The Death of Ivan Ilyich, novella by Leo Tolstoy, published in Russian as Smert Ivana Ilyicha in 1886, considered a masterpiece of psychological realism. The protagonist’s crisis is remarkably similar to that of Tolstoy himself as described in Ispoved (1884; My Confession). The first section of the

J.M. Coetzee: …Schooldays of Jesus (2016) and The Death of Jesus (2020).

Jina Mahsa Amini, an Iranian woman in her early 20s, died unexpectedly on September 16, 2022, while in custody of Iran’s Gasht-e Ershad (Guidance Patrol; also called “morality police”) for “improper” clothing. The incident sparked outrage in Iran, where anger toward the government had already been

French literature: Prose literature: …Mort le Roi Artu (The Death of King Arthur), powerfully describing the collapse of the Arthurian world. The Tristan legend was reworked and extended in prose. To spin out their romances while maintaining their public’s interest, authors wove in many characters and adventures, producing complex interlacing patterns, which Sir…

John Adams: Operas: The Death of Klinghoffer (1991) was based on the hijacking by Palestinian terrorists of the cruise ship Achille Lauro in 1985 and the killing of a disabled Jewish passenger. The composer’s third opera, Doctor Atomic (2005), was the story of the scientists in Los Alamos,…

Filippino Lippi: …executed a fresco of the Death of Laocoön for the villa of Lorenzo de’ Medici at Poggio a Caiano, in which some of the decorative devices used in the Carafa Chapel are again employed, and resumed work in the Strozzi Chapel (completed 1502), the frescoes of which anticipate Tuscan Mannerism…

Jacques-Louis David: Rise to fame: 1780–94: The Death of Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, painted to honour a murdered deputy and regarded by David as one of his best pictures, was eventually destroyed. The result of all this is that the artist’s Jacobin inspiration is represented principally by The Death of Marat, painted in…

Jean-Pierre Léaud: …Mort de Louis XIV (2016; The Death of Louis XIV), Léaud was cast in the title role, and he portrayed a veteran actor dealing with mortality in Le Lion est mort ce soir (2017; The Lion Sleeps Tonight).

Peter Henry Emerson: …published a black-bordered pamphlet “The Death of Naturalistic Photography,” in which he recanted his opinion that the accurate reproduction of nature was synonymous with art. Despite his change of mind, his initial views remained influential and formed the rationale of much 20th-century photography.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Major literary work of Alfred, Lord Tennyson: …proofs of his last volume, The Death of Oenone, Akbar’s Dream, and Other Poems (1892).

Fernando Botero: …industry in such works as The Death of Pablo Escobar (1999), which shows the leader of the Medellín cartel being fatally shot. In 2004, after the torture of Iraqi prisoners by U.S. soldiers at the Abu Ghraib prison came to light, Botero began creating numerous paintings and drawings on the…

Piero di Cosimo: …the theme of the famous A Satyr Mourning over a Nymph (c. 1495). The softly undulating form of a nymph, or possibly the accidentally slain Procris, lies in a meadow bathed in a golden light while a curious satyr kneels beside her and her faithful dog mourns at her feet—considered…

ballad: Historical ballads: For example, neither “The Death of Queen Jane,” about one of the wives of Henry VIII, nor “The Bonny Earl of Murray” is correct in key details, but they accurately express the popular mourning for these figures. By far the largest number of ballads that can be traced…

Eminem: Later albums and projects: In 2024 Eminem released The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce), a concept album in which he delivered the death blow to his infamous alter ego. Its lead single, “Houdini,” went to number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming his highest-charting song in a decade.

Croatian literature: …poem Smrt Smail-age Čengića (1846; The Death of Smail Aga), written in the tradition of oral epic poetry and showing South Slavic allegiance by taking as its subject the struggle of Montenegrins against the Ottomans. Other representative lyrical works include the patriotic songs and poetic drama of Petar Preradović and…

Steve Buscemi: Film career: Reservoir Dogs, Fargo, and The Big Lebowski: …appeared as Nikita Khrushchev in The Death of Stalin, a satire about a power struggle following the death of Joseph Stalin. Buscemi also lent his voice to numerous movies, including Monsters, Inc. (2001) and the 2013 sequel, Monsters University; Charlotte’s Web (2006); and the Hotel Transylvania franchise (2012, 2015, 2018,…

C.K. Stead: …include All Visitors Ashore (1984), The Death of the Body (1986), Sister Hollywood (1989), The End of the Century at the End of the World (1992), Villa Vittoria (1997), and Talking About O’Dwyer (1999). The historical novels Mansfield, with writer Katherine Mansfield as its subject,

The Death of the Heart, novel by Elizabeth Bowen, published in 1938. It is one of Bowen’s best-known works and demonstrates her debt to Henry James in the careful observation of detail and the theme of innocence darkened by experience. The novel is noted for its dexterous portrayal of an

The Death of the Hired Man, narrative poem by Robert Frost, published in North of Boston in 1914. The poem, written in blank verse, consists of a conversation between the farmer Warren and his wife, Mary, about their former farmhand Silas, an elderly man who has come “home” to their farm to die.

Suzan-Lori Parks: Parks’s other plays included The Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World (produced 1990); The America Play (produced 1994), about a man obsessed with Abraham Lincoln; In the Blood (produced 1999), which updates Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter; and The Book of Grace (produced 2010),…

Caravaggio: Continued successes and the murder of Tomassoni: …shows the Apostles lamenting the death of Mary in the poorest of homes. In the words of the 20th-century art historian Roberto Longhi, it resembles “a death in a night refuge.” It is among the most-powerful and moving of Caravaggio’s paintings, but once more, not long after being installed in…

Caravaggio: Continued successes and the murder of Tomassoni: …great altarpieces for Roman churches, The Death of the Virgin. Austere, solemn, tragic in its very mundanity, the work shows the Apostles lamenting the death of Mary in the poorest of homes. In the words of the 20th-century art historian Roberto Longhi, it resembles “a death in a night refuge.”…

Joos van Cleve was a Netherlandish painter known for his portraits of royalty and his religious paintings. He is now often identified with the “Master of the Death of the Virgin.” In 1511 Joos van Cleve entered the Antwerp guild as a master painter, and in 1520 he was appointed dean of the guild.

Nicolas Poussin: Beginnings: The Notre-Dame painting, The Death of the Virgin (1623), went missing following the French Revolution and was known until the 21st century only by a preparatory drawing. The painting was discovered in a small church in the town of Sterrebeek outside Brussels and restored. The works for the…

The Death of Virgil, novel by Hermann Broch, published simultaneously in German (as Der Tod des Vergil) and in English in 1945. The novel, the best known of the author’s works, imaginatively re-creates the last 18 hours of the Roman poet Virgil’s life as he is taken to Brundisium (now Brindisi)

French literature: Céline and Drieu: …and Mort à credit (1936; Death on the Installment Plan), were radically experimental in form and language. They give a dark account of the machinery of repressive authoritarianism and the operations of capitalist ambition in war and peace, and across continents. With hindsight, Céline’s novels can be seen as portraying…

Roger Hargreaves: …at the Vicarage (1930) and Death on the Nile (1937), were adapted for children in 2025–26. The first of these new titles were titled Little Miss Marple: Muddle at the Vicarage and Mr Poirot: Mischief on the Nile. The adaptations featured reimagined versions of the iconic detectives in Hargreave’s style,…

Agatha Christie: Plays and film adaptations: …Death on the Nile (1937; film 1978 and 2022), and The Mirror Crack’d From Side to Side (1952; film [The Mirror Crack’d] 1980). Her works were also adapted for television.

Hercule Poirot: Adaptations: …on the Orient Express (2017), Death on the Nile (2022), and A Haunting in Venice (2023).

Benjamin West: …exhibited his final sketch for Death on the Pale Horse (c. 1802), which anticipated developments in French Romantic painting. He never returned to the United States, but through such pupils as Washington Allston, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, and John Singleton Copley, he exerted considerable influence on the development of…

Practiced for much, if not all, of human history, the death penalty (also called capital punishment) is the “execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense,” explains Roger Hood, professor at the Centre for Criminological Research at the

Capital punishment is the execution of an offender who is sentenced to death after being convicted of a criminal offense by a court of law. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. The term death penalty is sometimes used

capital punishment: The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with capital punishment, though imposition of the penalty is not always followed by execution (even when it is upheld on appeal), because of the possibility of commutation to life imprisonment.

Quentin Tarantino: …B-movie double features, paired Tarantino’s Death Proof, a thriller about a homicidal stuntman, with Robert Rodriguez’s horror film Planet Terror.

mortality, in demographic usage, the frequency of death in a population. In general, the risk of death at any given age is less for females than for males, except during the childbearing years (in economically developed societies females have a lower mortality even during those years). The risk of

7 Unique Burial Rituals Across the World: Let’s look at seven distinct burial rituals.

death row, the part of a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after they have been sentenced to death for a capital crime. The term also applies to the status of prisoners who are awaiting execution in regions where a separate facility for housing them does not exist; nevertheless, they

Death Row Records and Interscope Records: Among the individuals responsible for the flourishing of hip-hop in Los Angeles in the 1990s was a white man, Jimmy Iovine, a former engineer on recordings by Bruce Springsteen and the new head of Interscope Records. Although Interscope had a stable of successful alternative rock…

Among the individuals responsible for the flourishing of hip-hop in Los Angeles in the 1990s was a white man, Jimmy Iovine, a former engineer on recordings by Bruce Springsteen and the new head of Interscope Records. Although Interscope had a stable of successful alternative rock acts—including

adverse selection: Adverse selection in insurance: …unraveling, also known as a death spiral, is typical of adverse selection environments.

figure skating: Spins and throws: …unique to pairs include the death spiral, in which the man pivots on the toe pick of one skate and the edge of another while the woman clasps his hand with an extended arm. She then leans horizontally over the ice on a single edge and drops her head toward…

Spanish literature: Theatre: …Escuadra hacia la muerte (1953; Death Squad), a disturbing Cold War drama, presents soldiers who have been accused of “unpardonable” offenses and condemned to stand guard in a no-man’s-land where they await the advance of an unknown enemy and face almost certain death. Other plays demonstrate the socially committed individual’s…

Mitchell Leisen: Films of the 1930s: …film, the elegantly made allegory Death Takes a Holiday (1934), that Leisen first made his mark as a director. In it Fredric March played Death incarnate, who visits an Italian villa to observe humanity in action and then falls in love with a woman (played by Evelyn Venable) who willingly…

Sir William Harcourt: …the total estate of a deceased person, Harcourt’s legislation of 1894 was capable of producing much more revenue than taxes only on the amounts inherited by beneficiaries. The new death duties were enacted over the opposition of Rosebery and Gladstone, who believed that easily increased taxes would encourage frivolous governmental…

Death Valley, structural depression primarily in Inyo county, southeastern California, U.S. It is the lowest, hottest, and driest portion of the North American continent. Death Valley is about 140 miles (225 km) long, trends roughly north-south, and is from 5 to 15 miles (8 to 24 km) wide. The

radio: Westerns: …drama appears to have been Death Valley Days, which first aired on September 30, 1930, over NBC’s Red network. The series came about when the Pacific Borax Company wanted to sponsor a dramatic show about the Old West (which fit in with the “20 Mule Team” trademark of its cleaning…

Death Valley National Park, the hottest and driest national park in the United States, located in Death Valley, largely in southwestern California, though a small portion extends into Nevada’s Bullfrog Hills. It is also the largest national park in the 48 conterminous U.S. states. Much of its

Death Valley National Park, the hottest and driest national park in the United States, located in Death Valley, largely in southwestern California, though a small portion extends into Nevada’s Bullfrog Hills. It is also the largest national park in the 48 conterminous U.S. states. Much of its

Jon Fosse: Plays: …on his boat; Dødsvariasjonar (2002; Death Variations), a one-act play about a girl who questions her decision to die by suicide, told in reverse starting at the time of her death; and Eg er vinden (2008; I Am the Wind), which focuses on two men experiencing an existential crisis in…

Dino De Laurentiis: …was only a 20-page draft—Death Wish (1974), Three Days of the Condor (1975), and King Kong (1976), as well as Ragtime (1981), a critically lauded adaptation of E.L. Doctorow’s novel. In 1984 he opened another film studio in Wilmington, North Carolina, and—after engineering the De Laurentiis

Bruce Willis: …in the 2018 remake of Death Wish, a 1974 action film about a father who becomes a vigilante after his family is attacked. In Glass (2019) he reprised his role as a security guard/superhero from Unbreakable. His other films from 2019 included the comedy Between Two Ferns and Motherless Brooklyn,…

crime: The concept of crime: criminal codes: state of Oregon the Death with Dignity Act (passed in 1997) allows terminally ill individuals to end their lives through the use of lethal medications prescribed by a physician. Nonetheless, the general trend has been toward increasing the scope of criminal law rather than decreasing it, and it has…

Liu Cixin: The Three-Body Problem and other works: …2008, and a third book, Death’s End, in 2010. The first book in the series was published in the United States by Tor Books in 2014, having been translated from Chinese into English by Ken Liu. The translation met with immediate success. Since then, the series has been translated into…

hawk moth: …common name for Acherontia atropos, death’s head moth, derives from the fancied facsimile of a human skull on the upper surface of the body. Common in Europe and Africa, these moths have a short proboscis and often feed on honey from beehives. They produce loud chirping or squeaking sounds by…

Thomas Lovell Beddoes: In Death’s Jest-Book itself, which Beddoes described as an example of “the florid Gothic,” he aimed to use Gothic material to discuss the problems of mortality and immortality.

SS: …Leibstandarte, Hitler’s personal bodyguard; the Totenkopfverbände (Death’s-Head Battalions), which administered the concentration camps and a vast empire of slave labor drawn from the Jews and the populations of the occupied territories; and the Verfügungstruppen (Disposition Troops), which swelled to 39 divisions in World War II and which, serving as elite…

Josef Mengele was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz extermination camp (1943–45) who selected prisoners for execution in the gas chambers and conducted medical experiments on inmates in pseudoscientific racial studies. Mengele’s father was founder of a company that produced farm machinery, Firma Karl

Death, Be Not Proud, sonnet by John Donne, one of the 19 Holy Sonnets, published in 1633 in the first edition of Songs and Sonnets. This devotional lyric directly addresses death, raging defiantly against its perceived haughtiness. The theme, seen throughout Donne’s poetry, is that death is unable

dance of death, medieval allegorical concept of the all-conquering and equalizing power of death, expressed in the drama, poetry, music, and visual arts of western Europe mainly in the late Middle Ages. Strictly speaking, it is a literary or pictorial representation of a procession or dance of both

mushroom: Other mushrooms: cibarius) and the horn-of-plenty mushroom (Craterellus cornucopioides). Puffballs (family Lycoperdaceae), stinkhorns, earthstars (a kind of puffball), and bird’s nest fungi are usually treated with the mushrooms. Another group of ascomycetes includes the cup fungi, with a cuplike or dishlike fruiting structure, sometimes highly coloured.

death-qualified jury, in law, a trial jury pronounced fit to decide a case involving the death penalty. The fitness of jurors to serve in death-punishable cases depends on their views on capital punishment. For example, jurors absolutely opposed to the death penalty generally are disqualified from

Dominique Rolin: …Le Gâteau des morts (1982; The Deathday Cake) the narrator fantasizes her own death in the year 2000. Trente ans d’amour fou (1988; “Thirty Years of Passionate Love”) recalls her annual visits to Venice. Her later works include Train de rêves (1994; “Train of Dreams”); Les Géraniums (1993), a collection…

Deaths and Entrances, volume of verse by Dylan Thomas, published in 1946. It demonstrates an affirmative and deepening harmony between Thomas and his Welsh environment. Using elemental and religious imagery, the poet looks with sympathy at the impact of World War II, particularly the bombing of

Below is a list of notable deaths in 2024, arranged in chronological order. (The age of the individual is in parentheses.) Notable Deaths of 2024 Sports Willie Mays was considered by many to be the greatest all-around player in the history of baseball. Pete Rose, also known as “Charlie Hustle,”

Below is a list of notable deaths in 2025, arranged in chronological order. (The age of the individual is in

Below is a list of notable deaths in 2026, arranged in chronological order. (The age of the individual is in

Deadpool: Birth of the Merc with a Mouth: …than a passing resemblance to Deathstroke, a recurring villain in DC’s top-selling The New Teen Titans. Both have similar-looking costumes; both are mercenaries and are experts in martial arts, swordsmanship, and gunplay; and both are enhanced humans. Liefeld was known to be a fan of the Teen Titans, and the…

Michael Caine: …Palma’s Dressed to Kill (1980), Deathtrap (1982), Educating Rita (1983; best actor Oscar nomination), Mona Lisa (1986), Woody Allen’s Hannah and Her Sisters (1986; Academy Award for best supporting actor), Without a Clue (1988), and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels

deathwatch beetle, (Xestobium rufovillosum), an anobiid, or borer insect, of the family Anobiidae (insect order Coleoptera) that makes a ticking or clicking sound by bumping its head or jaws against the sides of the tunnels as it bores in old furniture and wood. According to superstition, the

Angus Deaton: …came to be called the Deaton Paradox, and it was instrumental in spurring a rapid expansion of research into the careful study of consumer behaviour in economics, both theoretically and empirically.

Angus Deaton is a British American economist who received the 2015 Nobel Prize for Economics. His fundamental contributions to the theory of consumption, savings, and the measurement of economic well-being transformed the field of applied and development economics. Deaton received a B.A. (1967), an

Angus Deaton is a British American economist who received the 2015 Nobel Prize for Economics. His fundamental contributions to the theory of consumption, savings, and the measurement of economic well-being transformed the field of applied and development economics. Deaton received a B.A. (1967), an

Deauville, resort, Calvados département, Normandy région, northern France. It lies at the mouth of the Touques River, opposite Trouville, across the Seine estuary from Le Havre. It is 55 miles (89 km) west of Rouen by road and 128 miles (206 km) from Paris. The town was founded by the duc de Morny

debutante, a young woman who is making a formal entrance into society. So-called debutante balls, dating back to at least the 18th century, were originally intended as an avenue through which to present young women eligible for marriage to prospective high-society partners. Modern balls, however,

Bhutan: The emergence of Bhutan: …and acquired the title of deb raja. This institution of two supreme authorities—a dharma raja for spiritual affairs and a deb raja for temporal matters—existed until the death of the last dharma raja in the early 20th century. Succession to the spiritual office of dharma raja was dependent on what…

Deba Habe, town, Gombe state, northeastern Nigeria, on the road from Gombe town to Numan. It was captured about 1810 by Buba Yero, the first Fulani emir of Gombe, and is still one of the largest towns in the Gombe area. A collecting point for peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton, it also serves as a

Deba Habe, town, Gombe state, northeastern Nigeria, on the road from Gombe town to Numan. It was captured about 1810 by Buba Yero, the first Fulani emir of Gombe, and is still one of the largest towns in the Gombe area. A collecting point for peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton, it also serves as a

Émile Zola: Life: His novel La Débâcle (1892), which was openly critical of the French army and government actions during the Franco-German War (1870–71), drew vitriolic criticism from French and Germans alike. Despite Zola’s undisputed prominence, he was never elected to the French Academy, although he was nominated on no…

Michael DeBakey was an American cardiovascular surgeon, educator, international medical statesman, and pioneer in surgical procedures for treatment of defects and diseases of the cardiovascular system. (Read Michael DeBakey’s Britannica article on cardiovascular disease.) In 1932 DeBakey devised

Michael DeBakey was an American cardiovascular surgeon, educator, international medical statesman, and pioneer in surgical procedures for treatment of defects and diseases of the cardiovascular system. (Read Michael DeBakey’s Britannica article on cardiovascular disease.) In 1932 DeBakey devised

money: Metallic money: …bc, did institute a partial debasement of the currency. For the next four centuries (until the absorption of Greece into the Roman Empire) the Athenian drachma had an almost constant silver content (67 grains of fine silver until Alexander, 65 grains thereafter) and became the standard coin of trade in…

Uganda: Relief: include Mounts Morungole, Moroto, and Kadam, all of which exceed 9,000 feet (2,750 metres) in elevation. The southernmost mountain—Mount Elgon—is also the highest of the chain, reaching 14,178 feet (4,321 metres). South and west of these mountains is an eastern extension of the Rift Valley, as well as Lake Victoria.…

African American English: (Decreolization, or debasilectalization, is the process by which a vernacular loses its basilectal, or “creole,” features under the influence of the language from which it inherited most of its vocabulary. The basilect is the variety that is the most divergent from the local standard speech.)…

débat, a type of literary composition popular especially in medieval times in which two or more usually allegorical characters discuss or debate some subject, most often a question of love, morality, or politics, and then refer the question to a judge. A tenson is a specific type of débat. A débat

Louise Labé: …also contained a prose dialogue, Débat de Folie et d’Amour (“Debate of Love and Folly”).

debate, formal, oral confrontation between two individuals, teams, or groups who present arguments to support opposing sides of a question, generally according to a set form or procedure. In the House of Commons each bill presented is given three readings, each of which provides the opportunity and

Need to write an argumentative essay? Preparing for an upcoming debate? Or want to simply bone up on issues in the news? ProCon has more than 100 debatable topics complete with pro and con arguments, footnoted citations, quotes and statistics from experts, historical information, and other

Samuel Johnson: The Gentleman’s Magazine and early publications of Samuel Johnson: The series was dubbed “Debates in the Senate of Magna Lilliputia,” and this Swiftian expedient gives the speeches satiric overtones. Their status was complicated by the fact that Johnson, who had visited the House of Commons only once, wrote the debates on the basis of scant information about the…

Japanese music: Onstage music: …divided into onstage activities (debayashi) and offstage groups (geza). In plays derived from puppet dramas the gidayū musicians, called here the chobo, are placed on their traditional platform offstage left or behind a curtained alcove above the stage-left exit. If other genres are used, the performers are placed about…

Deba Habe, town, Gombe state, northeastern Nigeria, on the road from Gombe town to Numan. It was captured about 1810 by Buba Yero, the first Fulani emir of Gombe, and is still one of the largest towns in the Gombe area. A collecting point for peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton, it also serves as a

Lisa Robertson: Early life, education, and work: …concern is also apparent in Debbie: An Epic (1997), which reconfigures the classical epic genre in the service of a contemporary radical feminist politics. Both books range widely in formal terms, combining lined poetry and prose poetry, as well as dialogues and footnotes, to construct long poems. Robertson often examines…

Deborah, prophet and heroine in the Old Testament (Judg. 4 and 5), who inspired the Israelites to a mighty victory over their Canaanite oppressors (the people who lived in the Promised Land, later Palestine, that Moses spoke of before its conquest by the Israelites); the “Song of Deborah” (Judg.

Deba Habe, town, Gombe state, northeastern Nigeria, on the road from Gombe town to Numan. It was captured about 1810 by Buba Yero, the first Fulani emir of Gombe, and is still one of the largest towns in the Gombe area. A collecting point for peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton, it also serves as a

Armenia: Drainage: The tributaries of the Kura—the Debed (109 miles), the Aghstev (80 miles), and others—pass through Armenia’s northeastern regions. Lake Sevan, with a capacity in excess of 9 cubic miles (39 cubic kilometres) of water, is fed by dozens of rivers, but only the Hrazdan leaves its confines.

De Beers S.A., South African company that is the world’s largest producer and distributor of diamonds. Through its many subsidiaries and brands, De Beers participates in most facets of the diamond industry, including mining, trading, and retail. In the early 21st century the company marketed 40

Thomas More: Years as chancellor of England: …1533: the Apology and the Debellacyon. He also laughs away the accusation of greed leveled by William Tyndale, translator of parts of the first printed English Bible. More’s poverty was so notorious that the hierarchy collected £5,000 to recoup his polemical costs, but he refused this grant lest it be…

measurement system: The Egyptians: …ratio, 10 kites equaling 1 deben and 10 debens equaling 1 sep. Over the long duration of Egyptian history, the weight of the kite varied from period to period, ranging all the way from 4.5 to 29.9 grams (0.16 to 1.05 ounces). Approximately 3,500 different weights have been recovered from…

bond: …it is known as a debenture bond.

bond: …it is known as a debenture bond.

debenture stock, loan contract issued by a company or public body specifying an obligation to return borrowed funds and pay interest, secured by all or part of the company’s property. Certificates specifying the amount of stock, with coupons for interest attached, are usually issued to the lenders.