Fidesz, centre-right Hungarian political party. Fidesz (the Federation of Young Democrats) was founded in 1988 as an anticommunist party that promoted the development of a market economy and European integration. Initially, membership was restricted to those age 35 and younger, though this

World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), leftist-oriented international labour organization founded in 1945 by the World Trade Union Congress. Its principal organizers were the British Trades Union Congress, the U.S. Congress of Industrial Organizations, and the All-Union Central Congress of Trade

Brazil, country of South America that occupies half the continent’s landmass. It is the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in size only by Russia, Canada, China, and the United States, though its area is greater than that of the 48 conterminous U.S. states. Brazil faces the Atlantic Ocean

Federate, partisan of the Commune of Paris of 1871 (see Paris, Commune of). Many Communards called themselves Federates because they believed in a federal system for

Heinrich Federer was a novelist who imparted new vigour to Christian fiction in Switzerland. Federer started to write when asthma, from which he suffered all his life, put an end to his work as a priest in 1899. He then worked as a journalist in Zürich and after 1907 as an independent writer. He

Roger Federer is a former Swiss tennis player who dominated the sport in the early 21st century with his exceptional all-around game. He won a record eight Wimbledon titles, and in 2018 he became the first player to claim 20 Grand Slam men’s singles titles. Federer, who started playing tennis at

Paris: The Buttes: Père-Lachaise Cemetery—the site of the Federalists’ Wall (Mur des Fédérés), against which the last of the fighters of the Commune of Paris were shot in 1871. The cemetery is both the largest park and the largest cemetery in Paris and is a major tourist attraction, renowned for its tombs of…

Camillo Federici was an Italian dramatist and actor, whose comedies were highly popular in the late 18th century. Federici was educated at Turin and showed at an early age a great fondness for literature and especially for the theatre. The praises bestowed on his early attempts determined his

Bruce Springsteen: Back with the E Street Band: …Street Band organist and accordionist Danny Federici from melanoma. The band’s playing acquired a darker urgency of tone. The later stages of the Magic tour featured arguably the most assertive, inspired playing Springsteen and the group had ever done. Their guiding principle, that the way to play was as if…

Gonzaga Dynasty: …was succeeded by his son Federigo II (d. 1540), captain general of the papal forces. After the Peace of Cambrai (1529) Federigo II’s ally and protector, the emperor Charles V, raised his title to that of duke of Mantua in 1530. It was during Federigo II’s reign that the court…

St. Louis Blues: …wing Brian Sutter and centre Bernie Federko, won 45 games—posting the best record in team history up to that point—and captured a division title, but their playoff struggles continued as they were eliminated in their second postseason series. The Blues finished with a losing record six times over the following…

Britney Spears: Scandal and conservatorship: …tumultuous marriage (2004–07) to dancer Kevin Federline. Her erratic behavior during this time—at one point she shaved her head and was briefly hospitalized—resulted in her being placed under a court-ordered conservatorship (also known as guardianship) in 2008; her father was named as a conservator. Concerns about this legal arrangement later…

Italy: Domestic policies: A land-workers union, the Federation of Agricultural Labourers (Federterra), was formed in 1901, and the various Socialist-led unions formed a confederation of labor in 1906. Some unions depended heavily on public works schemes subsidized by government. Others, such as Federterra, relied on Giolitti’s reform legislation favoring cooperatives and on…

FedEx Corp. is a global leader in transportation, e-commerce, and logistics; the company started by introducing express shipping services to the U.S. in the 1970s. Founded in 1971 as Federal Express Corp. in Little Rock, Arkansas, FedEx is best known as a shipping company. In addition to delivering

FedEx Corp. is a global leader in transportation, e-commerce, and logistics; the company started by introducing express shipping services to the U.S. in the 1970s. Founded in 1971 as Federal Express Corp. in Little Rock, Arkansas, FedEx is best known as a shipping company. In addition to delivering

Hedin Brú: …work, Fedgar á ferd (1940; The Old Man and His Sons). Brú played a central role in cultural life as coeditor of the literary periodical Vardin and as a member of the Faroese Scientific Society and began to acquire an international reputation. He also produced Faroese translations of Hamlet and…

Valerianoideae: Other ornamental species are Fedia cornucopiae, an annual with red flower clusters from the Mediterranean; Plectritis congesta, a rose-pink-flowered annual from northwestern North America; and members of the Eurasian genus Patrinia, perennials with yellow or white flowers. Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora, sometimes N. jatamansi) is a perennial

Konstantin Aleksandrovich Fedin was a Soviet writer noted primarily for his early novels that portray the difficulties of intellectuals in Soviet Russia. During the 1920s, Fedin belonged to a literary group called the Serapion Brothers, the members of which accepted the Revolution but demanded

fediverse, decentralized group of social media platforms in which each independent platform can interact freely with any other platform that is part of the group. Users from one platform can therefore accrue followers and connect with others who are using a different platform. The name fediverse is

Billy Wilder: Last films: …little seen was the German-financed Fedora (1978), in which Holden played a producer who tries to coax a Greta Garbo-like actress (Martha Keller) out of retirement. Matthau and Lemmon were teamed by Wilder one last time in his final film, Buddy Buddy (1981), adapted by Wilder and Diamond from the…

dress: The early 20th century: …novel; the American term was fedora, named for the heroine of a play.)

Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko was a Soviet diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations (1963–68), and Oriental scholar. The son of a carpenter who fought on the side of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, Fedorenko had a Communist upbringing, being a member of the Communist youth organizations

Pavel Andreyevich Fedotov was a Russian painter who is considered the father of Russian domestic genre painting. Russian genre painters of the school of realism of the second half of the 19th century perceived him as their forerunner. Fedotov’s painting career lasted only eight years (1844–52). An

South Africa: Labor and taxation: …Unions and the mainly white Federation of South African Labour.

Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW), multiracial women’s organization that was one of the most important antiapartheid organizations in South Africa. The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was founded in 1954 by two members of South Africa’s communist party, Rachel (Ray) Alexander

fee, in modern common law, an estate of inheritance (land or other realty) over which a person has absolute ownership. The owner may put it virtually to any use—sell it, give it away, rent or lease it, mortgage it, or bequeath it. Originally, in feudal times, a fee was not so absolute. Its meaning

Alice Guy-Blaché: …directed her first moving picture, La Fée aux choux (“The Cabbage Fairy”), in 1896 to demonstrate the entertainment possibilities of the motion-picture camera manufactured by her employer. (Many historians support Guy’s claim that her fairy tale preceded the story films of Georges Méliès, but a few date her film to…

fee, in modern common law, an estate of inheritance (land or other realty) over which a person has absolute ownership. The owner may put it virtually to any use—sell it, give it away, rent or lease it, mortgage it, or bequeath it. Originally, in feudal times, a fee was not so absolute. Its meaning

entail, in feudal English law, an interest in land bound up inalienably in the grantee and then forever to his direct descendants. A basic condition of entail was that if the grantee died without direct descendants the land reverted to the grantor. The concept, feudal in origin, supported a landed

feeblemindedness, deficiency in intelligence. The term is no longer generally used medically or psychologically. The term intellectual disability is

feed, food grown or developed for livestock and poultry. Modern feeds are produced by carefully selecting and blending ingredients to provide highly nutritional diets that both maintain the health of the animals and increase the quality of such end products as meat, milk, or eggs. Ongoing

machine tool: Machine-tool characteristics: …the tool is called the feed motion. Means must be provided for varying both.

David Schwimmer: Other film and TV credits: …starred in the cable drama Feed the Beast (2016), about two friends struggling to open a restaurant in the Bronx. In 2019 he appeared in The Laundromat, Steven Soderbergh’s farce about the Panama Papers scandal. He then starred in Intelligence (2020– ), a British comedy series revolving around the country’s…

Nigeria: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: The Operation Feed the Nation program of 1976–80 sought to increase local food production and thereby reduce imports. Citizens were encouraged to cultivate any empty plot of land, urban dwellers being encouraged to garden undeveloped building plots.

feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Similar usage prevails in mathematics,

electronics: Coupling amplifiers: Judicious use of feedback from later parts of a circuit to earlier ones can be utilized to stabilize such circuits or to perform various other useful functions (see below Oscillation). In negative feedback, the feedback signal is of a sense opposite to the signal present at the point…

automata theory: The finite automata of McCulloch and Pitts: …in what is called “feedback.” Mathematical reasoning about how nerve nets work has been applied to the problem of how feedback in a computing machine can result in an essential ingredient in the calculational process.

communication: Feedback: To correct this flaw, the principle of feedback was added to the model and provided a closer approximation of interpersonal human interaction than was known theretofore. This construct was derived from the studies of Norbert Wiener, the so-called father of the science of cybernetics.…

mass spectrometry: Faraday cup: …surpassed in performance by the feedback electrometer, which uses a metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor instead of a tube to measure extremely small currents.

feedback inhibition, in enzymology, suppression of the activity of an enzyme, participating in a sequence of reactions by which a substance is synthesized, by a product of that sequence. When the product accumulates in a cell beyond an optimal amount, its production is decreased by inhibition of an

automation: Machine programming: …the set point for the feedback loop, which in turn controls some action that the system is to accomplish. In effect, the purpose of the feedback loop is to verify that the programmed step has been carried out. For example, in a robot controller, the program might specify that the…

feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Similar usage prevails in mathematics,

metallurgy: Sand-casting: Sometimes additional spaces, called risers, are added to the casting to provide reservoirs to feed this shrinkage. After solidification is complete, the sand is removed from the casting, and the gate is cut off. If cavities are intended to be left in the casting—for example, to form a hollow…

oceanic crust: …is a layer composed of feeder, or sheeted, dikes that measures more than 1 km (0.6 mile) thick. Dikes are fractures that serve as the plumbing system for transporting magmas (molten rock material) to the seafloor to produce lavas. They are about 1 metre (3 feet) wide, subvertical, and elongate…

Bernie Madoff: …made possible largely through “feeder funds”—management funds that bundled moneys from other investors, poured the pooled investments into Madoff Securities for management, and thereby earned fees in the millions of dollars; individual investors often had no idea that their money was entrusted to Madoff. When Madoff’s operations collapsed in…

livestock farming: Production systems: Feeder-to-market production has the lowest labour and management requirements. The producer in this stage purchases the feeder pigs and raises them to market weights in about 16 weeks. This part of the cycle requires the most feed and produces the most manure; therefore, it fits…

control system: Development of control systems.: …fundamental types of control systems, feedforward and feedback, have classic ancestry. The loom invented by Joseph Jacquard of France in 1801 is an early example of feedforward; a set of punched cards programmed the patterns woven by the loom; no information from the process was used to correct the machine’s…

feeding behaviour, any action of an animal that is directed toward the procurement of nutrients. The variety of means of procuring food reflects the diversity of foods used and the myriad of animal types. The living cell depends on a virtually uninterrupted supply of materials for its metabolism.

chemoreception: Phagostimulation: Although most secondary compounds are deterrent to the vast majority of species, there are some cases in which these compounds act as essential sign stimuli for an animal, indicating that it has the correct food. This is true for many insects that are oligophagous or monophagous on plants that contain…

Larry Sabato: In Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics (1991), Sabato criticized what he described as the media’s increasing focus on unflattering stories from the personal lives of politicians and candidates, corresponding to reduced coverage of serious political issues. In A More Perfect Constitution: 23…

chemoreception: Food additives: Sugars are phagostimulants; however, sugars and especially complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch), from which simple sugars may be derived in the oral cavity, are a source of fats, the primary storage form of carbohydrates. The accumulation of these fats can lead to obesity. As a result, humans have…

feedlot, a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market. A feedlot intensively manages cattle or other animals in a relatively small area and feeds them primarily grains until they are ready for processing for human consumption. (See also intensive animal farming) Feedlots are

quilting: The golden age of American quilts: … of the 1930s popularized the feedsack quilt. Cloth sacks in which animal feed and flour and other staples were packaged were produced in a wide variety of cheerful prints. During this period quilters shared patterns from weekly newspaper columns like those from the Kansas City Star, which featured more than…

P.T. Barnum: …in the museum was the Feejee Mermaid, which had a seemingly human head topping the finned body of a fish and was, of course, found later to be a fake. Among the genuine curiosities were Chang and Eng, Siamese twins connected by a ligament below their breastbones. It was, however,…

Zadie Smith: Other works and honors: collections Changing My Mind (2009), Feel Free (2018), and Intimations (2020). Grand Union, a volume of her short stories, was released in 2019. Smith also wrote the play The Wife of Willesden, which debuted in London in 2021. The work is a reimagining of The Wife of Bath’s Tale from…

Roberta Flack: Career: …another number-one hit with “Feel Like Makin’ Love” (1974), composed by singer-songwriter Eugene McDaniels. She continued to have chart success in the 1970s with her album Blue Lights in the Basement (1977), which featured the romantic ballad “The Closer I Get to You,” another duet with Hathaway. She became…

feeling, in psychology, the perception of events within the body, closely related to emotion. The term feeling is a verbal noun denoting the action of the verb to feel, which derives etymologically from the Middle English verb felen, “to perceive by touch, by palpation.” It soon came to mean, more

Susanne K. Langer: …symbols of scientific language in Feeling and Form (1953), she submitted that art, especially music, is a highly articulated form of expression symbolizing direct or intuitive knowledge of life patterns—e.g., feeling, motion, and emotion—which ordinary language is unable to convey. In the three-volume work Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling…

Vincent D’Onofrio: Early career: … (1995), a jilted husband in Feeling Minnesota (1996), and a writer for the pulp magazine Weird Tales in The Whole Wide World (1996). He had a particularly memorable turn as an alien-occupied yokel in the cult classic Men in Black (1997).

Sheryl Crow: Other albums and projects: After the country album Feels Like Home (2013), Crow returned to her earlier work with Be Myself (2017). On Threads (2019), her 11th studio album, Crow performed with a number of other musicians, including Stevie Nicks, Willie Nelson, and Bonnie Raitt. Crow announced that Threads would be

Norah Jones: …Jones released her second album, Feels like Home. It debuted at number one on the Billboard album chart and sold more than one million copies within the first week of its release. Like its predecessor, Feels like Home featured Jones’s quiet, smoky voice set against intimate, jazz-inspired acoustics. After little…

Rascal Flatts: …with the trio’s subsequent releases—Feels like Today (2004), Me and My Gang (2006), Still Feels Good (2007), and Unstoppable (2009)—each of which reached the top of Billboard’s all-genre album chart. The hit singles “What Hurts the Most” (2006), a rueful ballad, and “Life Is a Highway” (2006), a rollicking…

Richard Wagner: Early life: …first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies), based on a fantastic tale by Carlo Gozzi. He failed to get the opera produced at Leipzig and became conductor to a provincial theatrical troupe from Magdeburg, having fallen in love with one of the actresses of the troupe, Wilhelmine (Minna) Planer, whom…

Billionaires giving it all away: How the Giving Pledge works (and doesn’t work): Who has signed the Giving Pledge?: Charles Feeney, for example, was largely unknown to the public even after records revealed the scale of his giving. The roster on the organization’s website contains more than 250 pledges.

John Ford was an iconic American film director, best known today for his westerns, though none of the films that won him the Academy Award for best direction—The Informer (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), and The Quiet Man (1952)—were of this genre. His films,

travesty: …Later the French developed the féeries folies, a musical burlesque that travestied fairy tales.

Jacobus van Looy: In his later work Feesten (1902; “Celebrations”), he appears more objective, describing scenes from lower-middle-class life; and in his autobiographical Jaapje (1917), Jaap (1923), and Jacob (1930), he shows his genius for impressionistic word-painting.

foot, in measurement, any of numerous ancient, medieval, and modern linear measures (commonly 25 to 34 cm) based on the length of the human foot and used exclusively in English-speaking countries, where it generally consists of 12 inches or one-third yard. In most countries and in all scientific

foot, in anatomy, terminal part of the leg of a land vertebrate, on which the creature stands. In most two-footed and many four-footed animals, the foot consists of all structures below the ankle joint: heel, arch, digits, and contained bones such as tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges; in mammals

foot, in verse, the smallest metrical unit of measurement. The prevailing kind and number of feet, revealed by scansion, determines the metre of a poem. In classical (or quantitative) verse, a foot, or metron, is a combination of two or more long and short syllables. A short syllable is known as an

Michael Flatley: …introduced the equally popular show Feet of Flames, which featured more than 100 dancers performing on a four-tiered stage. Flatley toured with different versions of the show through 2001. He continued to work as a creative director on new shows, and he oversaw the Lord of the Dance franchise with…

foot washing, a religious rite practiced by the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church on Maundy Thursday of Holy Week (preceding Easter) and by members of some other Christian churches in their worship services. The early Christian church introduced the custom to imitate the humility and selfless

foundations of mathematics: Impredicative constructions: … (1885–1955) and the American mathematician Solomon Feferman have shown that impredicative arguments such as the above can often be circumvented and are not needed for most, if not all, of analysis. On the other hand, as was pointed out by the Italian computer scientist Giuseppe Longo (born 1929), impredicative constructions…

Charles Fefferman is an American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 for his work in classical analysis. Fefferman attended the University of Maryland (B.S., 1966) and Princeton University. After receiving a Ph.D. in 1969, he remained at Princeton for a year, then moved to the

Charles Fefferman is an American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 for his work in classical analysis. Fefferman attended the University of Maryland (B.S., 1966) and Princeton University. After receiving a Ph.D. in 1969, he remained at Princeton for a year, then moved to the

American literature: The Off-Broadway ascendancy: Maria Irene Fornés’s Fefu and Her Friends (1977) proved remarkable in its exploration of women’s relationships. A clear indication of Off-Broadway’s ascendancy in American drama came in 1979 when Sam Shepard, a prolific and experimental playwright, won the Pulitzer Prize for Buried Child. Shepard’s earlier work, such as…

Hedin Brú: …work, Fedgar á ferd (1940; The Old Man and His Sons). Brú played a central role in cultural life as coeditor of the literary periodical Vardin and as a member of the Faroese Scientific Society and began to acquire an international reputation. He also produced Faroese translations of Hamlet and…

fehmic court, medieval law tribunal properly belonging to Westphalia, though extending jurisdiction throughout the German kingdom. After 1180, when ducal rights in Westphalia passed to the archbishop of Cologne, Westphalian jurisdiction still retained Carolingian features: in every county, or

Sverre Fehn was a Norwegian architect known for his designs of private houses and museums that integrated modernism with traditional vernacular architecture. He considered the process of building “an attack by our culture on nature” and stated that it was his goal “to make a building that will make

Konstantin Fehrenbach was a German statesman who was chancellor of the Weimar Republic (1920–21). A noted criminal lawyer, Fehrenbach was elected to the Baden Landtag (provincial diet) in 1885 as a member of the Catholic Centre Party, but differences with the party leadership obliged him to resign

horse show: The Fédération Équestre Internationale and such member national organizations as the American Horse Shows Association regulate and promote the shows.

Fei Xiaotong was one of the foremost Chinese social anthropologists, noted for his studies of village life in China. Fei graduated in 1933 from Yanjing University in Beijing and did graduate work at Qinghua University (also in Beijing) and the London School of Economics. In 1945 he became professor

Fei Xiaotong was one of the foremost Chinese social anthropologists, noted for his studies of village life in China. Fei graduated in 1933 from Yanjing University in Beijing and did graduate work at Qinghua University (also in Beijing) and the London School of Economics. In 1945 he became professor

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …provided the models from which Johann Michael Feichtmayr created the superb series of larger than life-size saints and angels that are the glory of these Rococo interiors. Feichtmayr was a member of the group of families from Wessobrunn in southern Bavaria that specialized in stucco work and produced a long…

comic strip: The United States: …major strip of political satire, Feiffer by Jules Feiffer (first appearing weekly in The Village Voice, 1956), was run in the more liberal or left-wing papers; as a mainstream newspaper strip, it was consigned to the editorial rather than comics pages. In Feiffer the dialogue was more important than the…

Jules Feiffer was an American cartoonist and writer who became famous for his Feiffer, a satirical comic strip notable for its emphasis on very literate captions. The verbal elements usually took the form of monologues in which the speaker (sometimes pathetic, sometimes pompous) exposed his own

Freaks and Geeks: Created by Paul Feig with Judd Apatow serving as its executive producer, the show is notable for its realistic portrayal of adolescence and period-specific soundtrack, including music by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, Rush, Van Halen, and Styx, as well as for launching the

Edward Albert Feigenbaum is an American systems analyst and the most important pioneer in the development of expert systems in artificial intelligence (AI). The son of an accountant, Feigenbaum was especially fascinated with how his father’s adding machine could reproduce human calculations. Given

Western philosophy: Logical positivism: of logical positivism—Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Philipp Frank, and Gustav Bergmann—all emigrated from Germany and Austria to the United States to escape Nazism. Their influence on American philosophy was profound, and, with various modifications, logical positivism was still a vital force on the American scene at the beginning of…

Brazil: Pedro I and the regency: The priest Diogo Antônio Feijó, who was chosen as regent in 1835, struggled for two years to hold the nation together, but he was forced to resign. Pedro de Araújo Lima succeeded him. Many Brazilians were impatient with the regency and believed that the entire nation would…

feijoa, (Acca sellowiana), small evergreen tree of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), related to the guava. It is native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and parts of Argentina and is cultivated in mild dry climates for its sweet fruit. The feijoa was introduced into southern Europe in 1890 and

feijoa, (Acca sellowiana), small evergreen tree of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), related to the guava. It is native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and parts of Argentina and is cultivated in mild dry climates for its sweet fruit. The feijoa was introduced into southern Europe in 1890 and

feijoada completa, the national dish of Brazil, consisting of black beans cooked with fresh and smoked meats and accompanied by traditional side dishes. The origin of feijoada completa is uncertain; one idea is that it originated with the cultivation of black beans. It is associated in particular

Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro was a teacher and essayist, a leading 18th-century Spanish stylist. A member of the Benedictine order, he taught philosophy and theology at the University of Oviedo. His essays publicized and encouraged the spread of the new scientific knowledge and exalted

kilt: …in 17th-century Scotland from the féile-breacan, a long piece of woolen cloth whose pleated first half was wrapped around the wearer’s waist, while the (unpleated) second half was then wrapped around the upper body, with a loose end thrown over the left shoulder. Subsequently in the 17th century two lengths…

pottery: Porcelain: … and for the work of Simon Feilner.

Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York: Facts of the case: …required to sign the “Feinberg Certificate,” disavowing any association with the Communist Party and declaring their loyalty to state and federal governments. When Keyishian and his colleagues refused to sign on principle, his one-year contract was not renewed. SUNY officials also announced that the contracts of Keyishian’s colleagues would…

Cynthia Freeman was an American author who rocketed to the top of the best-seller list with such romance novels as A World Full of Strangers (1975), Fairytales (1977), Days of Winter (1978), Come Pour the Wine (1980), No Time for Tears (1981), and The Last Princess (1988), all penned under the

paternalism: Moral considerations of paternalism: Joel Feinberg delineated principles for reconciling opposing views regarding permissible grounds for interference with someone’s actions for the sake of preventing harm. First, he established distinctions: self-inflicted harm is still harm; intended self-harm is different from unintended self-harm as a consequence of another intended action;…

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Charges, settlements, and penalties: Previously managed by lawyer Kenneth Feinberg—who had also overseen the compensation fund for victims of the September 11 attacks—the fund was transferred to court control as part of the accord. In addition to covering economic losses sustained in the wake of the spill, the settlement mandated the payment of…