piracy: …pirates of South America was Jean-François Duclerc, a Frenchman who preyed on ships in the area around Guanabara Bay (southeastern Brazil between Niterói and Rio de Janeiro). The exploits of these and other pirates later inspired a sizable genre of popular romantic and children’s literature, perhaps best exemplified by Robert…

Élie Ducommun was a Swiss writer and editor who in 1902, with Charles-Albert Gobat, won the Nobel Prize for Peace. After working as a magazine and newspaper editor in Geneva and Bern, Ducommun spent most of his career as general secretary of the Jura-Simplon Railway. His spare time, however, was

Louis Ducos du Hauron was a French physicist and inventor who in 1869 developed the so-called trichrome process of colour photography, a key 19th-century contribution to photography. Ducos du Hauron was the son of a tax collector. He began experimenting in his 20s and on March 1, 1864, patented

Louis Ducos du Hauron was a French physicist and inventor who in 1869 developed the so-called trichrome process of colour photography, a key 19th-century contribution to photography. Ducos du Hauron was the son of a tax collector. He began experimenting in his 20s and on March 1, 1864, patented

Luigi Barbasetti: pupils, including Lucien Gaudin and Roger Ducret, both of whom competed for France in three Olympics—1920, 1924, and 1928—Gaudin winning four gold and two silver fencing medals and Ducret three gold, four silver, and one bronze.

chancroid: …area, caused by the bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterized by the appearance, 3–5 days after exposure, of a painful, shallow ulcer at the site of infection. Such an ulcer is termed a soft chancre, as opposed to a hard chancre, which is the characteristic lesion of the primary stage…

Andrew Ducrow was a spectacular British equestrian performer and an originator of horsemanship acts. Ducrow’s father, a Belgian strong man who came to England in 1793, trained him from infancy in tumbling, riding, and rope dancing. Ducrow later developed a horsemanship act, “The Courier of St.

fipple flute, any of several end-blown flutes having a plug (“block,” or “fipple”) inside the pipe below the mouth hole, forming a flue, duct, or windway that directs the player’s breath alternately above and below the sharp edge of a lateral hole. This arrangement causes the enclosed air column to

circulatory system: The blood vessels: …each side, often called the duct of Cuvier, which carries blood ventrally into the sinus venosus. Various other veins join the cardinal veins from all over the body. The ventral jugular veins drain the lower part of the head and take blood directly into the common cardinal veins.

pancreas: Anatomy and exocrine and endocrine functions: …individuals a smaller duct (the duct of Santorini) also empties into the duodenum. Enzymes active in the digestion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein continuously flow from the pancreas through these ducts. Their flow is controlled by the vagus nerve and by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced in…

pancreas: Anatomy and exocrine and endocrine functions: A large main duct, the duct of Wirsung, collects pancreatic juice and empties into the duodenum. In many individuals a smaller duct (the duct of Santorini) also empties into the duodenum. Enzymes active in the digestion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein continuously flow from the pancreas through these ducts. Their…

breast cancer: Types of breast cancer: …known as lobular carcinomas and ductal carcinomas. Because these tissues are glandular, both cancers are referred to as adenocarcinomas. The most common type of tumor, infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is a single hard barely movable lump. This type of tumor accounts for about 70 percent of all cases. Fewer than 15…

mechanics of solids: Dislocations: …could be going on in ductile crystals and could provide an explanation of the low plastic shear strength of typical ductile solids, much as Griffith’s cracks explained low fracture strength under tension. In this case, the displacement on the dislocated surface corresponds to one atomic lattice spacing in the crystal.…

aqueduct: Ductile iron, a stronger and more elastic type of cast iron, is one of the most common materials now used for smaller underground pipes (secondary feeders), which supply water to local communities.

ductility, Capacity of a material to deform permanently (e.g., stretch, bend, or spread) in response to stress. Most common steels, for example, are quite ductile and hence can accommodate local stress concentrations. Brittle materials, such as glass, cannot accommodate concentrations of stress

telecommunications media: Line-of-sight microwave links: …the Earth’s curvature—a phenomenon called ducting.

epididyme: …tightly coiled ducts called the ductuli efferentes. The cells lining the ductuli have pigment granules, secretory granules, and cilia (hairlike structures). In the head region of the epididymis, all the ductuli efferentes connect to one large vessel, the ductus epididymidis. This duct is also extremely coiled, being about 4 to…

ductus arteriosus, Channel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetus, which bypasses the lungs to distribute oxygen received through the placenta from the mother’s blood. It normally closes once the baby is born and the lungs inflate, separating the pulmonary and systemic

ductus deferens, thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis, where the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation. Each ductus deferens ends in an enlarged portion, an ampulla, which acts as a reservoir. There are two ductus deferentes, identical in

ductus deferens: …larger than that of the ductus epididymidis, the tube found in the epididymis gland from which it originates. The tissue lining the inside wall is a moist and folded layer of mucous membrane. Surrounding the mucous membrane are three layers of circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. These fibres cause the…

human cardiovascular system: Human fetal circulation: …of a vessel called the ductus venosus. From the inferior vena cava, the blood enters the right atrium, then passes through the foramen ovale into the left atrium; from there it moves into the left ventricle and out through the aorta, which pumps the oxygenated blood to the head and…

Christmas Plants and Animals: 12 Festive Species: Christmas Island imperial pigeon (Ducula whartoni):

Jarosław Kaczyński: In May Andrzej Duda battled his way into a runoff election with Komorowski, which Duda then won. The woman who had guided Duda’s victorious campaign, Beata Szydło, was chosen to lead the PiS into the October election for the Sejm. She was poised to become prime minister…

Gustavo Dudamel is a Venezuelan conductor and music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra (2009– ) who earned acclaim for his ability to draw fresh dynamic performances from orchestras. By the age of five, Dudamel had begun studies with the National System of Youth and Children’s

electronic instrument: Precursors of electronic instruments: …by purely electric means was William Duddell’s singing arc, in which the rate of pulsation of an exposed electric arc was determined by a resonant circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor. Demonstrated in London in 1899, Duddell’s instrument was controlled by a keyboard, which enabled the player to…

Jeff Bridges: …Buddhist master Bernie Glassman on The Dude and the Zen Master (2012), a volume of observations and meditations that drew on the epically sanguine “Dude” persona he evinced in The Big Lebowski.

Jennifer Garner: Early roles and marriage to Scott Foley: …in the Ashton Kutcher-led comedy Dude, Where’s My Car? (2000) and the Ben Affleck World War II epic Pearl Harbor (2001).

Louis Dudek was a Canadian poet noted for his development of the nonnarrative long poem. Educated at McGill University (where he later taught) and Columbia University, Dudek was a highly influential editor and critic. His poetic output includes East of the City (1946); The Transparent Sea (1956),

number game: 20th century: Among British contributors, Henry Dudeney, a contributor to the Strand Magazine, published several very popular collections of puzzles that have been reprinted from time to time (1917–67). The first edition of W.W. Rouse Ball’s Mathematical Recreations and Essays appeared in 1892; it soon became a classic, largely because…

George Sand was a French Romantic writer known primarily for her so-called rustic novels. She was brought up at Nohant, near La Châtre in Berry, the country home of her grandmother. There she gained the profound love and understanding of the countryside that were to inform most of her works. In

Khaṛiā: The Dhelkī and the Dudh, both of whom speak the Khaṛiā language, recognize each other—but not the Hill Khaṛiā—as Khaṛiā.

Dudinka, city and administrative centre of the former Taymyr autonomous okrug (district), now in Krasnoyarsk kray (territory), north-central Russia. A port on the lower Yenisey River, it was founded in 1667 and became a city in 1951. Dudinka exports nickel from the mines at Norilsk, with which it

Dudley: The historic town of Dudley (the administrative center) and surrounding areas at the center of the borough are part of the historic county of Worcestershire, as are southern neighborhoods such as Stourbridge and Halesowen. Northern and western sections of the borough—such as Amblecote, Kingswinford, and Sedgeley—lie in…

Dudley, metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Midlands, west-central England, at the western edge of the metropolitan county. The historic town of Dudley (the administrative center) and surrounding areas at the center of the borough are part of the historic county of Worcestershire, as

Star of South Africa, first large diamond found in South Africa; it was discovered in 1869 on the banks of the Orange River by an African shepherd boy, who traded it to a Boer settler for 500 sheep, 10 oxen, and a horse. It weighed about 84 carats in rough form and was cut to about 48 carats. When

Anne Bradstreet was one of the first poets to write English verse in the American colonies. Long considered primarily of historical interest, she won critical acceptance in the 20th century as a writer of enduring verse, particularly for her sequence of religious poems, “Contemplations,” written

Mrs. Leslie Carter was an American actress with a sweeping, highly dramatic style, often called “the American Sarah Bernhardt.” Carter grew up in Dayton, Ohio (from 1870, after her father’s death), and was educated at Cooper Seminary. In 1880, at age 17, she married Leslie Carter, a Chicago

Charles Benjamin Dudley was an American chemical engineer who helped found the science of materials testing. Entering Yale College in 1867, Dudley worked his way through school as a night editor on the New Haven Palladium and eventually earned his Ph.D. from the Sheffield Scientific School, as well

Tom T. Hall: Newman, Dave Dudley, Johnnie Wright, and (Lester) Flatt & (Earl) Scruggs. In 1968, however, Hall exploded onto the popular music scene when Jeannie C. Riley’s recording of his pointed story song “Harper Valley P.T.A.” topped the charts in the country and pop categories. Meanwhile, Mercury Records…

Dud Dudley was an English ironmaster usually credited with having been the first to smelt iron ore with coke, which is a hard, foamlike mass of almost pure carbon made from bituminous coal. Charcoal, made from wood, had been exclusively used for smelting iron until Dudley began experimenting with

Edmund Dudley was a minister of King Henry VII of England and author of a political allegory, The Tree of Commonwealth (1509). In 1506 Dudley was “president of the king’s council,” a small body of lawyers and fiscal administrators that helped reestablish the payment of feudal dues and of fines for

John Dudley, duke of Northumberland was an English politician and soldier who was the virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability. His

Lady Jane Grey was the titular queen of England for nine days in 1553. Beautiful and intelligent, she reluctantly allowed herself at age 15 to be put on the throne by unscrupulous politicians; her subsequent execution by Mary Tudor aroused universal sympathy. Lady Jane was the great-granddaughter

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji was an eccentric English composer known for his complex musical works combining free rhythms, elements of Asiatic melodic construction, and European polyphonic structures. Dudley was of Parsi, Sicilian, and Spanish descent and spent most of his life in England. As a young

Lady Jane Grey: …marrying her to his son, Lord Guildford Dudley. Her Protestantism, which was extreme, made her the natural candidate for the throne of those who supported the Reformation, such as Northumberland. With the support of Northumberland, who had persuaded the dying Edward to set aside his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth in…

Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester was a favourite and possible lover of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Handsome and immensely ambitious, he failed to win the Queen’s hand in marriage but remained her close friend to the end of his life. His arrogance, however, undermined his effectiveness as a

Chitlin Circuit: Development of the Chitlin Circuit: …audiences, a Black vaudevillian named Sherman Dudley created a touring company in 1911. Dudley also purchased several venues and formed a union for Black entertainers.

Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester was a favourite and possible lover of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Handsome and immensely ambitious, he failed to win the Queen’s hand in marriage but remained her close friend to the end of his life. His arrogance, however, undermined his effectiveness as a

Sir Robert Dudley was an English sailor, engineer, and titular duke of Northumberland and earl of Warwick who wrote a well-known treatise, Dell’Arcano del mare (3 vol., 1646–47; “Concerning the Secret of the Sea”), that contained the sum of contemporary knowledge of navigation. Proposing to explore

Thomas Dudley was a British colonial governor of Massachusetts, for many years the most influential man in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, save for John Winthrop. Dudley was the son of a country gentleman in England. After being converted to Puritanism he joined with other Lincolnshire gentlemen in

Dudo of Saint-Quentin was a historian of the first dukes of Normandy; his chronicle is a primary source for the early history of the Norman state. A canon of Saint-Quentin, Dudo was sent by the count of Vermandois to Rouen in 986 to petition for Norman aid against Hugh Capet, founder of the

Willem Marinus Dudok was a Dutch architect whose work is related both to the school of Amsterdam, which emphasized individual expression, and to the De Stijl group, which stressed geometric form. He attended the Royal Military Academy at Breda and remained in the army until 1913. He became

Dudo of Saint-Quentin was a historian of the first dukes of Normandy; his chronicle is a primary source for the early history of the Norman state. A canon of Saint-Quentin, Dudo was sent by the count of Vermandois to Rouen in 986 to petition for Norman aid against Hugh Capet, founder of the

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: Deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP) is first converted to dUMP, by reaction [69] proceeding from right to left. Deoxyuridylic acid then accepts a methyl group (CH3―) in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme (thymidylate synthetase) with the vitamin folic acid as a coenzyme; the product is dTMP…

Hans Memling: …was commissioned by two nuns, Jacosa van Dudzeele and Anna van den Moortele, who are portrayed at one end of the composition kneeling before Mary. This reliquary, completed in 1489, is in the form of a diminutive chapel with six painted panels filling the areas along the sides where stained…

Italian literature: Other writings: … (1953; The Capri Letters) and Le due città (1964; “The Two Cities”)—and in a later novel, L’incendio (1981; “The Fire”), which takes a quizzical look at the modern art business—showed himself to be a consistently skilled and entertaining narrator. There are many other accomplished authors who could be classified in…

Robert Downey, Jr.: Iron Man series and Oppenheimer: …father-to-be in the road-trip comedy Due Date (2010). He took a supporting role in Iron Man director Jon Favreau’s pet project, Chef (2014), before playing a lawyer defending his father (Robert Duvall), who is accused of vehicular homicide, in The Judge (2014). He reprised the role of Tony Stark in…

due diligence, a standard of vigilance, attentiveness, and care often exercised in various professional and societal settings. The effort is measured by the circumstances under which it is applied, with the expectation that it will be conducted with a level of reasonableness and prudence

Australian literature: Literature in the 21st century: >Due Preparations for the Plague (2003) and Orpheus Lost (2007). The Secret River (2005), another tale of the life of a British convict in Australia, earned Kate Grenville the 2006 Commonwealth Writers’ Prize for best book. Other Australians who published novels of note in the…

due process, a course of legal proceedings according to rules and principles that have been established in a system of jurisprudence for the enforcement and protection of private rights. In each case, due process contemplates an exercise of the powers of government as the law permits and sanctions,

warranty: Social and ethical implications: …on sellers are contract theory, due-care theory, and strict-liability theory. Each essentially attaches a guarantee to the product intended to promote product safety, quality, and conformity. Although it does not compel a warranty, the due-care theory pushes manufacturers to avoid negligence and to act reasonably to protect consumers in the…

Al-Duwaym, city, central Sudan. It lies on the western bank of the White Nile River, about 87 miles (140 km) southwest of Wad Madanī, located at an elevation of 1,253 feet (382 metres). It is an agricultural centre for the surrounding area, which produces cotton, cereals, oilseeds, peanuts

Steven Spielberg: Early life and work: …made his first television movie, Duel, a taut, almost claustrophobic exercise in psychosis that was more intense than typical TV fare (it was released theatrically in Europe). Although Spielberg permitted star Dennis Weaver—who played a motorist chased by a homicidal truck driver—to register a one-note impression of sweaty terror throughout…

A duel is a combat between persons armed with lethal weapons—usually swords or guns—that is held according to prearranged rules to end a quarrel or to settle a point of honor. It was long regarded as a legitimate alternative to the legal process of justice. The judicial duel, or trial by battle,

Bibi Andersson: …part outside Sweden was in Duel at Diablo (1966), which was followed by a number of other American film roles, including I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977) and Quintet (1979). She also appeared in Bergman’s finest film of the 1970s, Scener ur ett äktenskap (1974; Scenes from a…

Libby Trickett: …event at the inaugural “Duel in the Pool” against the United States in Indianapolis. Trickett then collected two bronze medals at the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) world championships in Barcelona.

William Dieterle: Middle years of William Dieterle: …saloon scene for King Vidor’s Duel in the Sun (1946).

A duel is a combat between persons armed with lethal weapons—usually swords or guns—that is held according to prearranged rules to end a quarrel or to settle a point of honor. It was long regarded as a legitimate alternative to the legal process of justice. The judicial duel, or trial by battle,

Walter Abish: Other works by Abish include Duel Site (1970), a collection of poems; 99: The New Meaning (1990), a group of narratives; and the novel Eclipse Fever (1993). Double Vision, a memoir, was published in 2004.

William Dollar: …originally staged in 1949 as Le Combat for Roland Petit’s Ballets de Paris. His later works included The Leaf and the Wind (1954) and Mendelssohn Concerto (1958). He worked with ballet companies in Brazil, Japan, and Monte Carlo.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin: …fame came with Poyedinok (1905; The Duel), a realistically sordid picture of the emptiness of life in a remote military garrison. Its appearance during the Russo-Japanese War coincided with and confirmed a national wave of antimilitary sentiment. Kuprin wrote prolifically; his subjects might be best described by the title of…

A duel is a combat between persons armed with lethal weapons—usually swords or guns—that is held according to prearranged rules to end a quarrel or to settle a point of honor. It was long regarded as a legitimate alternative to the legal process of justice. The judicial duel, or trial by battle,

Ridley Scott: His first was The Duellists, set in Napoleonic France, which won the best first-feature award at the Cannes film festival. His next three films were fantasies: Alien (1979), a science-fiction–horror story starring Sigourney Weaver; Blade Runner (1982; recut 1992), a dystopian fable (based on

Bellona, in Roman religion, goddess of war, identified with the Greek Enyo. Sometimes known as the sister or wife of Mars, she has also been identified with his female cult partner Nerio. Her temple at Rome stood in the Campus Martius, outside the city’s gates near the Circus Flaminius and the

Juan Goytisolo: Duelo en el paraíso (1955; Children of Chaos), set just after the Spanish Civil War, is about the violence that ensues when children gain power over a small town. After the publication of Fin de fiesta (1962; The Party’s Over), four stories about marriage, his style grew more experimental. The…

El Salvador: A coffee republic: The presidency of Francisco Dueñas (1863–71) pointed toward greater political stability for the country. Real change, however, came when his overthrow in 1871 marked the beginning of a 60-year period of rule by liberals, who focused on the pursuit of economic growth and domestic tranquility. Late in the…

Mariano José de Larra: …Larra published his own newspaper, El duende satírico del día, for which he wrote his first journalistic essays. He later published another paper, El pobrecito hablador (1832–33), and then became drama critic for the nation’s finest newspaper, La revista española, under the pen name Fígaro. In 1834 his play Macías…

Richard Brinsley Sheridan: Theatrical career: …well-worn materials is seen in The Duenna, produced the following November. The characters are generally undeveloped, but the intrigue of the plot and charming lyrics and the music by his father-in-law, Thomas Linley, and his son gave this ballad opera great popularity. Its 75 performances exceeded the 62, a record…

Latin alphabet: …the Roman Forum, and the Duenos inscription on a vase found near the Quirinal (a hill in Rome) probably dates to the 6th century bce. Although experts disagree on the dating of these objects, the inscriptions are generally considered to be the oldest extant examples of the Latin alphabet.

Alice Duer Miller was an American writer whose work—mostly her light, entertaining novels set among the upper classes—were frequently adapted for stage and film. Alice Duer was of a wealthy and distinguished family and grew up on an estate in Weehawken, New Jersey. The family fortune was lost in a

Spain: Society, economy, and culture: …possible the colonization of the Duero valley, where fortified urban centers (concejos), each surrounded by a broad dependent rural area, were established. Royal charters (fueros) set down the rights and obligations of the settlers and allowed them to choose their own magistrates (alcaldes) and to govern themselves. The basis of…

Douro River, third longest river of the Iberian Peninsula, draining a catchment area of 30,539 square miles (79,096 square km). Rising in the Sierra de Urbión in Spain, the river crosses the Numantian Plateau in a pronounced bend and flows generally westward for 556 miles (895 km) across Spain and

pottery: 18th-century developments: …first mastered the technique was William Duesbury. Established as a decorator in London by 1751, he concentrated on painting porcelain, but he also seems to have overglaze-painted stoneware from Staffordshire. Some extant brilliantly painted figures are probably from his studio. A little earlier than Duesbury’s overglaze-painted figures are the uncoloured…

John XXII was the second Avignon pope (reigned 1316–34), who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, expanded papal control over the appointment of bishops, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections. Born of a wealthy bourgeois

automobile: The age of the classic cars: …and Voisin of France; the Duesenberg, Cadillac, Packard, and Pierce-Arrow of the United States; the Horch, Maybach, and Mercedes-Benz of Germany; the Belgian Minerva; and the Italian Isotta-Fraschini. These were costly

economic growth: Demand and supply: …developed by the American economist J.S. Duesenberry. In the Duesenberry model, spending propensities of consumers and investors are such as to generate steady growth in demand. Assume that instead of spending nine-tenths of any change in income on consumer goods, as in the multiplier example above, they choose to spend…

Paul Taylor: His avant-garde works ranged from Duet (1957), in which he and his partner remained motionless for four minutes, to Orbs (1966), an hour-long composition to Beethoven’s last string quartets. Other well-known dances included Three Epitaphs (1956), Aureole (1962), Scudorama (1963), The Book of Beasts (1971), Esplanade and Runes (1975), Cloven…

chamber music: Sources and instruments: …were called variously solo sonatas, duos, or sonate a due. The combinations of violin and continuo or cello and continuo were favoured, and sonatas for those combinations took regular places in the chamber music field.

Tony Bennett: Cross-generational collaborations: …first number one album with Duets II (2011), which features “Body and Soul,” a collaboration with Amy Winehouse that was recorded only a few months before her death in July 2011. At age 85 Bennett was the oldest living artist to date to top the Billboard charts. “Body and Soul”…

Laurie Anderson: In Duets on Ice, another early piece, Anderson wore ice skates frozen in blocks of ice; she then proceeded to play a duet with herself on an altered violin that she described as like a “ventriloquist’s dummy”—she replaced the bow hair with prerecorded audiotape and the…

Tony Bennett: Rediscovered by a new generation: …80th birthday with the star-studded Duets: An American Classic (2006). Bennett was joined by a wide range of collaborators on the project, from country musicians the Dixie Chicks (later the Chicks) to Colombian pop star Juanes to contemporary crooner Michael Bublé.

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); Rachel Field, whose Hitty (1929) is one of the best doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in…

Armand Dufaure was a French political figure whose longevity as a conservative republican—his career bridged the July Monarchy and the early years of the Third Republic—reflected the variable fortunes of republicanism in 19th-century France. After a legal career in Bordeaux, Dufaure was elected to

Armand Dufaure was a French political figure whose longevity as a conservative republican—his career bridged the July Monarchy and the early years of the Third Republic—reflected the variable fortunes of republicanism in 19th-century France. After a legal career in Bordeaux, Dufaure was elected to

Sir John Stainer: …to the 16th century, and Dufay and His Contemporaries (publication begun in 1898), an edition of 15th-century music prepared with the help of his children. Both publications helped open the way to the study of Medieval and Renaissance music, which during Stainer’s time was almost unknown.

Guillaume Dufay was a Franco-Flemish composer noted for both his church music and his secular chansons. Dufay became a chorister at the Cambrai cathedral (1409), entered the service of Carlo Malatesta of Rimini in 1420, and in 1428 went to Rome, where he joined the papal singers. In 1436 he became

Antarctica: Mineral resources: The Dufek Intrusion, an immense layered gabbroic complex in the northern Pensacola Mountains, is geologically similar to, though much younger than, the Bushveld Complex of South Africa, which is a leading producer of platinum-group metals, chromium, and other resources. Scientific expeditions have found valuable minerals in…

Banff: Duff House, the town’s architectural showpiece, was designed by William Adam (c. 1735) and presented to the burgh in 1906. Local industries include fishing, brewing, distilling, food processing, and tourism. The area is well known for its golf courses. Banff is the historic county town…

Shevaroy Hills: …5,231 feet (1,594 metres) at Sanyasimalai (Duff’s Hill) on the Yercaud plateau. Widespread bauxite deposits are the basis for aluminum-processing plants at Mettur and Yercaud. Coffee is extensively grown on the plateau. In 1845 the British established a hill station at Yercaud, which is now a resort and educational centre.

New Zealand literature: Modern Maori literature: …this came from Maori novelist Alan Duff—author of Once Were Warriors (1990; film 1994)—who argued that the Maori must take responsibility for their own failures and find the means to correct them and who spoke somewhat scornfully of his fellow Maori writers, saying that they sentimentalize Maori life. This polarization…