Louis IV was the king of France from 936 to 954 who spent most of his reign struggling against his powerful vassal Hugh the Great. When Louis’s father, Charles III the Simple, was imprisoned in 923, his mother, Eadgifu, daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Elder, took Louis to England. He

Louis De France was the son of Louis XIV and Marie-Thérèse of Austria. His death preceded his father’s, and the French crown went to his own grandson, Louis XV. In 1688 he received nominal command of the French armies in Germany, led by Vauban, but throughout his life he depended on the favours of

Louis I was the count of Flanders and of Nevers (from 1322) and of Réthel (from 1325), who sided with the French against the English in the opening years of the Hundred Years’ War. Grandson and heir of Robert of Bethune, count of Flanders, Louis was brought up at the French court and married

Philippe Starck: …century, Starck created the so-called Ghost Chair, one of his most iconic designs. Produced for the Italian company Kartell, the Ghost Chair used modern materials and technology to transform the classic Louis XVI armchair into transparent seating that required no joinery. About this time Starck also became increasingly concerned with…

Louis Harris: …Louis Harris and Associates (now Harris Interactive, Inc.), in New York City, where he remained until his retirement in 1992. By 1962 Harris was the chief polling analyst for CBS News, though he later (1969) switched to ABC News. He was concurrently a columnist for the Washington Post and Newsweek…

Hesse-Darmstadt: The grand duke Louis I (reigned 1768–1830) granted Hesse-Darmstadt a constitution in 1820, carried through other reforms, and made the grand duchy the first of the southern German states to join the Prussian Zollverein (Customs Union). Hesse-Darmstadt thereafter oscillated between liberalism and conservatism. The duchy sided with the…

Louis I was the count of Flanders and of Nevers (from 1322) and of Réthel (from 1325), who sided with the French against the English in the opening years of the Hundred Years’ War. Grandson and heir of Robert of Bethune, count of Flanders, Louis was brought up at the French court and married

Louis I was the king of Hungary from 1342 and of Poland from 1370, who, during much of his long reign, was involved in wars with Venice and Naples. Louis was crowned king of Hungary in succession to his father, Charles I, on July 21, 1342. In 1346 he was defeated by the Venetians at Zara (now

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis I was the duke of Anjou, count of Maine, count of Provence, and claimant to the crown of Sicily and Jerusalem. He augmented his own and France’s power by attempting to establish a French claim to the Sicilian throne and by vigorously fighting the English in France. A son of John II of France,

Louis I was the king of Bavaria from 1825 to 1848, a liberal and a German nationalist who rapidly turned conservative after his accession. He is best known as an outstanding patron of the arts who transformed Munich into the artistic centre of Germany. Louis, the well-educated eldest son of King

Louis I was the second Wittelsbach duke of Bavaria, who greatly increased his family’s territory and influence. Succeeding his father, Otto I, as duke in 1183, Louis enlarged the Bavarian domains and founded the cities of Landshut, Landau, Iser, and Straubing. In the struggle between Otto IV (of

Louis II was the king of Hungary and of Bohemia from 1516, who was the last of the Jagiełło line to rule those countries and the last king to rule all of Hungary before the Turks conquered a large portion of it. The only son of Vladislas II of Hungary and Bohemia, Louis was sickly as a child but

Louis II was a Frankish emperor (850–875) who, as ruler of Italy, was instrumental in checking the Arab invasion of the peninsula. The eldest son of the Frankish emperor Lothar I, who ruled the “middle realm” of what had once been Charlemagne’s empire, Louis took over the administration of Italy on

Louis II was the king of Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom) from 877 until his death. Louis, the son of King Charles II the Bald, was made king of Aquitaine under his father’s tutelage in 867. Charles became emperor in 875 and two years later left Louis as regent while he defended

Louis II was the count of Flanders, Nevers, and Réthel (1346–84), who, by marrying his daughter Margaret to the Burgundian duke Philip the Bold (1369), prepared the way for the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy. The reign of Louis of Mâle was one long struggle with the Flemish communes,

Louis II was the king of the East Franks, who ruled lands from which the German state later evolved. The third son of the Carolingian emperor Louis I the Pious, Louis the German was assigned Bavaria at the partition of the empire in 817. Entrusted with the government of Bavaria in 825, he began his

Louis II was an eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid

Louis II was the duke of Anjou, count of Maine and Provence (1384–1417), king of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem, who attempted, with only temporary success, to enforce the Angevin claims to the Neapolitan throne initiated by his father, Louis I. In 1389 Louis inherited his father’s titles and was

Louis III was the king of part of the East Frankish realm who, by acquiring western Lotharingia (Lorraine) from the West Franks, helped to establish German influence in that area. A son of Louis II the German, king of the East Franks, Louis the Younger invaded Aquitaine on his father’s orders in

Louis III was the duke of Anjou and Touraine, count of Maine and Provence, and titular king of Naples and Sicily (1417–34). Advancing Angevin claims to the throne of Naples, Louis struggled with the Aragonese claimant Alfonso V, sometimes supported, sometimes opposed by the childless Queen Joan II

Louis III was the king of Provence and, from 901 to 905, Frankish emperor whose short-lived tenure marked the failure to restore the Carolingian dynasty to power in Italy. Louis was a son of Boso, king of Provence, and Irmingard, daughter of the Frankish emperor Louis II, the last of the elder male

Louis III was the last king of Bavaria, from 1913 to 1918, when the revolution of November 7–8 brought the rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty to an end. In 1868 he married Maria Theresa, daughter of the archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este. In December 1912, on the death of his father, the regent

Louis III was the king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 879 to 882, whose decisive victory over the Northmen in August 881, at Saucourt, Ponthieu, briefly stemmed the incursions of the Scandinavian invaders into northern France. After the death of their father,

Louis IV was the duke of Upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–47), German king (from 1314), and Holy Roman emperor (1328–47), first of the Wittelsbach line of German emperors. His reign was marked by incessant diplomatic and military struggles to defend the right of the empire to

Louis IV was the East Frankish king, the last of the East Frankish Carolingians. During his reign, the country was ravaged by frequent Magyar raids, and local magnates (the ancestors of the later ducal dynasties) brought Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, and Saxony under their sway. The only son of the

Louis IV was the king of France from 936 to 954 who spent most of his reign struggling against his powerful vassal Hugh the Great. When Louis’s father, Charles III the Simple, was imprisoned in 923, his mother, Eadgifu, daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Elder, took Louis to England. He

Louis IX ; canonized August 11, 1297, feast day August 25) was the king of France from 1226 to 1270, the most popular of the Capetian monarchs. He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land in 1248–50 and died on another Crusade to Tunisia. Louis was the fourth child of King Louis VIII and his queen,

Louis III was the king of Provence and, from 901 to 905, Frankish emperor whose short-lived tenure marked the failure to restore the Carolingian dynasty to power in Italy. Louis was a son of Boso, king of Provence, and Irmingard, daughter of the Frankish emperor Louis II, the last of the elder male

Louis II was the king of Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom) from 877 until his death. Louis, the son of King Charles II the Bald, was made king of Aquitaine under his father’s tutelage in 867. Charles became emperor in 875 and two years later left Louis as regent while he defended

Louis XV was the king of France from 1715 to 1774, whose ineffectual rule contributed to the decline of royal authority that led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Louis was the great-grandson of King Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715) and the son of Louis, duc de Bourgogne, and

Louis II, 3e duc de Bourbon was the duke of Bourbon (from 1356), count of Clermont and of Forez. He was an ally of Bertrand du Guesclin, the Breton-French hero, and a staunch supporter of John II of France; when John was taken prisoner by the English at Poitiers, Bourbon became one of the hostages

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis V was the king of France and the last Carolingian monarch. Crowned on June 8, 979, while his father, Lothar, was still alive, he shortly afterward married Adelaide, widow of Étienne, count of Gévaudan of Aquitaine, and was established as king in Aquitaine. His failed effort to retake

Louis XIV was the king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended

Louis XIV was the king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended

Louis VI was the king of France from 1108 to 1137; he brought power and dignity to the French crown by his recovery of royal authority over the independent nobles in his domains of the Île-de-France and the Orléanais. Louis was designated by his father, Philip I, as his successor in 1098 and was

Louis X was the Capetian king of France from 1314 and king of Navarre from 1305 to 1314, who endured baronial unrest that was already serious in the time of his father, Philip IV the Fair. The eldest son of Philip and Joan of Navarre, he took the title of king of Navarre on his mother’s death

Louis VII was a Capetian king of France who pursued a long rivalry, marked by recurrent warfare and continuous intrigue, with Henry II of England. In 1131 Louis was anointed as successor to his father, Louis VI, and in 1137 he became the sole ruler at his father’s death. Louis married Eleanor,

Louis XIII was the king of France from 1610 to 1643, who cooperated closely with his chief minister, the Cardinal de Richelieu, to make France a leading European power. The eldest son of King Henry IV and Marie de Médicis, Louis succeeded to the throne upon the assassination of his father in May

Louis VIII was the Capetian king of France from 1223 who spent most of his short reign establishing royal power in Poitou and Languedoc. On May 23, 1200, Louis married Blanche of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, who effectively acted as regent after Louis’s death. In 1212 Louis seized

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st marquess of Milford Haven was a British admiral of the fleet and first sea lord, who was responsible, with Winston Churchill, for the total mobilization of the fleet prior to World War I. The eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse, he was naturalized as a British

Louis II was the count of Flanders, Nevers, and Réthel (1346–84), who, by marrying his daughter Margaret to the Burgundian duke Philip the Bold (1369), prepared the way for the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy. The reign of Louis of Mâle was one long struggle with the Flemish communes,

Louis of Nassau was a nobleman who provided key military and political leadership in the early phases (1566–74) of the Netherlands’ revolt against Spanish rule and who served as a valued ally of his older brother William, Prince of Orange (William I the Silent). A Lutheran from birth, Louis lived

Louis I was the count of Flanders and of Nevers (from 1322) and of Réthel (from 1325), who sided with the French against the English in the opening years of the Hundred Years’ War. Grandson and heir of Robert of Bethune, count of Flanders, Louis was brought up at the French court and married

Louis was the count of Provence (1347–62), as well as prince of Taranto and Achaia, who by his marriage to Queen Joan I of Naples (1343–82) became king of Naples after a struggle with King Louis I of Hungary. Louis, who is believed to have played a major role in the murder of Andrew of Hungary,

Catherine, princess of Wales: Relationship with Prince William: marriage and children: …birth to a second son, Prince Louis Arthur Charles of Cambridge, on April 23, 2018.

Many people know Louis Pasteur for the process that bears his name—pasteurization. However, Pasteur made several other very important contributions to science that you should know about. Companion, Louis Pasteur, pasteurization, spontaneous generation, molecular asymmetry, chirality, vaccines,

Manuel II: …Charles and his elder son, Louis Philip, were assassinated by anarchists in the streets of Lisbon, and Manuel unexpectedly found himself king at the age of 18. Franco resigned, and Manuel asked Admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral to head a government composed of equal numbers of the two main…

Louis XVI style, visual arts produced in France during the reign (1774–93) of Louis XVI, which was actually both a last phase of Rococo and a first phase of Neoclassicism. The predominant style in architecture, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts was Neoclassicism, a style that had come

Louis IV was the duke of Upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–47), German king (from 1314), and Holy Roman emperor (1328–47), first of the Wittelsbach line of German emperors. His reign was marked by incessant diplomatic and military struggles to defend the right of the empire to

Thuringia: History of Thuringia: …1024, the Ludowing family, through Louis the Bearded, controlled Thuringia. The grandson of Louis was made landgrave of Thuringia by King Lothar II in 1130.

Louis III was the king of Provence and, from 901 to 905, Frankish emperor whose short-lived tenure marked the failure to restore the Carolingian dynasty to power in Italy. Louis was a son of Boso, king of Provence, and Irmingard, daughter of the Frankish emperor Louis II, the last of the elder male

Louis IV was the East Frankish king, the last of the East Frankish Carolingians. During his reign, the country was ravaged by frequent Magyar raids, and local magnates (the ancestors of the later ducal dynasties) brought Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, and Saxony under their sway. The only son of the

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis VI was the king of France from 1108 to 1137; he brought power and dignity to the French crown by his recovery of royal authority over the independent nobles in his domains of the Île-de-France and the Orléanais. Louis was designated by his father, Philip I, as his successor in 1098 and was

Louis II was the king of the East Franks, who ruled lands from which the German state later evolved. The third son of the Carolingian emperor Louis I the Pious, Louis the German was assigned Bavaria at the partition of the empire in 817. Entrusted with the government of Bavaria in 825, he began his

Louis II, 3e duc de Bourbon was the duke of Bourbon (from 1356), count of Clermont and of Forez. He was an ally of Bertrand du Guesclin, the Breton-French hero, and a staunch supporter of John II of France; when John was taken prisoner by the English at Poitiers, Bourbon became one of the hostages

Louis XIV was the king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended

Louis XIV was the king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended

Louis I was the king of Hungary from 1342 and of Poland from 1370, who, during much of his long reign, was involved in wars with Venice and Naples. Louis was crowned king of Hungary in succession to his father, Charles I, on July 21, 1342. In 1346 he was defeated by the Venetians at Zara (now

Louis XIII was the king of France from 1610 to 1643, who cooperated closely with his chief minister, the Cardinal de Richelieu, to make France a leading European power. The eldest son of King Henry IV and Marie de Médicis, Louis succeeded to the throne upon the assassination of his father in May

Louis VIII was the Capetian king of France from 1223 who spent most of his short reign establishing royal power in Poitou and Languedoc. On May 23, 1200, Louis married Blanche of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, who effectively acted as regent after Louis’s death. In 1212 Louis seized

Louis VIII was the Capetian king of France from 1223 who spent most of his short reign establishing royal power in Poitou and Languedoc. On May 23, 1200, Louis married Blanche of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, who effectively acted as regent after Louis’s death. In 1212 Louis seized

Louis I was a Carolingian ruler of the Franks who succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as emperor in 814 and whose 26-year reign (the longest of any medieval emperor until Henry IV [1056–1106]) was a central and controversial stage in the Carolingian experiment to fashion a new European society.

Louis II was the king of Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom) from 877 until his death. Louis, the son of King Charles II the Bald, was made king of Aquitaine under his father’s tutelage in 867. Charles became emperor in 875 and two years later left Louis as regent while he defended

Louis X was the Capetian king of France from 1314 and king of Navarre from 1305 to 1314, who endured baronial unrest that was already serious in the time of his father, Philip IV the Fair. The eldest son of Philip and Joan of Navarre, he took the title of king of Navarre on his mother’s death

Louis XV was the king of France from 1715 to 1774, whose ineffectual rule contributed to the decline of royal authority that led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Louis was the great-grandson of King Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715) and the son of Louis, duc de Bourgogne, and

Louis III was the king of part of the East Frankish realm who, by acquiring western Lotharingia (Lorraine) from the West Franks, helped to establish German influence in that area. A son of Louis II the German, king of the East Franks, Louis the Younger invaded Aquitaine on his father’s orders in

Louis VII was a Capetian king of France who pursued a long rivalry, marked by recurrent warfare and continuous intrigue, with Henry II of England. In 1131 Louis was anointed as successor to his father, Louis VI, and in 1137 he became the sole ruler at his father’s death. Louis married Eleanor,

Louis V was the king of France and the last Carolingian monarch. Crowned on June 8, 979, while his father, Lothar, was still alive, he shortly afterward married Adelaide, widow of Étienne, count of Gévaudan of Aquitaine, and was established as king in Aquitaine. His failed effort to retake

Louis VI was the king of France from 1108 to 1137; he brought power and dignity to the French crown by his recovery of royal authority over the independent nobles in his domains of the Île-de-France and the Orléanais. Louis was designated by his father, Philip I, as his successor in 1098 and was

Louis VII was a Capetian king of France who pursued a long rivalry, marked by recurrent warfare and continuous intrigue, with Henry II of England. In 1131 Louis was anointed as successor to his father, Louis VI, and in 1137 he became the sole ruler at his father’s death. Louis married Eleanor,

Louis VIII was the Capetian king of France from 1223 who spent most of his short reign establishing royal power in Poitou and Languedoc. On May 23, 1200, Louis married Blanche of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, who effectively acted as regent after Louis’s death. In 1212 Louis seized

Virgil Abloh: Louis Vuitton and later work: …was named artistic director of Louis Vuitton (LV) menswear, becoming the first person of color to hold the position. He debuted his first collection that summer during Paris Fashion Week. It featured Wizard of Oz themes and reimagined Louis Vuitton signature bags in translucent plastic or matte leather with ceramic…

LVMH, multinational conglomerate headquartered in Paris that is the largest luxury goods group in the world. LVMH owns 75 luxury brands, including Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior, and Tiffany & Co. It is the only group whose subsidiaries span all five sectors of the luxury goods market: wines and

Baden: Louis William I, margrave of Baden-Baden from 1677 to 1707, was a distinguished commander in the imperial army in wars against the Turks and against the French; he built the palace of Rastatt. Charles III William, margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1709 to 1738, founded Karlsruhe…

Louis X was the Capetian king of France from 1314 and king of Navarre from 1305 to 1314, who endured baronial unrest that was already serious in the time of his father, Philip IV the Fair. The eldest son of Philip and Joan of Navarre, he took the title of king of Navarre on his mother’s death

Louis XI was the king of France (1461–83) of the House of Valois who continued the work of his father, Charles VII, in strengthening and unifying France after the Hundred Years’ War. He reimposed suzerainty over Boulonnais, Picardy, and Burgundy, took possession of France-Comté and Artois (1482),

Louis XII was the king of France from 1498, noted for his disastrous Italian wars and for his domestic popularity. Son of Charles, duc d’Orléans, and Marie de Clèves, Louis succeeded his father as duke in 1465. In 1476 he was forced to marry Jeanne of France, daughter of his second cousin King

Louis XIII was the king of France from 1610 to 1643, who cooperated closely with his chief minister, the Cardinal de Richelieu, to make France a leading European power. The eldest son of King Henry IV and Marie de Médicis, Louis succeeded to the throne upon the assassination of his father in May

Louis XIII style, visual arts produced in France during the reign of Louis XIII (1601–43). Louis was but a child when he ascended the throne in 1610, and his mother, Marie de Médicis, assumed the powers of regent. Having close ties with Italy, Marie introduced much of the art of that country into

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Trip to France: …is his great bust of Louis XIV, a linear, vertical, and stable portrait, in which the Sun King gazes out with godlike authority. The image set a standard for royal portraits that lasted 100 years.

Louis XIV was the king of France (1643–1715) who ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of its most brilliant periods and who remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age. Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended

Louis XIV style, visual arts produced in France during the reign of Louis XIV (1638–1715). The man most influential in French painting of the period was Nicolas Poussin. Although Poussin himself lived in Italy for most of his adult life, his Parisian friends commissioned works through which his

Louis XV was the king of France from 1715 to 1774, whose ineffectual rule contributed to the decline of royal authority that led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Louis was the great-grandson of King Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715) and the son of Louis, duc de Bourgogne, and

Louis XV style, in the decorative arts, a Rococo style characterized by the superior craftsmanship of 18th-century cabinetmaking in France. The proponents of this style produced exquisite Rococo decor for the enormous number of homes owned by royalty and nobility during the reign of Louis XV.

Place de la Concorde, public square in central Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine between the Tuileries Gardens and the western terminus of the Champs-Élysées. It was intended to glorify King Louis XV, though during the French Revolution various royals, including Louis XVI, were

Pont de la Concorde, stone-arch bridge crossing the Seine River in Paris at the Place de la Concorde. The masterpiece of Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, the bridge was conceived in 1772 but not begun until 1787, because conservative officials found the design too daring. Perronet personally supervised

Louis XVI was the last king of France (1774–92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. The monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792; later Louis and his queen consort, Marie-Antoinette, were guillotined on charges of counterrevolution. Louis was the third son

Louis XVI style, visual arts produced in France during the reign (1774–93) of Louis XVI, which was actually both a last phase of Rococo and a first phase of Neoclassicism. The predominant style in architecture, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts was Neoclassicism, a style that had come

Place de la Concorde, public square in central Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine between the Tuileries Gardens and the western terminus of the Champs-Élysées. It was intended to glorify King Louis XV, though during the French Revolution various royals, including Louis XVI, were

Louis XVIII was the king of France by title from 1795 and in fact from 1814 to 1824, except for the interruption of the Hundred Days, during which Napoleon attempted to recapture his empire. Louis was the fourth son of the dauphin Louis, the son of Louis XV, and received the title comte de

guillotine: …inventor, French surgeon and physiologist Antoine Louis, but later it became known as la guillotine. Later the French underworld dubbed it “the widow.”

Thomas Merton was a Roman Catholic monk, poet, and prolific writer on spiritual and social themes. The author of the best-selling spiritual autobiography The Seven-Storey Mountain (1948), Merton is considered one of the most important American Roman Catholic writers of the 20th century. Merton was

Thomas Merton was a Roman Catholic monk, poet, and prolific writer on spiritual and social themes. The author of the best-selling spiritual autobiography The Seven-Storey Mountain (1948), Merton is considered one of the most important American Roman Catholic writers of the 20th century. Merton was

Bob Mackie: Career: Marilyn, Carol, Cher, Elton, Tina, and more: …a stint working under designer Jean Louis on the Marilyn Monroe movie Something’s Got to Give, a production that folded after Monroe’s 1962 death. During this period Mackie sketched the dress worn by Monroe when she famously sang “Happy Birthday, Mr. President” to John F. Kennedy during a 1962 celebration…

Joe Louis was an American boxer who was world heavyweight champion from June 22, 1937, when he knocked out James J. Braddock in eight rounds in Chicago, until March 1, 1949, when he briefly retired. During his reign, the longest in the history of any weight division, he successfully defended his

Morris Louis was an American painter associated with the New York school of Abstract Expressionism who is notable for his distinctly personal use of colour, often in brilliant bands or stripes. Louis studied painting at the Maryland Institute, Baltimore (1929–33), and from 1937 to 1940 he worked as