Eadred was the king of the English from 946 to 955, who brought Northumbria permanently under English rule. Eadred was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (ruled 899–924) and Eadgifu, the half brother of King Athelstan (ruled 924–939), and the brother of King Edmund I (ruled 939–946).

Daraa, town, southwestern Syria. It is the chief town of the Ḥawrān region of Syria. Earning the nickname “the cradle of the revolution,” Daraa was the site of the first protests of the 2011 uprising against Bashar al-Assad’s government, which eventually turned into the brutal and lengthy Syrian

Robert F. Furchgott: The molecule, which he named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), signals smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls to relax, dilating the vessels. Furchgott’s work would eventually be linked with research done by Murad in 1977, which showed that nitroglycerin and several related heart drugs induce the formation of nitric oxide,…

Eadric Streona was the ealdorman of the Mercians, who, though a man of ignoble birth, was advanced to the revived office of ealdorman by the English king Ethelred II, whose daughter Eadgyth Eadric married. Little is known of Eadric’s origins. His appointment to the office of ealdorman in 1007 was

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Edrioasteroidea Lower Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous about 340,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; discoid to cylindrical; 5 well-developed straight or curved ambulacral food grooves radiate from a central mouth. †Class Edrioblastoidea Middle Ordovician about 375,000,000 years ago; stalked form with spheroidal theca; 5 well-developed food grooves.

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Edrioblastoidea Middle Ordovician about 375,000,000 years ago; stalked form with spheroidal theca; 5 well-developed food grooves. †Class Helicoplacoidea Lower Cambrian about 570,000,000 years ago; pear-shaped or spindle-shaped body with many plates arranged spirally. †Class Ophiocistioidea

maglev: Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS): Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) systems are similar to EMS in several respects, but the magnets are used to repel the train from the guideway rather than attract them. These magnets are supercooled and superconducting and have the ability to conduct electricity for a short time after…

Ross Perot: …and formed his own company, Electronic Data Systems (EDS), to design, install, and operate computer data-processing systems for clients on a contractual basis. EDS grew by processing medical claims for Blue Cross and other large insurance companies, and in 1968 Perot took the firm public in a shrewdly managed share…

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), rare heritable disorder characterized primarily by great elasticity of the skin, skin fragility with a tendency to hemorrhage, poor scar formation, and hyperextensibility of the joints. The skin is velvety and bruises easily, and the ears tend to droop; dislocations of

airport: Airport security: …concealed in clothing, and massive electronic detection systems (EDS), which can detect trace molecules released by explosive materials. The massive weight of EDS equipment frequently requires structural modifications to existing buildings, and the size of the equipment often requires a reallocation of floor space. In many airports, installed security equipment…

EDSAC, the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, Eng., by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles enunciated by the Hungarian American scientist John von

Edsel, an automobile (1958–60) whose name commemorates Henry Ford’s son, Edsel (1893–1943), who had been the much loved and appreciated president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 until his death at age 49. Edsel Ford’s three sons objected to the use of their father’s name, and indeed Ford

James Mattis: Military career: …highest, if lesser known, honours—Edson’s Eagles, the rank insignia first worn by the legendary Marine Raider commander Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, which is bestowed upon the colonel who best exemplifies Edson’s fighting spirit. Mattis wore Edson’s Eagles from 1995 until his promotion to brigadier general in 1997, at which…

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: …came to be called the Battle of Edson’s Ridge helped to cement the reputation of the Raiders in Marine lore and earned Edson the Medal of Honor.

Emily Pomona Edson Briggs was an American journalist, one of the first women to acquire a national reputation in the field. Emily Edson grew up in Burton, Ohio, and, from 1840, near Chicago, attending local schools. She taught briefly and, about 1854, married John R. Briggs. In 1861, when her

Katherine Philips Edson was an American reformer and public official, a strong influence on behalf of woman suffrage and an important figure in securing and enforcing labour standards both in California and at the federal level. While studying music at a Chicago conservatory, Katherine Philips met

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, the 800 Marines of the 1st Raider Battalion, and a handful of Marine parachute troops were subjected to one of the most intense assaults on Henderson Field thus far, when they were attacked by a Japanese force more than three times…

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, the 800 Marines of the 1st Raider Battalion, and a handful of Marine parachute troops were subjected to one of the most intense assaults on Henderson Field thus far, when they were attacked by a Japanese force more than three times…

Lydia Davis: …she read American prose poet Russell Edson. Until then she had been trying to write more traditionally structured short stories but had been unsuccessful. Davis credited Edson with giving her carte blanche to write however she wished. That newfound freedom opened the door to radical experimentation with language and writing…

Olympic Games: National Olympic committees, international federations, and organizing committees: In 1912 Sigfrid Edström, later president of the IOC, founded the IF for athletics (track and field), the earliest of Olympic sports and perhaps the Games’ special focus. Because such sports as football (soccer) and basketball attract great numbers of participants and spectators in all parts of…

soap and detergent: Sequestering or chelating agents: EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its sodium salt has the property of combining with certain metal ions to form a molecular complex that locks up or chelates the calcium ion so that it no longer exhibits ionic properties. In hard water, calcium and magnesium ions are…

The EdTech Challenge: …short order, most of today’s educational technology apps and Chromebooks may cease to be cool gadgets, too, settling into the background of established tools that help students learn.

Woody Harrelson: …Matthew McConaughey in Ron Howard’s EDtv (1999). In addition, in 2001 he had a recurring role on the sitcom Will & Grace.

Mozambique: Education of Mozambique: …established in 1962 and renamed Eduardo Mondlane University in 1976 for the first president of Frelimo, offers courses through a range of faculties, centers, and schools. Other universities include the Catholic University of Mozambique (1995) and Higher Polytechnic and University Institute (1994), both of which have branches in multiple cities.

Michael Caine: to Kill (1980), Deathtrap (1982), Educating Rita (1983; best actor Oscar nomination), Mona Lisa (1986), Woody Allen’s Hannah and Her Sisters (1986; Academy Award for best supporting actor), Without a Clue (1988), and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988). By the end of the 20th century, Caine had

education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). Education can be thought of

education: New Zealand: The Education Act provided for public elementary education that would be secular, free to age 15, and compulsory to age 13. Because of enforcement difficulties and legal exceptions, the compulsory clause was rather loose, but it instituted the rule. It was strengthened between 1885 and 1898,…

education: Early 19th to early 20th century: The Balfour Act of 1902 established a comprehensive system of local government for both secondary and elementary education. It created new local education authorities and empowered them to provide secondary schools and develop technical education. The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the…

William Edward Forster: …British statesman noted for his Education Act of 1870, which established in Great Britain the elements of a primary school system, and for his term (1880–82) as chief secretary for Ireland, where his repression of the radical Land League won him the nickname “Buckshot Forster.”

education: Early 19th to early 20th century: The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the establishment of a “national system of public education available for all persons capable of profiting thereby.” Local authorities were called upon to prepare plans for the orderly and progressive development of education. The age of…

education: Education Act of 1944: The Education Act of 1944 involved a thorough recasting of the educational system. The Board of Education was replaced by a minister who was to direct and control the local education authorities, thereby assuring a more even standard of educational opportunity…

education: The comprehensive movement: …the national level, with the Department of Education and Science (formerly the Ministry of Education) headed by the secretary of state for education and science. The department was the agent of governmental policy. It reached schools through circulars and directives as well as through Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. The…

Qatar: Education: …led to the foundation of Education City, a multi-university facility located on the outskirts of Doha. By the early 21st century several American institutions had branches in Education City, including Virginia Commonwealth University, Weill Cornell Medical College (part of Cornell University), Carnegie Mellon University, Texas A&M University, Northwestern

Pierre Choderlos de Laclos: Laclos’s second novel, De l’éducation des femmes (1785; “On the Education of Women”), is of little importance except for the light it throws on the psychology of the earlier novel. His Lettre à MM. de l’Académie Française sur l’éloge de M. le Maréchal de Vauban (1786; “Letter to…

Romain Gary: …first work, L’Éducation européenne (1945; Forest of Anger), won him immediate acclaim. Humanistic and optimistic despite its graphic depictions of the horrors of World War II, the novel was later revised and reissued in English as Nothing Important Ever Dies (1960).

education: Expansion of American education: With the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975—and with corresponding legislation in states and communities—facilities, program development, teacher preparation, and employment training for the handicapped advanced more rapidly and comprehensively than in any other period. In 1990 the act underwent revision and was renamed the…

Emmanuel Chabrier: …L’Étoile (1877; “The Star”) and Une Éducation manquée (“A Deficient Education”), first performed with piano accompaniment in 1879 and with orchestra in 1913. Between 1863 and 1865, working with the poet Paul Verlaine, he sketched out but never finished two operettas. Chabrier was closely associated with the Impressionist painters, and…

education novel, a genre popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in which a plan of education was set forth for a young person. The education novel was similar to the Bildungsroman but less well developed in terms of characters and plot and narrower in scope. Examples include Henry

Chinua Achebe: … (1988), Home and Exile (2000), The Education of a British-Protected Child (2009), and the autobiographical There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra (2012). In 2007 he won the Man Booker International Prize.

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: …Institutio principis Christiani (1516; The Education of a Christian Prince) and Querela pacis (1517; The Complaint of Peace). These works expressed Erasmus’s own convictions, but they also did no harm to Sauvage’s faction at court, which wanted to maintain peace with France. It was at this time too that he…

Sam Snead: His autobiography, The Education of a Golfer (1962), was written in collaboration with Al Stump; he also wrote several books on golf instruction. One of the game’s most beloved and ingratiating players, Snead’s sly wit is reflected in his advice to an amateur golfer: “You’ve got just…

teacher education: General education: In his influential Education of American Teachers (1963), James B. Conant recommended that half the course requirements of the four-year program of preparation for elementary teachers should be given over to general courses, a further quarter to an “area of concentration,” and the remaining quarter to professional studies,…

Samantha Power: Her memoir, The Education of an Idealist, was published in 2019. In January 2021 President-elect Joe Biden nominated her to serve as administrator of USAID, an international-development agency. She was confirmed by the Senate in April and took office the following month. Her priorities included providing support…

Jesse Eisenberg: Acting career: … operatives, and the coming-of-age drama The Education of Charlie Banks. His credits from 2009 include Adventureland (opposite Kristen Stewart) and Zombieland, a popular horror comedy costarring Woody Harrelson and Emma Stone.

Myrtilla Miner: …Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College.

Leo Rosten: Ross) published The Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N; the book, based on the author’s experiences teaching English to immigrants, is full of puns and malapropisms based on the fractured English of the cherubic, naive Kaplan, for whom the plural of “sandwich” is “delicatessen.” The novel was acclaimed for…

The Education of Henry Adams, autobiographical work by Henry Adams that was privately printed in 1906 and published in 1918. Considered to be one of the most distinguished examples of the genre, the Education combines autobiography, bildungsroman, and critical evaluation of an age. Its chapter

Friedrich Froebel: …most important treatise, Menschenerziehung (The Education of Man), a philosophical presentation of principles and methods pursued at Keilhau.

Richard Dreyfuss: 1990s and beyond: …history professor in the series The Education of Max Bickford. He made appearances on other television shows, among them Weeds, Parenthood, and Your Family or Mine. He portrayed corrupt investment manager Bernie Madoff in the television miniseries Madoff (2016).

Louis Auchincloss: …Tales of Yesteryear (1994) and Education of Oscar Fairfax (1995) and a number of short-story anthologies, notably Three Lives (1993), The Anniversary and Other Stories (1999), and Manhattan Monologues (2002), all of which explore moral dilemmas of the upper class. Without straying far from the world of the wealthy, Auchincloss…

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Final years at Wolfenbüttel. of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: …Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts (1780; The Education of the Human Race), is a treatise that closely reflects the working of his mind and expresses his belief in the perfectibility of the human race. In the history of the world’s religions, Lessing saw a developing moral awareness that would, he believed,…

Frederick Temple: …aroused by his contribution “The Education of the World” to Essays and Reviews (1860), which was considered too liberal in its religious views, Temple went on to establish his reputation as an educational reformer in his work for the Schools Enquiry Commission (1864–67). An Anglican convocation in 1864, however,…

education: The conservative reaction: …and put into force the Kyōikurei, or Education Order, which made for rather less centralization. Not only did the new law abolish the district system that had divided the country into districts, it also reduced central control over school administration, including the power to establish schools and regulate attendance. The…

Albertine-Adrienne Necker de Saussure: …book of Necker de Saussure, L’Education progressive; ou, étude sur le cours de la vie, was a significant contribution to educational literature. The work was published in several volumes over the decade 1828–38; it was first translated into English (in part) in Boston (1835) and later (in full) in London…

A Sentimental Education, novel by Gustave Flaubert, published in French in 1869 as L’Éducation sentimentale: histoire d’un jeune homme. The story of the protagonist, Frédéric Moreau, and his beloved, Madame Arnoux, is based on Flaubert’s youthful infatuation with an older married woman. Frédéric’s

Empire of Japan: Forging a national identity: In 1872 the Gakusei (Japanese: “Student”), or Education System Order, was promulgated, creating a nationwide plan for universal education. It began modestly, and for a time its organization and philosophy were Western inspired. During the 1880s, however, government leaders saw their people turning to Western ideas, and they…

Nick Hornby: Projects for film and TV: …screenplay for the 2009 film An Education, which was based on a Granta magazine essay by British journalist Lynn Barber. Hornby received an Academy Award nomination for best adapted screenplay. He also wrote the screenplays for the films Wild (2014), based on Cheryl Strayed’s inspirational memoir about hiking the Pacific…

John Eaton, Jr.: Bureau of Education. Under his administration, the bureau grew from an insignificant office in the Department of the Interior to a well-staffed, highly influential repository of educational information drawn from all over the globe. When Eaton resigned in 1886 owing to poor health, the U.S.…

elementary education, the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to

higher education, any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. Higher-educational institutions include not only universities and colleges but also

philosophy of education, philosophical reflection on the nature, aims, and problems of education. The philosophy of education is Janus-faced, looking both inward to the parent discipline of philosophy and outward to educational practice. (In this respect it is like other areas of “applied”

preschool education, education during the earliest phases of childhood, beginning in infancy and ending upon entry into primary school at about five, six, or seven years of age (the age varying from country to country). (Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”) The

elementary education, the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to

library: Training institutes: …the education and training of professionals have come from librarians or their professional associations. In the United States the first university school for librarians was established in 1887 by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University. The American Library Association (ALA) pursued a policy of accreditation in an effort to ensure that…

secondary education, the second stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The

special education, the education of children who differ socially, mentally, or physically from the average to such an extent that they require modifications of usual school practices. Special education serves children with emotional, behavioral, or cognitive impairments or with intellectual,

technical education, the academic and vocational preparation of students for jobs involving applied science and modern technology. It emphasizes the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics, rather than the attainment of proficiency in manual skills

U.S. Department of Education, executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for carrying out government education programs. Established in 1980 by Pres. Jimmy Carter, it seeks to ensure access to education and to improve the quality of education nationwide. It administers programs

vocational education, instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job. (Read Arne

Edward L. Thorndike: …Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra, reading, writing, and language and also did much to expose the deficiencies and…

Herbert Spencer: Life and works: …education, which were collected in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861). Spencer rejected some traditional elements of the curriculum and emphasized the importance of self-development, sympathetic attention from instructors, observation and problem solving, physical exercise and free play, and discipline derived from experiencing the natural consequences of one’s actions rather…

Horace Mann, a pioneer of American public schools in the 19th century, famously called education the “great equalizer of the conditions of men.” But the inverse is also true. Students who receive a poor education, or who drop out of school before graduating, can end up on the wrong side of a

Egerton Ryerson: …the establishment of the provincial Educational Depository (to supply schools and teachers with books and other teaching materials at reduced prices), the distribution of uniform textbooks, and the adoption of an efficient system of school inspection.

Bank Street College of Education, privately supported coeducational teachers college in New York, New York, U.S. It offers graduate courses only, operating a laboratory (elementary) school and conducting basic research in education. Established in 1916 by Lucy Sprague Mitchell, first dean of women

university extension, division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult

Hunt v. McNair: Facts of the case: …Facilities Authority Act established an Educational Facilities Authority (“the Authority”), the purpose of which was to assist institutions of higher education in the construction, financing, and refinancing of projects primarily through the issuance of revenue bonds. Under the terms of the act, projects could encompass buildings, facilities, site preparation, and…

Hunt v. McNair: Facts of the case: The South Carolina Educational Facilities Authority Act established an Educational Facilities Authority (“the Authority”), the purpose of which was to assist institutions of higher education in the construction, financing, and refinancing of projects primarily through the issuance of revenue bonds. Under the terms of the act, projects could…

education: Access to education: …21st centuries was that of equality of educational opportunity (EEO). Some analyses of EEO liken opportunity to a footrace by asking the following three questions: (1) are the contestants equally prepared at the starting line?; (2) are they running on the same course?; and (3) do they all have a…

Edward L. Thorndike: …A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra, reading, writing, and language and also did much to expose the deficiencies and inequalities in the American educational system…

educational psychology, theoretical and research branch of modern psychology, concerned with the learning processes and psychological problems associated with the teaching and training of students. The educational psychologist studies the cognitive development of students and the various factors

schema: …his “meaningful learning theory” in Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (1968). He argued that there is a hierarchical organization of knowledge and that new information can be incorporated into the already existing hierarchy. In contrast, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget argued that there is more than one body of knowledge available…

Educational radio refers to the use of radio for formal learning systems, particularly where the medium is used to broadcast course material. The emergence of educational radio arose from the widespread availability of inexpensive radio receivers, particularly in rural areas and developing

Christianity: Forms of Christian education: …the bases of the Western system of education. From its beginning the Christian community faced external and internal challenges to its faith, which it met by developing and utilizing intellectual and educational resources. The response to the external challenge of rival religions and philosophical perspectives is termed apologetics—i.e., the intellectual…

The EdTech Challenge: …short order, most of today’s educational technology apps and Chromebooks may cease to be cool gadgets, too, settling into the background of established tools that help students learn.

Educational television, a popular form of mass media communication for didactic objectives, refers to the use of TV programs in order to teach the viewer. A distinction is usually made between educational television and instructional television. The first encompasses a vast latitude of broadcasting

hydraulic mining: Educing is the process of introducing the slurry into an enclosed circuit. In the hydraulic mining of gold the rebounding stream of water and mineral fragments is directed into sluices in which the gold settles behind baffles but the lighter waste matter is washed away.…

thought: The process of thought: …complex completion resembles the “eduction of correlates” that the British psychologist Charles E. Spearman saw as a primary constituent of intellectual functioning, its complement being “eduction of relations”—that is, recognition of a relation when two elements are presented.

thought: The process of thought: …functioning, its complement being “eduction of relations”—that is, recognition of a relation when two elements are presented.

Efua Sutherland: …ways and old traditions, and Edufa (1967), based on Alcestis by Euripides. The Marriage of Anansewa: A Storytelling Drama appeared in 1975.

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Diana Edulji: Diana Edulji played for India at a time when women’s cricket was still picking up in the country and took more than 100 wickets for the Indian team. Her 63 wickets in women’s Tests place her third on the all-time list. She was…

Rogan Gregory: …Hewsons was the brand name Edun—the inverse of Nude, which was the name of a Dublin chain of organic restaurants in which the Hewsons had invested. Gregory served as the label’s creative director from its founding in 2005 to 2007.

digital computer: Development of the digital computer: …alterable memory was implemented in EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer).

Edward was an Anglo-Saxon king in England, the son of Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 899 to 924, Edward extended his authority over almost all of England by conquering areas that previously had been held by Danish invaders. Edward ascended the throne upon his

Edward ; feast day March 18) was the king of England from 975 to 978. His reign was marked by a reaction against the promonastic policies of his father and predecessor, King Edgar (reigned 959–975). Upon Edgar’s death a faction sought to win the throne for his younger son, Ethelred, but Edward was

Edward was the son of King John de Balliol of Scotland and claimant to the title of King of Scots, who was crowned in September 1332. Expelled in December 1332, he was restored in 1333–56, having acknowledged Edward III of England as his lord. Edward inherited only the family lands in France and

Edward ; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now October 13) was the king of England from 1042 to 1066. Although he is often portrayed as a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, Edward preserved much of the dignity of the crown and managed to keep the kingdom

Edward was the king of Portugal whose brief reign (1433–38) witnessed a strengthening of the monarchy through reform of royal land-grant laws, a continuation of voyages of discovery, and a military disaster in Tangier. A scholarly, sensitive man of high moral character, Edward was known as the

Edward VIII was the prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from January 20 to December 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States. He was the

Prince Edward, duke of Edinburgh is the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh. Edward has three older siblings: Charles, Anne, and Andrew. He attended Gordonstoun School, a spartan boarding school in Scotland, and studied history at Jesus College, Cambridge.

Edward Hoagland: Travel and autobiographical writings: …Wolves and Black Bears (1976), The Edward Hoagland Reader (1979), Balancing Acts (1992), Tigers & Ice (1999), and Hoagland on Nature (2003).