaper during World War I, he wrote a novel (Diana, originally published as two works,

Jack Ludwig was a Canadian writer who produced three novels but was perhaps best known for his short stories and his articulate sports journalism. Ludwig grew up in Canada and was educated at the University of Manitoba (B.A., 1944) and the University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D., 1953). He

Jack Ludwig was a Canadian writer who produced three novels but was perhaps best known for his short stories and his articulate sports journalism. Ludwig grew up in Canada and was educated at the University of Manitoba (B.A., 1944) and the University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D., 1953). He

Molly Pitcher was a heroine of the Battle of Monmouth during the American Revolution. According to legend, at the Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778), Mary Hays, wife of artilleryman William Hays, carried water to cool both the cannon and the soldiers in her husband’s battery—hence the nickname

Otto Ludwig was a German novelist, playwright, and critic, remembered for his realistic stories, which contributed to the development of the Novelle. He coined the expression poetischer Realismus (“poetic Realism”), later used to describe the writing of many of his contemporaries. Although expected

University of Munich, autonomous coeducational institution of higher learning supported by the state of Bavaria in Germany. It was founded in 1472 at Ingolstadt by the duke of Bavaria, who modeled it after the University of Vienna. During the Protestant Reformation, Johann Eck made the university a

Onagraceae: …is another large day-blooming genus, Ludwigia, 75 species of water and marsh plants, mostly of eastern North America, ranging from annual herbs to large shrubs. Some other genera of the family are Boisduvalia; Circaea, enchanter’s nightshade, with hooked bristles on the fruits; Gaura, with small nutlike, indehiscent fruits; Gayophytum, thread-stemmed…

borate mineral: …with metamorphosed environments are boracite, ludwigite, sussexite, and kotoite.