donkey orchid, (genus Diuris), genus of about 60 species of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae). One species is found in Java and Timor, and the others are native to Australia. The common donkey orchid (Diuris longifolia) bears three to five purplish flowers about 4 cm (1.5 inches) long. Other

donkey orchid: Other well-known species are cat’s face (D. filifolia) and nanny-goat orchid (D. laevis).

donkey orchid: filifolia) and nanny-goat orchid (D. laevis).

donkey orchid: The common donkey orchid (Diuris longifolia) bears three to five purplish flowers about 4 cm (1.5 inches) long. Other well-known species are cat’s face (D. filifolia) and nanny-goat orchid (D. laevis).

enuresis: … (occurring only during sleep), or diurnal (occurring during waking hours). The most prevalent form is nocturnal enuresis (also called bed-wetting and usually of the primary type), and the disorder occurs more often among boys than girls. Roughly 1 percent of children continue to be affected by this disorder until the…

diurnal motion, apparent daily motion of the heavens from east to west in which celestial objects seem to rise and set, a phenomenon that results from the Earth’s rotation from west to east. The axis of this apparent motion coincides with the Earth’s axis of rotation. The intersection of the plane

circadian rhythm, the cyclical 24-hour period of human biological activity. Within the circadian (24-hour) cycle, a person usually sleeps approximately 8 hours and is awake 16. During the wakeful hours, mental and physical functions are most active and tissue cell growth increases. During sleep,

climate: Diurnal, seasonal, and extreme temperatures: The diurnal range of temperature generally increases with distance from the sea and toward those places where solar radiation is strongest—in dry tropical climates and on high mountain plateaus (owing to the reduced thickness of the atmosphere to be traversed…

Earth tide: …measurable; these are the lunar diurnal, the lunar semidiurnal, the solar diurnal, and the solar semidiurnal tides. Diurnal tides have a period of approximately 24 hours (1 day), and semidiurnal tides have a period of approximately 12 hours (12 day). The actual amplitudes of these tides in terms of vertical…

climate: Diurnal variability: Landmasses in regions affected by monsoons warm up very rapidly in the afternoon hours, especially on days with cloud-free conditions; surface air temperatures between 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F) are not uncommon. Under such conditions, warm air is slowly and…

marine ecosystem: Migrations of marine organisms: Diurnal vertical migrations are common. For example, some types of plankton, fish, and squid remain beneath the photic zone during the day, moving toward the surface after dusk and returning to the depths before dawn. It is generally argued that marine organisms migrate in response…

Jupiter: The lesser deities Dius Fidius and Fides were, perhaps, originally identical and certainly were connected with him. This connection with the conscience, with the sense of obligation and right dealing, was never quite lost throughout Roman history. In Virgil’s Aeneid, though Jupiter is in many ways as much…

Dushanbe, city and capital of Tajikistan. It lies along the Varzob (Dushanbinka) River in the Gissar valley, in the southwest of the republic. It was built in the Soviet period on the site of three former settlements, of which the largest was named Dyushambe (Tajik dush, meaning “Monday,” its

principles of physical science: Divergence and Laplace’s equation: When charges are not isolated points but form a continuous distribution with a local charge density ρ being the ratio of the charge δq in a small cell to the volume δv of the cell, then the flux of E over…

diya, small lamp, filled with oil, that is widely used across India, particularly in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions. Diyas are traditionally made from clay or metal such as brass. A diya has a small, shallow bowl-like structure with a cotton wick partly inserted so that one end rests immersed

Symbolism: Symbolist literature: …of the Symbolists, and his Divagations (1897) remains the most valuable statement of the movement’s aesthetics. In their efforts to escape rigid metrical patterns and to achieve freer poetic rhythms, many Symbolist poets resorted to the composition of prose poems and the use of vers libre (free verse), which has…

Divākarapaṇḍita was a Hindu of the Brahman (priestly) caste who rose through religious and administrative ranks to serve four Cambodian kings—Harshavarman II, Jayavarman VI, Dharanindravarman I, and the great Suryavarman II—and who was the most trusted adviser to three of them. The highly

Divākarapaṇḍita was a Hindu of the Brahman (priestly) caste who rose through religious and administrative ranks to serve four Cambodian kings—Harshavarman II, Jayavarman VI, Dharanindravarman I, and the great Suryavarman II—and who was the most trusted adviser to three of them. The highly

crystal: Conductivity of metals: Divalent atoms, such as magnesium or calcium, donate both valence electrons to become conduction electrons, while monovalent atoms, such as lithium or gold, donate one. As will be recalled, the number of conduction electrons alone does not determine conductivity; it depends on electron mobility as…

Diwali, one of the major religious festivals in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, lasting for five days from the 13th day of the dark half of the lunar month Ashvina to the second day of the light half of the lunar month Karttika. (The corresponding dates in the Gregorian calendar usually fall in

Islamic arts: Lyric poetry: Moḥammad Shams al-Dīn Ḥāfeẓ: …comparatively small collection of work—his Dīvān contains about 400 ghazals—was soon acclaimed as the finest lyrical poetry ever written in Persian. The discussion of whether or not to interpret its wine and love songs on a mystical plane has continued for centuries. Yet this discussion seems sterile since Ḥāfeẓ, whose…

divan, in Islamic societies, a “register,” or logbook, and later a “finance department,” “government bureau,” or “administration.” The first divan appeared under the caliph ʿUmar I (634–644) as a pensions list, recording free Arab warriors entitled to a share of the spoils of war. Out of rents and

Federico García Lorca: Later poetry and plays of Federico García Lorca: Divan del Tamarit also expresses Lorca’s lifelong interest in Arab-Andalusian (frequently referred to as “Moorish”) culture, which he viewed as central to his identity as an Andalusian poet. He regarded the Catholic reconquest of Granada in 1492 as a tragic loss. Divan del Tamarit responds…

Akbar period architecture: …Hall of Private Audience (Diwan-i-Khas) is arresting in its interior arrangement, which has a single massive column encircled by brackets supporting a stone throne platform, from which radiate four railed balconies. The palace of Jodha Bai, Akbar’s wife, and the residence of Mahesh Das (commonly known as Bīrbal, Akbar’s…

Rūmī: The influence of Shams al-Dīn: The Dīvān-e Shams (“The Collected Poetry of Shams”) is a true translation of his experiences into poetry; its language, however, never becomes lost in lofty spiritual heights or nebulous speculation. The fresh language, propelled by its strong rhythms, sometimes assumes forms close to popular verses. There…

Mirza Ghalib: His Divan-e-Ghalib is a collection of ghazals that explores love, sorrow, and the complexities of human thought. Ghalib’s Urdu poetry and collections of letters remain significant foundational works of modern Urdu literature.

Ahmed Yesevi: …to the poet is the Divan-i hikmet (“Book of Wisdom”), containing poems on mystical themes. Scholars believe that the work is probably not his. It is felt, however, that the poems in the Divan are similar in style and sentiment to what he wrote. The importance of Ahmed Yesevi cannot…

dīwānī script, cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th–early 17th century). It was invented by Housam Roumi and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–66). As decorative as it was communicative, dīwānī was

phase: Unary systems: …is stable) the system is divariant—i.e., two degrees of freedom exist. Thus, the two variables (pressure and temperature) can be changed independently, and the same phase assemblage continues to exist.

diving, sport of plunging into water, usually head foremost, performed with the addition of gymnastic and acrobatic stunts. In its more elaborate, acrobatic form, diving originated in Europe early in the 19th century as a diversion of gymnasts and as a competitive sport in the late 19th century. It

dive bomber, in early military aircraft, a plane that was designed to dive directly at a target, release bombs at low altitude, level off abruptly, and depart. The tactic dated from an experimental Allied sortie in World War I. It was the subject of considerable exploration in the 1920s by U.S.

Maldives, independent island country in the north-central Indian Ocean. It consists of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls. The islands extend more than 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles (130

loon, (order Gaviiformes), any of five species of diving birds constituting the genus Gavia, family Gaviidae. Loons were formerly included, along with the grebes, to which they bear a superficial resemblance, in the order Colymbiformes, but they are considered to constitute their own separate

Jasper Johns: …textures in such works as Diver (1962). Changing his style in the 1970s, he produced near-monochrome paintings composed of clusters of parallel lines that he called “crosshatchings.” The paintings he did in the 1980s contain both figural elements and autobiographical references.

Eddie Van Halen: Career with Van Halen: … (1980), Fair Warning (1981), and Diver Down (1982), the last of which includes the track “Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now),” a jazzy single that showcases Jan Van Halen on clarinet.

Dick and Nicole Diver, fictional characters, an ill-fated American couple in Europe in the novel Tender Is the Night (1934; rev. ed. 1948) by American writer F. Scott

convergence and divergence: divergence, in meteorology, the accumulation or drawing apart of air, as well as the rate at which each takes place. The terms are usually used to refer specifically to the horizontal inflow (convergence) or outflow (divergence) of air. The convergence of horizontal winds causes air…

heredity: DNA phylogeny: …of mutations, a process called divergence. The greater the amount of divergence, the longer must have been the time since the split occurred. To carry out this sort of analysis, the DNA sequence data are fed into a computer. The computer positions similar species together on short adjacent branches showing…

divergence, In mathematics, a differential operator applied to a three-dimensional vector-valued function. The result is a function that describes a rate of change. The divergence of a vector v is given by in which v1, v2, and v3 are the vector components of v, typically a velocity field of fluid

principles of physical science: Divergence and Laplace’s equation: When charges are not isolated points but form a continuous distribution with a local charge density ρ being the ratio of the charge δq in a small cell to the volume δv of the cell, then the flux of E over…

mechanics of solids: Equations of motion: …for Tj above and the divergence theorem of multivariable calculus, which states that integrals over the area of a closed surface S, with integrand ni f (x), may be rewritten as integrals over the volume V enclosed by S, with integrand ∂f (x)/∂xi; when f (x) is a differentiable function,…

Veronica Roth: Background and developing the Divergent series: …studied creative writing, Roth penned Divergent, the first installment in the trilogy, over winter break during her senior year.

Veronica Roth: Background and developing the Divergent series: …the first book, also titled Divergent, starred Shailene Woodley as Tris and Theo James as Four and was released in 2014. A box-office success, it led to the sequels Insurgent (2015) and The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016).

heredity: DNA phylogeny: …of mutations, a process called divergence. The greater the amount of divergence, the longer must have been the time since the split occurred. To carry out this sort of analysis, the DNA sequence data are fed into a computer. The computer positions similar species together on short adjacent branches showing…

earthquake: Tectonic associations: …oceanic ridges, which correspond to divergent plate boundaries. At the subduction zones, which are associated with convergent plate boundaries, intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes mark the location of the upper part of a dipping lithosphere slab. The focal mechanisms indicate that the stresses are aligned with the dip of the lithosphere…

Zoë Kravitz: Popular series: Divergent and Fantastic Beasts: [2014], Insurgent [2015], and Allegiant [2016]), adapted from a sci-fi young adult (YA) book series by Veronica Roth; Toast the Knowing in George Miller’s Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), a postapocalyptic action drama that was a huge box office hit; and Leta Lestrange in Fantastic Beasts and Where to

Zoë Kravitz: Popular series: Divergent and Fantastic Beasts: …the Divergent trilogy (Divergent [2014], Insurgent [2015], and Allegiant [2016]), adapted from a sci-fi young adult (YA) book series by Veronica Roth; Toast the Knowing in George Miller’s Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), a postapocalyptic action drama that was a huge box office hit; and Leta

thought: Creative thinking: As discussed above, divergent (or creative) thinking is an activity that leads to new information, or previously undiscovered solutions. Some problems demand flexibility, originality, fluency, and inventiveness, especially those for which the individual must supply a unique solution. (See creativity.)

lens: Optical principles for lenses: … on, or to appear to diverge from, a single point. This point is called the focal point, or principal focus, of the lens (often depicted in ray diagrams as F). Refraction of the rays of light reflected from or emitted by an object causes the rays to form a visual…

Richard Hakluyt: …in his first important work, Divers Voyages Touching the Discouerie of America (1582). In this he also pleaded for the establishment of a lectureship in navigation.

decompression sickness: Physiological effects and symptoms: …an itching sensation known as divers’ itches. Usually these symptoms pass in 10 to 20 minutes. Excessive coughing and difficulty in breathing, known as the chokes, indicate nitrogen bubbles in the respiratory system. Other symptoms include chest pain, a burning sensation while breathing, and severe shock.

decompression sickness: Physiological effects and symptoms: …cause paralysis and convulsions (divers’ palsy), difficulties with muscle coordination and sensory abnormalities (divers’ staggers), numbness, nausea, speech defects, and personality changes. When bubbles accumulate in the joints, pain is usually severe and mobility is restricted. The term bends is derived from this affliction, as the affected person commonly

decompression sickness: Physiological effects and symptoms: …coordination and sensory abnormalities (divers’ staggers), numbness, nausea, speech defects, and personality changes. When bubbles accumulate in the joints, pain is usually severe and mobility is restricted. The term bends is derived from this affliction, as the affected person commonly is unable to straighten joints.

automotive industry: Diversity of products: The automotive industry’s immense resources in production facilities and technical and managerial skills have been devoted predominantly to the building of motor vehicles, but there has been a consistent and strong incentive to extend into related products and occasionally into operations whose…

biodiversity, the variety of life found in a place on Earth or, often, the total variety of life on Earth. A common measure of this variety, called species richness, is the count of species in an area. Colombia and Kenya, for example, each have more than 1,000 breeding species of birds, whereas the

Commodities are the basic materials that help our economy run. Commodities include the crude oil that powers most of our vehicles and the natural gas and heating oil that keep our homes warm in the winter. Copper is the conduit that electrifies our buildings, silver is in solar panels, and gold is

evolution: Diversifying selection: Two or more divergent phenotypes in an environment may be favoured simultaneously by diversifying selection. (See the right column of the figure.) No natural environment is homogeneous; rather, the environment of any plant or animal population is a mosaic consisting of more or…

diversion, any of a variety of programs that implement strategies seeking to avoid the formal processing of an offender by the criminal justice system. Although those strategies, referred to collectively as diversion, take many forms, a typical diversion program results in a person who has been

Samuel Foote: …series of farcical entertainments called Diversions of the Morning, in which he ridiculed other actors and celebrities. Later, to avoid the restraints of the Licensing Act, which required patents for public performances, he styled his entertainments for his friends as “teas.”

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Diversisporales Arbuscular mycorrhizal; forms complexes of spores; example genera include Acaulospora, Diversispora, and Pacispora. Order Gigasporales Arbuscular mycorrhizal; uses extra-radical auxiliary cells instead of vesicles in plant roots. Order Glomerales

nation-state: Diversity management: Despite their efforts to foster a national core, a fundamental challenge to nation-states is how to manage ethnic, religious, or national diversity within their borders. So-called “diversity management” has been accomplished by applying one or more of three competing principles regarding groups that…

E.O. Wilson: In The Diversity of Life (1992), Wilson sought to explain how the world’s living species became diverse and examined the massive species extinctions caused by human activities in the 20th century.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs—meant to address historical and systemic disparities based on race, gender, age, ability, and sexual orientation in the workplace—became a controversial cornerstone for both the government and private sector in the 21st century. The practice, once

biodiversity, the variety of life found in a place on Earth or, often, the total variety of life on Earth. A common measure of this variety, called species richness, is the count of species in an area. Colombia and Kenya, for example, each have more than 1,000 breeding species of birds, whereas the

diverticulum, any small pouch or sac that forms in the wall of a major organ of the human body. Diverticula form most commonly in the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine and are most often a problem in the latter organ. Middle-aged and older people are particularly susceptible to the

bivalve: The digestive system and nutrition: …and intracellular in the digestive diverticula, opening laterally from the stomach wall. Transport of food particles is effected by cilia, creating an array of tracts and sorting areas within the stomach. The principal organ of extracellular digestion is the crystalline style. It is rotated in its sac by cilia; the…

diverticulitis, inflammation of the diverticula, or small pouches, that form in the lining of the large intestine. Diverticula are thought to form when weak spots in the intestinal wall are exposed to high pressure, causing the wall to bulge outward. They often form in the colon, the longest part

digestive system disease: Diverticula: …sigmoid region, precedes or accompanies diverticulosis; this is especially apparent in the diverticulosis in middle-aged persons as opposed to that in the elderly.

diverticulum, any small pouch or sac that forms in the wall of a major organ of the human body. Diverticula form most commonly in the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine and are most often a problem in the latter organ. Middle-aged and older people are particularly susceptible to the

divertimento, 18th-century musical genre of a light and entertaining nature usually consisting of several movements for strings, winds, or both. The movements included sonata forms, variation forms, dances, and rondos. One of Joseph Haydn’s numerous divertimenti is a sextet written for a double

divertimento, 18th-century musical genre of a light and entertaining nature usually consisting of several movements for strings, winds, or both. The movements included sonata forms, variation forms, dances, and rondos. One of Joseph Haydn’s numerous divertimenti is a sextet written for a double

Sir Lennox Berkeley: …more notable works include the Divertimento (1943), a highly polished orchestral piece, and Piano Sonata (1945), which displays his subtle use of harmony. He is also known for his vocal music, much of it religious, such as the Stabat Mater (1947), written for Britten’s English Opera Group. He wrote pieces…

divestment, the disposal of assets in any of a variety of ways, usually for ethical, financial, or political reasons. At the institutional level, divestment is a policy and set of economic sanctions used by corporations, groups of shareholders, individuals, and governments to put pressure on a

divestment, the disposal of assets in any of a variety of ways, usually for ethical, financial, or political reasons. At the institutional level, divestment is a policy and set of economic sanctions used by corporations, groups of shareholders, individuals, and governments to put pressure on a

ancient Rome: Appraisal of Augustus: …the Senate unhesitatingly pronounced him divus—the deified one who had restored peace, organized a standing army to defend the frontiers, expanded those frontiers farther than any previous Roman, improved administrative practices everywhere, promoted better standards of public and private behaviour, integrated Rome and Italy, embellished Rome, reconciled the provinces, expedited…

divide and rule, from the Latin divide et impera, a strategy of governing colonial societies by systematically separating social and cultural groups, partly because those groups may otherwise unite and overpower the colonizing power. The term is often used in the context of colonial government in

divide and rule, from the Latin divide et impera, a strategy of governing colonial societies by systematically separating social and cultural groups, partly because those groups may otherwise unite and overpower the colonizing power. The term is often used in the context of colonial government in

library: Catalog systems: The second is the divided catalog, still in alphabetical sequence but with subject entries in a separate file. This form has increased in popularity, and many libraries have divided their former dictionary catalogs, recognizing the growing value of the subject approach. The third is the classed, or classified, catalog,…

Christa Wolf: …novel, Der geteilte Himmel (1963; Divided Heaven; filmed 1964), established her reputation. This work explores the political and romantic conflicts of Rita and Manfred. He defects to West Berlin for greater personal and professional freedom, and she, after a brief stay with him, rejects the West and returns to East…

history of Europe: A climate of fear: …had gradually been solidifying into separate entities. When in June 1948 the Western authorities issued a new western deutsche mark, the U.S.S.R. retaliated by imposing a land blockade on Berlin, which was jointly administered by the four occupation powers but was physically an enclave within the Soviet zone. The West…

R.D. Laing: In his first book, The Divided Self (1960), he theorized that ontological insecurity (insecurity about one’s existence) prompts a defensive reaction in which the self splits into separate components, thus generating the psychotic symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia. He was opposed to the standard treatments for schizophrenics, such as hospitalization…

keyboard instrument: Divided sharps: The second type of exceptional keyboard arrangement was originally required by the so-called meantone tuning system generally used in the 16th–18th centuries. Meantone tuning provided significantly purer tuning for a relatively small number of tonalities than does equal temperament, the system now in…

dividend, an individual share of earnings distributed among stockholders of a corporation or company in proportion to their holdings and as determined by the class of their holdings. Dividends are usually payable in cash, although sometimes distributions are made in the form of additional shares of

As an investor, you may be looking for stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that can provide you with a little extra value over the long term. If you’re planning to hold shares of a company for the long haul, you might want to consider looking at the S&P 500 dividend aristocrats and dividend

Do you like the growth potential of stocks, but get scared by high-flying companies that sometimes fall to Earth? Or maybe you’re looking for income-generating investments, but want better returns than bonds offer? Dividend exchange-traded funds (ETFs) may be worth considering. Dividend ETFs hold a

income tax: Integration: Partial integration (or dividend relief) may be attained by lessening or eliminating the so-called double taxation of distributed profits resulting from separate income taxes on corporations and shareholders. Full integration could be achieved only by overlooking the existence of the corporation for income tax purposes…

baking: Makeup: …bread, makeup equipment includes the divider, the rounder, the intermediate proofer, the molder, and the panner.

divider, instrument for measuring, transferring, or marking off distances, consisting of two straight adjustable legs hinged together and ending in sharp points. It is used principally in drafting for the accurate transfer of dimensions from a measuring scale and in machine shops for scribing lines

dividing engine, Machine used to mark off equal intervals accurately, usually on precision instruments. Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach (1772–1826), a German maker of astronomical instruments, designed an early dividing engine, and Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800), a British pioneer in the design of

The Divine Comedy, long narrative poem written in Italian circa 1308–21 by Dante. It is considered to be one of the world’s great works of literature. Divided into three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—the poem traces the journey of Dante from darkness and error to the revelation

Siparia: …has a Capuchin pilgrimage church, La Divina Pastora (Divine Shepherdess; 1758), which contains a Black Virgin statue surrounded by votive offerings. This statue of the Virgin Mary is venerated by Roman Catholics as well as by Hindus, who see her as a manifestation of the goddess Kali and call the…

golden ratio: History: mathematician Luca Pacioli published De divina proportione (1509; “Divine Proportion”), a treatise that celebrated the ratio’s supposed harmony. The book was illustrated by polymath Leonardo da Vinci, whose works have often been analyzed for evidence of golden ratio proportions. German astronomer–mathematician Johannes Kepler, in Harmonices Mundi (1619; “Harmony of…

Lactantius: …the Latin Church Fathers, whose Divinae institutiones (“Divine Precepts”), a classically styled philosophical refutation of early-4th-century anti-Christian tracts, was the first systematic Latin account of the Christian attitude toward life. Lactantius was referred to as the “Christian Cicero” by Renaissance humanists.

divination, the practice of determining the hidden significance or cause of events, sometimes foretelling the future, by various natural, psychological, and other techniques. Found in all civilizations, both ancient and modern, it is encountered most frequently in contemporary mass society in the

ordeal: A Burmese ordeal by divination involves two parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is adjudged to have won his cause. Another form of ordeal by divination is the appeal to the corpse for…

John Waters: Making waves: From short films to Mondo Trasho: …and the larger-than-life drag queen Divine. Born Nancy Paine Stoll and Harris Glenn Milstead, respectively, they were given their stage names by Waters. Divine, whose style Waters has described as “Godzilla and Elizabeth Taylor put together,” shared Waters’s taste for the utterly distasteful.

sacred, the power, being, or realm understood by religious persons to be at the core of existence and to have a transformative effect on their lives and destinies. Other terms, such as holy, divine, transcendent, ultimate being (or ultimate reality), mystery, and perfection (or purity) have been

ethics: St. Thomas Aquinas and the Scholastics: …position is sometimes called a divine approbation theory, because it defines good as whatever is approved by God. As mentioned earlier, it follows from such a position that it is meaningless to describe God himself as good. It also follows that if God had willed humans to torture children, it…

The Divine Comedy, long narrative poem written in Italian circa 1308–21 by Dante. It is considered to be one of the world’s great works of literature. Divided into three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—the poem traces the journey of Dante from darkness and error to the revelation

Leon Forrest: Forrest’s ambitious novel, Divine Days (1992), was set in Chicago in 1966 and concerns the efforts of an African-American playwright to investigate the disappearance of a fellow black. A book of collected essays, Relocations of the Spirit, was published in 1994.