Dalian

Lüshun (Port Arthur)

Lüshun, historically known in the West as Port Arthur, long was an important port of entry for southern Manchuria (Northeast China). It was used as a staging post in the 2nd century bce by Chinese colonists of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) in northern Korea and by the Tang dynasty (618–907) in campaigns in the 7th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries, under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), it was a fortified port for Chinese settlements in the Liaodong area. It was captured by the Manchus in 1633 and became the headquarters of a coastal defense unit under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). In 1878 it was chosen as the chief base for the Beiyang (“North Ocean”) fleet, China’s first modern naval force, and was again fortified.

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Captured by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, it was leased to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the war. However, after the intervention of the Western powers that followed, it was returned to China. Russia, which was eager to acquire an ice-free port on the Pacific, occupied the Liaodong Peninsula in 1897 after the Germans had taken Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) on the southern side of the Shandong Peninsula. In 1898 Russia acquired a lease of the Liaodong Peninsula and the right to build a railway connecting it with the Chinese Eastern Railway at Harbin in Heilongjiang province—and thus with the Trans-Siberian Railroad. The Russians constructed a heavily fortified naval base for their Pacific fleet at Port Arthur, began the development of a commercial port in nearby Dalny (Dalian), and in 1903 completed the rail link to Harbin. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, Port Arthur was one of the principal Japanese objectives. In May 1904 the Japanese army cut off the Liaodong Peninsula from the mainland and seized the port of Dalian (called Dairen by the Japanese). The Russian forces withdrew to their supposedly impregnable base at Port Arthur, but it too was eventually taken by the Japanese.

The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), which concluded the war, transferred Port Arthur to Japan. The Japanese renamed it Ryojun and made it the administrative and military headquarters of their Kwantung Provincial Government (later transferred to Dairen) and of the Kwantung army command (later transferred to Mukden [now Shenyang]). The naval base was strengthened and became a base for Japanese military operations not only in Manchuria but also in northern China.

The Yalta Conference (February 1945) had envisioned the return of the Liaodong territory to the Soviet Union after World War II, and, under a treaty of friendship and alliance concluded in Moscow later that year between China and the Soviet Union, it was agreed that the Port Arthur naval base was to be used jointly by the two countries for 30 years but that the Soviet Union would be responsible for its defense and the Russians would have control of the peninsula, apart from the port of Dairen.

The last Soviet forces finally withdrew from Lüshun (Port Arthur) in 1955, after which it became an important Chinese naval base. Present-day Lüshun district is a fine city laid out on Western lines. It consists of two separate parts: the old (eastern) town, which contains the port installations, and the new (western) town, which is largely residential.

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Dalian (Dairen)

After the Russians took the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula in 1898, they initially focused much of their attention on building up the existing Chinese naval base at Port Arthur as the headquarters of their Pacific fleet. However, they also selected a minor nearby fishing village on the peninsula called Qingniwa to be developed as a major commercial port, which they called Dalny. They laid out a spacious Western-style city, dredged the harbor, and constructed wharves, piers, and breakwaters. Only the first stage had been completed by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. After control of the Liaodong Peninsula was transferred to Japan in 1905, the Japanese (who renamed the port Dairen) completed the Russian plan, developing a fine modern city and an efficient modern port. By 1931 Dairen was a major Chinese port, exceeded in its volume of trade only by Shanghai.

Under the Japanese, Dairen became a major industrial center. A chemical industry was established, and the city also became a center of cotton-textile production; development of the latter, however, was hampered by the competition of Jinzhou (a short distance north on the Liaodong Peninsula) and by the depressed state of the Japanese cotton industry in the 1930s. Since the completion of the South Manchurian Railway in 1901, it had been the railway’s headquarters; huge railway workshops were built to supply locomotives, rolling stock, and equipment to the railway and also to other rail lines in Korea and northern China. In the 1930s the machine-building industry was further developed with the construction of a large plant belonging to the Dairen Machinery Company. In addition, shipbuilding became important during that decade, and by 1941 the port was producing ships of 8,000 tons.