Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, honorary primacy of the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches; it is also known as the “ecumenical patriarchate,” or “Roman” patriarchate (Turkish: Rum patriarkhanesi). According to a legend of the late 4th century, the

ecumenism, movement or tendency toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation. The term, of recent origin, emphasizes what is viewed as the universality of the Christian faith and unity among churches. The ecumenical movement seeks to recover the apostolic sense of the early church for unity in

esquire, originally, a knight’s shield bearer, who would probably himself in due course be dubbed a knight; the word is derived from the Old French esquier and earlier from the Latin scutarius. In England in the later Middle Ages, the term esquire (armiger) was used to denote holders of knights’

dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin usually characterized by redness, swelling, blister formation, and oozing and almost always by itching. The term eczema, which formerly referred to the blistered, oozing state of inflamed skin, has by common usage come to have the same meaning as dermatitis.

Ignazio Silone: …Ed egli si nascose (London, And He Did Hide Himself, New York, And He Hid Himself, both 1946). Silone also wrote a powerful anti-Fascist satire, La scuola dei dittatori (1938; The School for Dictators, 1939).

Brian Epstein: The Beatles: …band’s nationally televised performance on The Ed Sullivan Show in February 1964 drew some 73 million viewers, opening the door to shows at large venues, including Shea Stadium in New York City. Epstein not only secured huge gigs for the Beatles but also marketed them aggressively, putting their likenesses on…

Ed Wood: Posthumous fame: The worst director of all time: …was adapted into a biopic, Ed Wood (1994), directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp as Wood and Martin Landau in an Oscar-winning performance as Lugosi. Wood films once thought to be lost have been rediscovered; some of his books have been reissued, and a collection of his short…

Coral Castle, tourist attraction located in Homestead, Florida, featuring massive stone carvings created by Edward Leedskalnin between 1923 and 1951 as a tribute to his fiancée, who reportedly ended their engagement the day before their wedding. Coral Castle was added to the National Register of

drug: Dose-response relationship: A useful measure is the median effective dose, ED50, which is defined as the dose producing a response that is 50 percent of the maximum obtainable. ED50 values provide a useful way of comparing the potencies of drugs that produce physiologically similar effects at different concentrations. Sometimes the response is…

drug: Dose-response relationship: A useful measure is the median effective dose, ED50, which is defined as the dose producing a response that is 50 percent of the maximum obtainable. ED50 values provide a useful way of comparing the potencies of drugs that produce physiologically similar effects at different concentrations. Sometimes the response is…

Edam, dorp(village), northwestern Netherlands, situated on the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel). Named for the dam built on the Ye, which joined the Purmer lake (now polder) to the Zuiderzee, Edam became an important harbour, fishing port, and shipbuilding centre and was chartered in 1357, when a dock was

Edam, semisoft cow’s-milk cheese of Holland, usually molded in 2 to 4 pound (0.9 to 1.8 kilogram) spheres and coated in red paraffin; Edam is also produced in red-coated rectangular loaves. Originally the rind was brushed with vermilion to distinguish it from other Dutch cheeses, a purpose now

edamame, Japanese dish consisting of fresh, green soybeans that have been boiled or steamed in their pods, seasoned with salt, and served as an appetizer or as street food. In Japanese edamame means “bean branch,” referring to the practice street vendors of old would use in cooking soybeans, a

Kalahari Desert: Climate of the Kalahari Desert: …which creates a situation of edaphic drought (i.e., soil completely devoid of moisture).

Edaphosaurus, (genus Edaphosaurus), primitive herbivorous relative of mammals that is found in fossil deposits dating from Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian periods (318 million to 271 million years ago). Edaphosaurus was more than 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) long, with a short, low skull and

U.S. Open: …Michael Chang and Swedish player Stefan Edberg. Edberg emerged victorious, but only after a grueling 5 hours and 26 minutes, defeating Chang 6–7, 7–5, 7–6, 5–7, 6–4. That was the longest match in U.S. Open history until 2024, when Daniel Evans of Great Britain defeated Karen Khachanov of Russia 6–7,…

Edbert was the king of Northumbrians from 737 to 758 in Anglo-Saxon England. He was a strong king whose reign was regarded by the contemporary scholar and churchman Alcuin as the kingdom’s golden age. Edbert succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his cousin Ceolwulf. In 750 he took the region

European Defense Community (EDC), an abortive attempt by western European powers, with United States support, to counterbalance the overwhelming conventional military ascendancy of the Soviet Union in Europe by the formation of a supranational European army and, in the process, to subsume West

Edda, body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two 13th-century books commonly distinguished as the Prose, or Younger, Edda and the Poetic, or Elder, Edda. It is the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic

Edda, body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two 13th-century books commonly distinguished as the Prose, or Younger, Edda and the Poetic, or Elder, Edda. It is the fullest and most detailed source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic

Codex Regius: …designated by scholars as the Poetic Edda, or Elder Edda (see Edda). It is the oldest such collection, the best-known of all Icelandic books, and an Icelandic national treasure.

Bishara al-Khuri: …personal rivalry between Khuri and Émile Eddé, another Christian, dominated the internal politics of Lebanon.

Eddie Murphy: …Murphy showed his versatility in Eddie Murphy Raw (1987), which documented two of his live performances, and the comedy Coming to America (1988), in which he played four roles. He recorded several comedy albums during the 1980s and also scored a minor pop music hit with the single “Party All…

Hugh Jackman: Later roles: …coach in the inspirational film Eddie the Eagle (2016), about the performance of unlikely British skier Michael (“Eddie”) Edwards at the Calgary 1988 Olympic Winter Games.

Ari Aster: Beau Is Afraid, Eddington, and production company: …releases include Beau Is Afraid, Eddington, and Yorgos Lanthimos’s Bugonia (2025).

Eddington mass limit, theoretical upper limit to the mass of a star or an accretion disk. The limit is named for English astrophysicist Sir Arthur Eddington. At the Eddington mass limit, the outward pressure of the star’s radiation balances the inward gravitational force. If a star exceeds this

Eddington mass limit, theoretical upper limit to the mass of a star or an accretion disk. The limit is named for English astrophysicist Sir Arthur Eddington. At the Eddington mass limit, the outward pressure of the star’s radiation balances the inward gravitational force. If a star exceeds this

star: Pulsating stars: The pulsation theory was first proposed as a possible explanation as early as 1879, was applied to Cepheids in 1914, and was further developed by Arthur Eddington in 1917–18. Eddington found that if stars have roughly the same kind of internal structure, then the period multiplied…

Arthur Eddington was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who did his greatest work in astrophysics, investigating the motion, internal structure, and evolution of stars. He also was the first expositor of the theory of relativity in the English language. Eddington was the son of the

Arthur Eddington was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who did his greatest work in astrophysics, investigating the motion, internal structure, and evolution of stars. He also was the first expositor of the theory of relativity in the English language. Eddington was the son of the

E.R. Eddison was an English novelist and scholar of Icelandic literature whose works in the genre of romantic fantasy influenced the English fantasist J.R.R. Tolkien. Eddison attended Eton College and then Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1905). From 1906 he worked for the Board of Trade, rising to

E.R. Eddison was an English novelist and scholar of Icelandic literature whose works in the genre of romantic fantasy influenced the English fantasist J.R.R. Tolkien. Eddison attended Eton College and then Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1905). From 1906 he worked for the Board of Trade, rising to

taro, (Colocasia esculenta), herbaceous plant of the arum family (Araceae) and its edible rootlike corm. Taro is probably native to southeastern Asia, whence it spread to Pacific islands and became a staple crop. It is cultivated for its large, starchy, spherical corms (underground stems), commonly

Carlsbad, city, seat (1889) of Eddy county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the right bank of the Pecos River. Founded in 1887 and first known as Eddy (for its founder Charles B. Eddy), it was renamed in 1899 for the European spa of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic), because of

kite: Kite structure: The Eddy kite, an adaptation of the ancient Javanese bowed kite known as the Malay in the West, was a reliable and popular flier that ignited a renewed interest in kite flying and was briefly used by the United States Weather Bureau. In Australia that same…

Eddy, county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the south by Texas. Its western region is in the Sacramento section of the Basin and Range Province, a rugged area where the Guadalupe Mountains rise to more than 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). The county’s far eastern region is flatland in the

eddy, fluid current whose flow direction differs from that of the general flow; the motion of the whole fluid is the net result of the movements of the eddies that compose it. Eddies can transfer much more energy and dissolved matter within the fluid than can molecular diffusion in nonturbulent

austausch coefficient, in fluid mechanics, particularly in its applications to meteorology and oceanography, the proportionality between the rate of transport of a component of a turbulent fluid and the rate of change of density of the component. In this context, the term component signifies not

eddy, fluid current whose flow direction differs from that of the general flow; the motion of the whole fluid is the net result of the movements of the eddies that compose it. Eddies can transfer much more energy and dissolved matter within the fluid than can molecular diffusion in nonturbulent

eddy current, in electricity, motion of electric charge induced entirely within a conducting material by a varying electric or magnetic field or by electromagnetic waves. Eddy currents induced in a power transformer core represent lost power and are undesirable; eddy currents used to produce heat

electric motor: Construction of induction motors: …limits the losses (known as eddy current losses) in the steel.

austausch coefficient, in fluid mechanics, particularly in its applications to meteorology and oceanography, the proportionality between the rate of transport of a component of a turbulent fluid and the rate of change of density of the component. In this context, the term component signifies not

George Sidney: Annie Get Your Gun, Kiss Me Kate, and Show Boat: …moving to Columbia, Sidney made The Eddy Duchin Story (1956), a popular biopic of the pianist (played by Tyrone Power) whose professional success was offset by personal tragedies. Jeanne Eagels (1957) was another biopic, with a miscast Kim Novak as the troubled stage actress. Pal Joey (1957) also starred Novak,…

Duane Eddy was an American guitarist responsible for one of rock music’s elemental sounds, twang—resonant melodic riffs created on the bass strings of an electric guitar. One of early rock’s most influential and popular instrumentalists, Eddy had 15 Top 40 hits between 1958 and 1963. Having taken

Mary Baker Eddy was a Christian religious reformer and founder of the religious denomination known as Christian Science. Mary Baker Eddy’s family background and life until her “discovery” of Christian Science in 1866 greatly influenced her interest in religious reform. She was born to devout

Klamath Mountains: The mountains rise to Mount Eddy (9,038 feet [2,755 m]) west of Mount Shasta in California and include numerous subranges. They are deeply dissected by many rivers (especially the Rogue and Klamath), and they contain a headstream of the Sacramento River. Largely within conservation areas, the range, named for…

Robert Z. Leonard: Dancing Lady to Ziegfeld Girl: …with a fellow performer (Nelson Eddy, her frequent costar); The Firefly (1937), which less successfully installed Allan Jones as her love interest; The Girl of the Golden West (1938), a revival of the David Belasco play, with Eddy back on board, playing a Mexican bandit; Broadway Serenade (1939), a…

Robert Z. Leonard: Dancing Lady to Ziegfeld Girl: …with a fellow performer (Nelson Eddy, her frequent costar); The Firefly (1937), which less successfully installed Allan Jones as her love interest; The Girl of the Golden West (1938), a revival of the David Belasco play, with Eddy back on board, playing a Mexican bandit; Broadway Serenade (1939), a…

Damien Chazelle: …television, codirecting the Netflix miniseries The Eddy (2020), a musical drama set in a Paris jazz club. In 2022 Chazelle directed and wrote Babylon, a dramedy set in Hollywood during the 1920s. The lavish production featured an all-star cast that included Margot Robbie and Brad Pitt, both of whom played…

kite: Kite structure: …was not until 1893 that William A. Eddy, an American journalist with an interest in meteorology and kite aerial photography, made a significant contribution to kite development in the West by introducing his now-familiar tailless, elongated diamond-shaped design. The Eddy kite, an adaptation of the ancient Javanese bowed kite known…

railroad: Brake systems: The eddy-current brake makes no contact with the rail (so is not subject to frictional wear) and is more powerful, but it sets up strong electromagnetic fields that require reinforced immunization of signaling circuitry. Also, where operation of trains so equipped is intensive, there is a…

tachometer: The eddy-current, or drag, type is widely used in automobile speedometers; a magnet rotated with the shaft being measured produces eddy currents that are proportional to angular speed. Electric-generator tachometers work by generating either an alternating or a direct current. The stroboscope, an instrument that illuminates…

Eddystone Lighthouse, lighthouse, celebrated in folk ballads and seamen’s lore, standing on the Eddystone Rocks, 14 miles off Plymouth, England, in the English Channel. The first lighthouse (1696–99), built of timber, was swept away with its designer, Henry Winstanley, by the great storm of 1703.

civil engineering: History: His design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking masonry, was based on a craftsman’s experience. Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough research, and his services were much in demand. In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian Society). Its object was…

Ede, town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along the Osun River at a point on the railroad from Lagos, 112 miles (180 km) southwest, and at the intersection of roads from Oshogbo, Ogbomosho, and Ile-Ife. Ede is one of the older towns of the Yoruba people. It is traditionally said to have

Ede, gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands. It lies on the western edge of the wooded-heath Veluwe region. Founded in the 8th century by the Saxons, it is a garrison town with a 15th-century church, the Doesburger Mill (1507), and an open-air theatre. Nearby De Hoge Veluwe National Park has

Edéa, town located in southwestern Cameroon. It is situated at the head of steamboat navigation of the lower Sanaga River. Aluminum from Fria in neighbouring Guinea is the basis of the town’s aluminum industry, which produces aluminum ingots, sheet metal, and household products. A school, a

Ayo Edebiri is an American actress, comedian, and writer whose breakthrough role was the earnest sous chef Sydney Adamu in the FX hit series The Bear. For her performance in the series’ second season, she won a Golden Globe for best actress in a TV comedy, an Emmy for best supporting actress in a

Teso: …and a god of calamity, Edeke.

Leon Edel was an American literary critic and biographer, who was the foremost 20th-century authority on the life and works of Henry James. Edel grew up in Saskatchewan, Canada, and graduated from McGill University (B.A., 1927; M.A., 1928). He received a doctorate of letters from the University of

Leon Edel was an American literary critic and biographer, who was the foremost 20th-century authority on the life and works of Henry James. Edel grew up in Saskatchewan, Canada, and graduated from McGill University (B.A., 1927; M.A., 1928). He received a doctorate of letters from the University of

Gerard Edelinck was a Flemish copperplate engraver during the best period of French portrait engraving. Edelinck learned the rudiments of the art in his native town and went to Paris in 1665. On the recommendation of the painter Charles Le Brun, he was appointed teacher at the academy established

Gerald Maurice Edelman was an American physician and physical chemist who elucidated the structure of antibodies—proteins that are produced by the body in response to infection. For that work, he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1972 with British biochemist Rodney Porter.

Marian Wright Edelman is an American lawyer and civil rights activist who founded the Children’s Defense Fund in 1973. Edelman attended Spelman College in Atlanta (B.A., 1960) and Yale University Law School (LL.B., 1963). After work registering African American voters in Mississippi, she moved to

Murray Edelman was an American political scientist who was best known for his work on the symbolic and subjective nature of politics to reveal the latent meanings behind political activities and behaviour. Edelman received a bachelor’s degree in social sciences from Bucknell University in

Murray Edelman was an American political scientist who was best known for his work on the symbolic and subjective nature of politics to reveal the latent meanings behind political activities and behaviour. Edelman received a bachelor’s degree in social sciences from Bucknell University in

Louis Sullivan: Early years: The office foreman, John Edelmann, became his friend.

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: David Edelstadt was another poet who wrote about the harsh working conditions. He experienced them himself, joined the anarchist movement and edited its weekly Fraye arbeter shtime (original series 1890–92; “Free Workers’ Voice”), and died very young of tuberculosis. Yehoash (pseudonym of Solomon Bloomgarden) wrote…

Ulrich Boner: …about 1350 and is titled Der Edelstein (“The Precious Stone”), because precious stones were said to cast a spell, and Boner hoped that his tales would do the same. Although he named only two of his sources—Aesop’s Fables and the fables of Flavius Avianus (a 4th-century Latin writer)—he may have…

Gertrude Berg was an American actor, producer, and screenwriter whose immensely popular situation comedy about the Goldberg family ran in various radio, television, stage, and film versions between 1929 and 1953. In December 1918, while enrolled in a playwriting extension course at Columbia

edelweiss, (Leontopodium alpinum), perennial plant of the family Asteraceae, native to alpine areas of Europe and South America. It has 2 to 10 yellow flower heads in a dense cluster, and, below these flower heads, 6 to 9 lance-shaped, woolly, white leaves are arranged in the form of a star. An

metalwork: 16th century to modern: …known as “display pewter” (Edelzinn), and it gave a new and brilliant impetus to the trade. The first examples were made between 1560 and 1570, and the main centers of production were Nürnberg and Lyon. In the beginning the technique used was not the same in both towns. Whereas…

edema, in medicine, an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the intercellular spaces of connective tissue. Edematous tissues are swollen and, when punctured, secrete a thin incoagulable fluid. This fluid is essentially an ultrafiltrate of serum but also contains small amounts of protein. Minor

edema, in medicine, an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the intercellular spaces of connective tissue. Edematous tissues are swollen and, when punctured, secrete a thin incoagulable fluid. This fluid is essentially an ultrafiltrate of serum but also contains small amounts of protein. Minor

edema, in medicine, an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the intercellular spaces of connective tissue. Edematous tissues are swollen and, when punctured, secrete a thin incoagulable fluid. This fluid is essentially an ultrafiltrate of serum but also contains small amounts of protein. Minor

Eden, district, administrative county of Cumbria, northwestern England, in the eastern part of the county. Penrith, in west-central Eden district, is its administrative centre. A line running through the district from the River Tees, past the village of Culgaith and along the River Eamont and the

gnosticism: Diversity of gnostic myths: …and an earth-mother figure named Eden or Israel. The world was created from the love of Elohim and Eden, and the first human couple were also created as a symbol of that love. Ironically, evil was introduced after Elohim learned of the existence of the Good above him and abandoned…

Bar Harbor, coastal town, Hancock county, southern Maine, U.S. It is on Mount Desert Island at the foot of Cadillac Mountain (1,530 feet [466 metres]) facing Frenchman Bay, 46 miles (74 km) southeast of Bangor. Settled in 1763, it was incorporated in 1796 as Eden; the present name (for Bar Island

Sydney Sweeney: Breakthrough parts and stardom: …in Ron Howard’s dark thriller Eden and the supernatural horror film Immaculate.

Costa-Gavras: …include Eden à l’Ouest (2009; Eden Is West), a drama about undocumented immigrants, Le Capital (2012; Capital), which explores corporate corruption and greed, and Adults in the Room (2019), which examines Greece’s debt crisis of 2015.

Costa-Gavras: …include Eden à l’Ouest (2009; Eden Is West), a drama about undocumented immigrants, Le Capital (2012; Capital), which explores corporate corruption and greed, and Adults in the Room (2019), which examines Greece’s debt crisis of 2015.

George Eden, earl of Auckland was the governor-general of India from 1836 to 1842, when he was recalled after his participation in British setbacks in Afghanistan. He succeeded to his father’s baronies in 1814. Auckland, a member of the Whig Party, served as Board of Trade president and as first

United Kingdom: William Pitt the Younger: …an important commercial agreement, the Eden Treaty, with France. It was in keeping with the argument made by the economist Adam Smith in his The Wealth of Nations (1776) that Britain should be less economically dependent on trade with America and become more adventurous in exploring trading opportunities in continental…

Vale of Eden, broad valley in the administrative county of Cumbria, England, separating the northern Pennines from the Lake District massif. The upper valley lies in the historic county of Westmorland and the lower valley in the historic county of Cumberland. The River Eden drains the vale into the

Anthony Eden was a British foreign secretary in 1935–38, 1940–45, and 1951–55 and prime minister from 1955 to 1957. After combat service in World War I, Eden studied Oriental languages (Arabic and Persian) at Christ Church, Oxford. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1923 and was appointed

Edenton: …in 1722 and named for Charles Eden, the first royal governor. Edenton served as the unofficial capital of the colony until 1743, and its busy port exported plantation products, lumber, and fish. Joseph Hewes, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, lived there; his house and many other colonial structures…

French literature: Historical fiction: …whose Éden, Éden, Éden (1970; Eden, Eden, Eden), a novel about war, prostitution, obscenity, and atrocity, set in the Algerian desert, was banned by the censor for 11 years; Florence Delay in her stylish novel L’Insuccès de la fête (1980; “The Failure of the Feast”); and, especially, Nobel Prize-winning author…

French literature: Historical fiction: …whose Éden, Éden, Éden (1970; Eden, Eden, Eden), a novel about war, prostitution, obscenity, and atrocity, set in the Algerian desert, was banned by the censor for 11 years; Florence Delay in her stylish novel L’Insuccès de la fête (1980; “The Failure of the Feast”); and, especially, Nobel Prize-winning author…

Garden of Eden, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) book of Genesis, biblical earthly paradise inhabited by the first created man and woman, Adam and Eve, prior to their expulsion for disobeying the commands of God. It is also called in Genesis “the garden of the Lord” (the God of Israel) and in

George Eden, earl of Auckland was the governor-general of India from 1836 to 1842, when he was recalled after his participation in British setbacks in Afghanistan. He succeeded to his father’s baronies in 1814. Auckland, a member of the Whig Party, served as Board of Trade president and as first

Nils Edén was a historian and politician who led what is generally regarded as the first parliamentary government in Swedish history. A historian of early modern Sweden and a professor at the University of Uppsala (1903–20), Edén was elected to the Riksdag (parliament) in 1908 and quickly rose to

River Eden, river in northern England. It rises in the fells (uplands) that connect the Lake District with the highlands of the Pennines and flows 90 miles (145 km) northwestward to its estuary in the Solway Firth, an Irish Sea inlet. From Kirkby Stephen, where its narrow, steep-sided upper valley

Anthony Eden was a British foreign secretary in 1935–38, 1940–45, and 1951–55 and prime minister from 1955 to 1957. After combat service in World War I, Eden studied Oriental languages (Arabic and Persian) at Christ Church, Oxford. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1923 and was appointed

Anthony Eden was a British foreign secretary in 1935–38, 1940–45, and 1951–55 and prime minister from 1955 to 1957. After combat service in World War I, Eden studied Oriental languages (Arabic and Persian) at Christ Church, Oxford. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1923 and was appointed

Vale of Eden, broad valley in the administrative county of Cumbria, England, separating the northern Pennines from the Lake District massif. The upper valley lies in the historic county of Westmorland and the lower valley in the historic county of Cumberland. The River Eden drains the vale into the

Edenbridge, town (parish), Sevenoaks district, administrative and historic county of Kent, England. It is situated south of London near the Surrey border, on the River Eden. The first references to the town appear in 12th-century church records. In 1279 Henry III granted Edenbridge a charter for a

Edenderry, market town, County Offaly, Ireland, on the northern edge of the Bog of Allen. The town, including the Court House, was largely built by the marquesses of Downshire in the 18th and early 19th centuries. South of the town are the ruins of Peter Blundell’s castle. There are many castles in

Brisbane, port, capital of Queensland, Australia, and the country’s third largest city. It lies astride the Brisbane River on the southern slopes of the Taylor Range, 12 miles (19 km) above the river’s mouth at Moreton Bay. The site, first explored in 1823 by John Oxley, was occupied in 1824 by a

hornblende: Ca2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2); edenite, NaCa2(Mg)5(Si7Al); pargasite, NaCa2 (Mg4Al)(Si6Al2). Extensive solid solution occurs, and each end-member has iron-rich equivalents; minor elements, including manganese, titanium, chromium, potassium, fluorine, and yttrium, are usually present. Hornblendes exhibit typical amphibole structures; these are based on double tetrahedral chains between which

avoidance behaviour: Protection reflexes, armour, and spines: South American toothless animals (edentates) such as anteaters are probably survivors of a comparable early development in mammals. The armour of armadillos and the presence of bony plates in the skin of the extinct sloths suggest that the whole group may derive from an armoured ancestor. The appearance of…