Netherlands, country located in northwestern Europe, also known as Holland. “Netherlands” means low-lying country; the name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces

Konishi Yukinaga was a Christian general who spearheaded the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. The son of a prosperous Sakai merchant, who was also an important official in the feudal administration of the noted warrior Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Konishi followed his father into Hideyoshi’s service; he

Albanian literature: Konitza, a foremost polemicist, is the pioneer figure in Albanian literary criticism. As the publisher of the review Albania (1897–1909), he exerted great influence on aspiring writers and the development of Albanian culture. Noli is esteemed as a poet, critic, and historian and is known…

Lee Konitz was an American jazz musician, a leading figure in cool jazz and one of the most distinctive alto saxophonists. Konitz attended Roosevelt University in Chicago and played alto saxophone in the Claude Thornhill band (1947–48), before settling in New York City. Influenced by pianist Lennie

Albanian literature: Konitza, a foremost polemicist, is the pioneer figure in Albanian literary criticism. As the publisher of the review Albania (1897–1909), he exerted great influence on aspiring writers and the development of Albanian culture. Noli is esteemed as a poet, critic, and historian and is known…

Japanese literature: Prose: Konjaku monogatari (early 12th century; “Tales of Now and Then”; partially translated into English as Ages Ago and as Tales of Times Now Past), a massive collection of religious stories and folktales drawn not only from the Japanese countryside but also from Indian and Chinese…

Ozaki Kōyō: …the novel Konjiki yasha (1897–1902; The Golden Demon), which portrayed the social cost of modernization when the power of money wins out over human affection and social responsibility. Kōyō’s guidance was eagerly sought by young writers. Two of his best-known disciples were the romantic-short-story writer Izumi Kyōka and the naturalistic…

Konkō-kyō: …was appointed by the deity Konkō (Bright Metal; new name for the formerly malevolent deity Konjin) to act as a mediator (toritsugi) between god and mankind. The mediator takes on the pain and sufferings of his followers and transmits them to god. Succession to the mediatorship is reserved for descendants…

Ruwenzori Range: The Amba and Konjo peoples of the lower eastern slopes are mainly cultivators of beans, sweet potatoes, and bananas.

Konkan, coastal plain of western India, lying between the Arabian Sea (west) and the Western Ghats (east). The plain stretches approximately 330 miles (530 km) from the Daman Ganga River north of Mumbai (Bombay) to the Terekhol River between Maharashtra and Goa states and Daman and Diu union

Citpāvan, caste of Brahmans in Konkan (the area of Goa) and Mahārāshtra state in western India. They rose to considerable eminence in Mahārāshtra as administrators during the rule of the peshwas of Poona (1713–1818), who belonged to that caste. The predominance among them of fair complexions and

Konkani language, Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European language family. Konkani is spoken by some 2.5 million people, mainly on the central west coast of India, where it is the official language of Goa state. It is also associated particularly with the city of Mangalore (Mangaluru) in

Konkō-kyō: …was appointed by the deity Konkō (Bright Metal; new name for the formerly malevolent deity Konjin) to act as a mediator (toritsugi) between god and mankind. The mediator takes on the pain and sufferings of his followers and transmits them to god. Succession to the mediatorship is reserved for descendants…

Konkō-kyō, Japanese religious movement founded in the 19th century, a prototype of the “new religions” that proliferated in post-World War II Japan. The movement was founded in 1859 by Kawate Bunjirō, a farmer who lived in present-day Okayama Prefecture. He believed that he was appointed by the

Dagomba: …ethnic groups, among them the Konkomba and Chakosi.

Konkouré River, river, rising in the Fouta Djallon plateau of west central Guinea, West Africa, and flowing in a westerly direction to the Atlantic just north of Sangareya Bay. The river’s 188-mi (303-km) course is much broken by rapids and waterfalls (with drops ranging from 80 to 1,350 ft [24 to

Sri Lanka: Kandy and its struggle with European powers: …died under suspicious circumstances, and Konnappu Bandara enthroned himself, proclaiming independence from the Portuguese and taking the regnal name of Vimala Dharma Surya. The demise of Sitawake after Rajasinha’s death left Kandy the only independent Sinhalese kingdom.

Lena Dunham: Later projects: …Dunham and her longtime collaborator Jenni Konner launched Lenny Letter, a twice-weekly e-mail newsletter about culture and politics; it closed down in 2018. Dunham also established (2016) Lenny, an imprint of the publishing company Random House that featured fiction and nonfiction writing selected by Dunham and Konner. The two later…

African art: Bambara (Bamana): Masks of the Kono, which enforces civic morality, are also elongated and encrusted with sacrificial material. The Kore, which challenges immoral authority and hypocritical morality through sexually explicit gestures and buffoonery, once employed masks representing the hyena, lion, monkey, antelope, and horse but now is represented primarily through…

Sierra Leone: Ethnic groups: …Loko in the north; the Kono and Kisi in the east; and the Sherbro in the southwest. Minor groups include the coastal Bullom, Vai, and Krim and the Fulani and Malinke, who are immigrants from Guinea concentrated in the north and east. The Creoles—descendants of liberated blacks who colonized the…

Tommy Kono was an American weightlifter who won Olympic and world championship medals in three different weight divisions. Kono and his parents were among the Japanese Americans interned at Tule Lake, California, during World War II. Kono had asthma as a child, but his health improved in the dry

Tommy Kono was an American weightlifter who won Olympic and world championship medals in three different weight divisions. Kono and his parents were among the Japanese Americans interned at Tule Lake, California, during World War II. Kono had asthma as a child, but his health improved in the dry

Yamagata Aritomo: Early career: …Force was later renamed the Imperial Guard (Konoe), and Yamagata became its commander.

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

bridge: Ōsaka Harbor: The Konohana suspension bridge carries a four-lane highway on a slender, steel box-beam deck only 3 meters (10 feet) deep. The bridge is self-anchored—that is, the deck has been put into horizontal compression, like that on a cable-stayed bridge, so that there is no force of…

Japanese mythology: …god of the mountain, named Konohana-sakuya Hime (Princess Blossoms of the Trees).

nuclear weapon: Origins of the Super: One participant, Emil Konopinski, suggested that the use of tritium be investigated as a thermonuclear fuel, an insight that would later be important to most designs. (Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus—i.e., three times the normal weight—does not exist…

Maria Konopnicka was an author of short stories and one of the representative Positivist poets in Polish literature. (The Positivists espoused a system of philosophy emphasizing in particular the achievements of science.) Konopnicka, a lawyer’s daughter, rebelled against her landowner husband, who

Konotop, city, northern Ukraine. It was founded in the 1630s as a Polish defense outpost near the border with Russia. Ukrainian Cossacks controlled it from 1654 to 1781, after which it came under direct Russian administration. Rapid growth began in the early 20th century when the railway reached

Konotop, city, northern Ukraine. It was founded in the 1630s as a Polish defense outpost near the border with Russia. Ukrainian Cossacks controlled it from 1654 to 1781, after which it came under direct Russian administration. Rapid growth began in the early 20th century when the railway reached

Ukraine: Western Ukraine under Polish rule: …the independence struggle, headed by Yevhen Konovalets. In 1929 this was transformed into a broader underground movement, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Authoritarian in structure, conspiratorial in its methods, and influenced by political theories that stressed the primacy of the nation over the individual and will over reason, the…

Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov was a liberal Russian factory owner and political figure. He played a supporting role in the provisional government that was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of November (October, old style) 1917, which was engineered by Lenin and the Bolshevik party. (Read

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …India and eastern Pakistan; the Mabja Zangbo River flows into the Ghaghara (Nepali: Kauriala) River to eventually join the Ganges (Ganga) River; and the Maquan River (Tibetan: Damqog Kanbab, “Horse Spring”) flows east and, after joining the Lhasa River south of Lhasa, forms the Brahmaputra.

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Conrad was the duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine) from 944 to 953 and ancestor of the Salian dynasty of German kings. Conrad belonged to a family of Franconian counts with rich lands in the country around Speyer and Worms. After helping King (later Emperor) Otto I suppress a rebellion of his vassals

Teutonic Order: Eastern Europe and Prussia.: …was opening: a Polish duke, Conrad of Mazovia, with lands on the lower reaches of the Vistula River, needed help against the pagan Prussians.

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Konrad von Marburg was the first papal inquisitor in Germany, whose excessive cruelty led to his own death. In 1214 he was commissioned by Pope Innocent III to press his crusade against the Albigenses, a heretical Christian sect flourishing in western Europe. The results of Konrad’s efforts were a

Western painting: International Gothic: Other artists, such as Konrad von Soest, who executed the Niederwildungen Altar about 1403, seem to have reflected developments elsewhere without pioneering anything strikingly new. It was not until the 1420s that the Low Countries became the center of intense pictorial development.

Konrad von Würzburg was a Middle High German poet who, during the decline of chivalry, sought to preserve the ideals of courtly life. (Read Sir Walter Scott’s 1824 Britannica essay on chivalry.) Of humble origin, he served a succession of patrons as a professional poet and eventually settled in

Adam Mickiewicz: Konrad Wallenrod (1828; Konrad Wallenrod and Grazyna) is a poem describing the wars of the Teutonic Order with the Lithuanians but actually representing the age-old feud between Poland and Russia.

Adam Mickiewicz: Konrad Wallenrod (1828; Konrad Wallenrod and Grazyna) is a poem describing the wars of the Teutonic Order with the Lithuanians but actually representing the age-old feud between Poland and Russia.

Hungarian literature: Writing after 1945: …and early 21st centuries were György Konrád and Péter Esterházy. Konrád’s novels A látogató (1969; The Case Worker), A városalapító (1977; The City Builder), and the unofficially published A cinkos (1982; The Loser) achieved great impact with their dense, poetically structured style and analytical probing into the world of the…

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Germany: Rise of the duchies: In Franconia the Konradings rose to prominence over this largely Frankish region with the assistance of Arnulf but became largely independent during the minority of his son. Similarly, the Luitpoldings, originally named as Carolingian commanders, became dukes of Bavaria. Thuringia fell increasingly under the protection and lordship of…

Denmark: Political process: …nonsocialist parties headed by the Conservative People’s Party (Konservative Folkeparti) and the Liberal Party (Venstre) ruled until 1993, when the Social Democrats regained power. A center-right Liberal-Conservative coalition held power from 2001 to 2011, when a center-left coalition led by the Social Democrats took the reins of government. Other prominent…

Konso, ethnolinguistic group located in the arid highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. Their sharply delimited traditional territory is surrounded by lands of Oromo peoples, to whom the Konso are culturally and linguistically related. They are a Cushitic people. Unlike most Ethiopian peoples, the

Bayonne, city, Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on a 3-mile (5-km) peninsula between Newark and Upper New York bays, adjacent to Jersey City, New Jersey, and within the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Bayonne is connected with Staten Island, New York City (south), by a

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich was the son of the Russian emperor Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), younger brother of Alexander I (reigned 1801–25), and elder brother of Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55); he was the virtual ruler of the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–30). Educated by a Swiss tutor under

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich was the son of the Russian emperor Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), younger brother of Alexander I (reigned 1801–25), and elder brother of Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55); he was the virtual ruler of the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–30). Educated by a Swiss tutor under

Ural Mountains: Physiography: …240 miles (400 km) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the northeast to the Khulga River in the southeast; most mountains rise to 3,300–3,600 feet (1,000–1,100 metres) above sea level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer, reaches 4,829 feet (1,472 metres). The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than…

Bulgarian literature: In a lighter vein, Aleko Konstantinov created in Bay Ganyu (1895; subtitled “Incredible Tales of a Contemporary Bulgarian [on his European Travels and at Home]”) a tragi-comic prototype of the Bulgarian peasant turned parvenu and demagogue. In his travelogue Do Chicago i nazad (1894; “To Chicago and Back”), he…

Kostiantynivka, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Kryvyy Torets River. Before the October Revolution (1917) a small settlement with an ironworks, Kostiantynivka developed in the Soviet era into a major industrial centre. In addition to an integrated ironworks and steelworks, it gained a zinc smelter

Konstanz, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is situated where the Rhine River flows out of Lake Constance (Bodensee), adjacent to Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, and within a small enclave of German territory on the south side of the lake. The site of a Roman fort, it was

Lake Constance, lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m)

Lake Constance, lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m)

Lake Constance, lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m)

Constance was the queen of Sicily (1194–98) and Holy Roman empress-consort (1191–97). Her marriage to a Hohenstaufen gave that German dynasty a claim to the throne of Sicily and her political skill preserved the throne for her son. The daughter of King Roger II of Sicily, Constance married the

Kadet, a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s. It was founded in October 1905 by the Union of Liberation and other liberals associated with the zemstvos, local councils that often were centres of liberal

Constructivism, Russian artistic and architectural movement that was first influenced by Cubism and Futurism and is generally considered to have been initiated in 1913 with the “painting reliefs”—abstract geometric constructions—of Vladimir Tatlin. The expatriate Russian sculptors Antoine Pevsner

Kontagora, town and traditional emirate, northwestern Niger state, western Nigeria, on the south bank of the Kontagora River. Umaru Nagwamatse, an adventurer of the ruling Fulani house of Sokoto (186 miles [299 km] north), was named sarkin sudan (“king of the blacks”) in 1859 by Ahmadu Zaruku,

kontakion, first important Byzantine poetic form, significant in early Byzantine liturgical music. The kontakion was apparently in use by the early 6th century, although the term occurs only in the 9th century, also designating a scroll and a stick around which were wound long rolls containing

Karlheinz Stockhausen: Kontakte (1958–60) is an encounter between electronic sounds and instrumental music, with an emphasis on their similarities of timbre. In Mikrophonie I (1964), performers produce an enormous variety of sounds on a large gong with the aid of highly amplified microphones and electronic filters.

Victor Moritz Goldschmidt: Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet (1911; “Contact Metamorphism in the Kristiania Region”), now a classic, embodies Goldschmidt’s extensive studies of thermal metamorphism (alteration in rocks because of heat) and made fundamental advances in correlating the mineralogical and chemical composition of metamorphic rocks. A further work, Die Injektionsmetamorphose…

African music: Lutes: …plucked lutes such as the konting, khalam, and the nkoni (which was noted by Ibn Baṭṭūṭah in 1353) may have originated in ancient Egypt. The khalam is claimed to be the ancestor of the banjo. Another long-necked lute is the ramkie of South Africa.

Shintō: Shintō reaction against Buddhism: Konton (chaos), or Kizen (non-being), was the basic kami of the universe for Watarai Shintō and was regarded as the basis of all beings, including the buddhas and bodhisattvas. Purification, which had been practiced since the time of ancient Shintō, was given much deeper spiritual…

double bass, stringed musical instrument, the lowest-pitched member of the orchestra, sounding an octave lower than the cello. It has two basic designs—one shaped like a viol (or viola da gamba) and the other like a violin—but there are other designs, such as that of a guitar. The double bass

double bass, stringed musical instrument, the lowest-pitched member of the orchestra, sounding an octave lower than the cello. It has two basic designs—one shaped like a viol (or viola da gamba) and the other like a violin—but there are other designs, such as that of a guitar. The double bass

Maxim Kontsevich is a Russian mathematician who won the Fields Medal in 1998 for his work in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. Kontsevich studied mathematics at Moscow State University from 1980 to 1985 before receiving his doctorate (1992) from the University of Bonn. He held positions in

Kon Tum, city in the central highlands, south-central Vietnam. In 1851 Roman Catholic missionaries established a settlement near Kon Tum, at a site 140 miles (225 km) south-southeast of Hue. Lying at an elevation of 1,720 feet (524 metres), the city is a traditional trading entrepôt for hides,

Asia: Chronological summary: The Kontum block is poorly known. It contains Precambrian metamorphic rocks with minimum ages of about 2.3 billion years, although the oldest well-dated widespread thermal event falls into the middle Cambrian Period (about 500 million years ago) and indicates the time of its final consolidation. The…

Vietnam: Relief: …the vicinity of Pleiku, the Kontum Plateau is about 2,500 feet (760 meters) above sea level; and in the Da Lat area, the Di Linh Plateau is about 4,900 feet (1,500 meters).

Codex Regius, medieval Old Norse (Icelandic) manuscript that contains the 29 poems commonly designated by scholars as the Poetic Edda, or Elder Edda (see Edda). It is the oldest such collection, the best-known of all Icelandic books, and an Icelandic national treasure. The vellum manuscript dates

Konversationslexikon, (German: “Conversation Lexicon”), German encyclopaedia begun in 1796 by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and C.W. Franke. The Konversationslexikon was the forerunner of the Brockhaus encyclopaedias. Originally conceived as an encyclopaedia for women, it was to have been entitled

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Finance, trade, and services: The national currency, the convertible marka (konvertibilna marka; KM), is pegged to the euro. After the war, fiscal consolidation was strong, and most banks are now privately owned. Foreign direct investment was substantial in the early 21st century, but foreign investors faced serious obstacles, including a complex legal and…

Tadeusz Konwicki was a Polish writer, screenwriter, and film director known for his bitter novels about the devastations of war and ideology. A teenager during World War II, Konwicki joined the Polish resistance movement, fighting first the occupying Nazi army and then the Soviets. When his native

Joseph Kony: …that included a 30-minute video, Kony 2012, which described the atrocities committed by Kony and the LRA and implored viewers to pressure those whom they deemed “culture makers” and “policy makers” to spread the word about the LRA leader and make sure that efforts to apprehend Kony continued to be…

Joseph Kony is a Ugandan rebel who led the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a militia that terrorized northern Uganda and neighbouring countries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Kony was reared in the village of Odek in northern Uganda. An ethnic Acholi, he served as an altar boy during his

Konya, city, central Turkey. The city lies at an elevation of about 3,370 feet (1,027 metres) on the southwest edge of the central Anatolian Plateau and is surrounded by a narrow fertile plain. It is backed by Bozkır Mountain on the west and enclosed by the interior edges of the central ranges of

Konya carpet, floor covering handwoven in or near the city of Konya in south-central Turkey. A group of early carpet fragments has been found in the ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Mosque of Konya and attributed to the 13th century and the ruling Seljuks. More recently rugs from the region have used design motifs

Battle of Konya, conflict fought on December 21, 1832, between the Muslim armies of Egypt and Turkey in the First Egyptian-Ottoman War. It was an important moment both in the rise of Egypt, which, under Viceroy Muhammad Ali, was modernizing its armed forces and its economy, and in the inexorable

Murad I: …but it was defeated at Konya (1386).

Nagaland: Population composition: The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the Aos, Tangkhuls, Semas, and Angamis. Other tribes include the Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres, Zeliangs, Chakhesangs (Chokri), and Rengmas.

Hirado: …historical monuments such as the Konyo Temple and a Roman Catholic church. Part of Hirado Island’s 63 square miles (164 square km) is included in Saikai National Park. Pop. (2010) 34,905; (2015) 31,920.

Kansa, North American Indians of Siouan linguistic stock who lived along the Kansas and Saline rivers in what is now central Kansas. It is thought that the Kansa had migrated to this location from an earlier prehistoric territory on the Atlantic coast. They are related to the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw,

Konzertstück, musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra, usually in one movement, less frequently in several movements played without pause. The genre arose in the early Romantic era (c. 1800) as an offshoot of the concerto. Frequently written in free musical form, it typically includes

Konzertstück, Op. 86, concerto in three movements by German composer Robert Schumann, noted for its expressive, lyrical quality and harmonic innovation. It was written in 1849 and premiered on February 25, 1850, in Leipzig, Saxony (now in Germany). The work is a rare showpiece for the horn,

concerto: Romantic innovations: …von Weber identified with his Konzertstück (Concert Piece) for piano and orchestra (1821). Its four interconnected movements are said to describe a medieval lady’s longing for her absent knight, her agonized fears for his safety, the excitement of his impending return, and the joys of reunion and love.

Koobi Fora, a region of paleoanthropological sites in northern Kenya near Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf). The Koobi Fora geologic formation consists of lake and river sediments from the eastern shore of Lake Turkana. Well-preserved hominin fossils, dating from between 2.1 and 1.3 million years ago

Koobi Fora: Well-preserved hominin fossils, dating from between 2.1 and 1.3 million years ago (mya), include at least one species of robust australopith (Paranthropus boisei) and three species of Homo (Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, and African

Abraham Isaac Kook was a Jewish mystic, fervent Zionist, and the first chief rabbi of Palestine under the League of Nations mandate to Great Britain to administer Palestine. After serving as rabbi in a number of small towns in eastern Europe, in 1904 Kook became rabbi of the seaport city of Jaffa

kookaburra, (species Dacelo novaeguineae), eastern Australian bird of the kingfisher family (Alcedinidae), whose call sounds like fiendish laughter. This gray-brown, woodland-dwelling bird reaches a length of 43 cm (17 inches), with an 8- to 10-cm (3.2- to 4-inch) beak. In its native habitat it

Okello Oculi: …included Kanta Riti (1973) and Kookolem (1978). Malak: An African Political Poem was published in 1976. Oculi’s nonfiction works included Nigerian Alternatives (1987) and Discourses on African Affairs: Directions and Destinies for the 21st Century (1997).

Debbie Harry: Solo career and Blondie reunion: …in 1981 with the album KooKoo and continued her solo work with Rockbird (1986), Def, Dumb & Blonde (1989), Debravation (1993), and Necessary Evil (2007). The original members of Blondie reunited in the late 1990s, touring Europe in 1998 and releasing a comeback album the next year titled

Alison Cooper: …including the popular cigarette brands Kool, Salem, and Winston, and from Lorillard Inc., notably Maverick cigarettes and blu eCigs, the leading electronic cigarette sold in the United States. (The deal was part of a larger and more-complex transaction that included Reynolds buying Lorillard.) After receiving regulatory clearance, the deal was…

Kool & the Gang, American funk and pop band from Jersey City, New Jersey, that was one of the first successful self-contained African American bands of the 1970s, writing its own songs and its members all playing their own instruments. The group’s first charting single, “Kool and the Gang,” a

Hastings: The popular drink Kool-Aid was invented in Hastings in 1927 by Edwin E. Perkins. From 1942 to 1966 a large naval munitions plant was located in the city.

Buccaneer Archipelago: …most important are Cockatoo and Koolan, where rich iron-ore deposits were discovered about 1880 and were mined during the second half of the 20th century. Named for the numerous white cockatoos found there, Cockatoo Island, 12 square miles (31 square km) in area, rises from coastal cliffs to 470 feet…