John G. Carlisle was a lawyer, legislator, and government official. He served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1883–89) and secretary of the Treasury (1893–97). Carlisle was admitted to the Kentucky bar in 1858 and practiced law in Covington before his election to a term in the

John G. Carlisle was a lawyer, legislator, and government official. He served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1883–89) and secretary of the Treasury (1893–97). Carlisle was admitted to the Kentucky bar in 1858 and practiced law in Covington before his election to a term in the

A Night at the Opera: …young opera singer Rosa (Kitty Carlisle). After the ship docks, further comic mishaps ensue as the men try to help the careers of Rosa and Baroni.

Lucy Hay, countess of Carlisle was an intriguer and conspirator during the English Civil Wars, celebrated by many poets of the day, including Thomas Carew, William Cartwright, Robert Herrick, and Sir John Suckling. The second daughter of Henry Percy, 9th earl of Northumberland, she married James

Carlism, a Spanish political movement of traditionalist character, originating in the 1820s in the apostólico or extreme clerical party and mobilized in 1827 in the form of paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. This opposition to liberalism crystallized in the 1830s around the person of Carlos María

Carlism, a Spanish political movement of traditionalist character, originating in the 1820s in the apostólico or extreme clerical party and mobilized in 1827 in the form of paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. This opposition to liberalism crystallized in the 1830s around the person of Carlos María

Carlism: …its ideological overtones provoked the Carlist War of 1833–39. Although the Carlists were defeated, thereafter they upheld their cause in the face of the constitutional regime of Isabella and unsuccessful attempts to effect a dynastic reconciliation through a marriage between Isabella II and Don Carlos’s heir, Don Carlos, conde de…

Pyrenees: From Carlit Peak (9,584 feet) near the eastern limit of the Pyrenees to the peaks of Orhy and Anie, a succession of mountains rise nearly 9,800 feet; at only a few places, all well to the west, can the chain be crossed through passes lower than…

Brian De Palma: The 1980s and ’90s: Carlito’s Way (1993), however, was a stylish (if somewhat familiar) gambol through New York’s Spanish Harlem, with Pacino in top form as an ex-convict who is dragged back into the rackets by his corrupt attorney (Penn). In 1996 De Palma directed Mission: Impossible, one of…

Carlos Alcaraz is a Spanish professional tennis player who in 2022, at age 19, became the youngest athlete in history to reach the top spot in the men’s Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour rankings. He attained number one that year by winning the U.S. Open, becoming the first male

Charles Albert was the king of Sardinia–Piedmont (1831–49) during the turbulent period of the Risorgimento, the movement for the unification of Italy. His political vacillations make him an enigmatic personality. Exiled from Italy, Charles Albert, who belonged to a collateral branch of the House of

Charles I was the king of Naples and Sicily (1266–85), the first of the Angevin dynasty, and creator of a great but short-lived Mediterranean empire. The younger brother of Louis IX of France, Charles acquired the county of Provence in 1246 and accompanied Louis on his Egyptian Crusade (1248–50).

Charles II was the king of Naples and ruler of numerous other territories, who concluded the war to regain Sicily started by his father, Charles I. By making astute alliances and treaties, he greatly enlarged his dominions. Named prince of Salerno (1269) by his father and married by him to Maria,

Charles III was the king of Naples (1381–86) and king (as Charles II) of Hungary (1385–86). A leading figure of the Hungarian branch of the Angevin dynasty, he was an astute politician who won both of his thrones by triumphing over rival claimants. Charles was educated at the court of Louis I of

Charles Emmanuel I was the duke of Savoy who alternated alliances with France and Spain, taking advantage of the European power struggle in order to further his expansionist policy. A skilled soldier and shrewd politician, he was a capable ruler of Savoy, governing with moderation, promoting

For centuries, the Italian nobleman and composer Carlo Gesualdo (1566–1613) has been a figure of fascination, although his fame rests more on the troubled life he led than the unusual, challenging musical compositions he left behind. The main events of his life seem to have come out of a gothic

Charles II was the king of Naples and ruler of numerous other territories, who concluded the war to regain Sicily started by his father, Charles I. By making astute alliances and treaties, he greatly enlarged his dominions. Named prince of Salerno (1269) by his father and married by him to Maria,

Italy: Milan: Another imperial official, Carlo, conte di Firmian of Trent, arrived in 1759 to implement wide-ranging changes. Firmian completed the earlier reforms in political administration, in the judicial system, in ecclesiastical relations, and in educational policy. But strong opposition from diverse social groups defending traditional rights and privileges weakened…

Carloforte, only town on the small Isola di San Pietro (area 20 sq mi [52 sq km]), just off the southwest coast of Sardinia, Italy. The town was named after Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, who resettled the island in 1738, after centuries of desertion, with Genoese fugitives from the North African

Pippin was the king of Italy (781–810) and the second son of the Frankish emperor Charlemagne by Hildegard. Given the title of king of Italy in 781, Pippin (originally named Carloman) took part in campaigns against Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria from 787 and led an army against the Avars in 796. His

Carloman was the younger brother of Charlemagne, with whom, at the instance of their father, Pippin III the Short, he was anointed king of the Franks in 754 by Pope Stephen II (or III) in the abbey of Saint-Denis. Carloman inherited the eastern part of Pippin’s lands (768). He favoured alliance

Carloman was a Frankish prince, son of Charles Martel and brother of Pippin III the Short. After inheriting Austrasia, Alemannia, Thuringia, and the suzerainty of Bavaria from his father, Carloman fought alone and with his brother to suppress external enemies and rebellious subjects. Concerned with

Carloman was the second son of Louis II and king of France or the West Franks (882–884). On Louis II’s death (879) Carloman was associated with his brother Louis III as king of the West Franks, but both, as the children of a first marriage that had been unacceptable to their grandfather Charles the

Carloman was the eldest son of Louis II the German and Emma and father of the emperor Arnulf. Appointed by his father to govern the eastern frontier of Bavaria, Carloman rebelled against his father in 861 and in 862–863; nevertheless, in 865 he was entrusted with a share in Louis’s authority, being

Charles was the king of a troubled Portugal that was beset by colonial disputes, grave economic difficulties, and political unrest during his reign (1889–1908). The son of King Louis and of Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, he married Marie Amélie of Orléans, a

Roberto Carlos is a Brazilian singer-songwriter who was at the forefront of the 1960s rock-and-roll movement in Brazil and later became hugely popular as a performer of romantic ballads and boleros. Carlos was born into a lower-middle-class family and displayed an early affinity for music, making

Carlos de Austria was the prince of Asturias, son of King Philip II of Spain and Maria of Portugal, heir to the Spanish throne. His hatred for his father led him to conspire with the king’s enemies in the Low Countries, thus provoking his arrest. His death contributed to the Black Legend of Philip

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles II was the king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in the Low Countries

Charles IV was the king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty. His inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by political intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. After the death of his

Charles II was the king of Navarre from 1349, who made various short-lived attempts to expand Navarrese power in both France and Spain. He was the son and successor of Joan of France, queen of Navarre, and Philip, count of Évreux. Married in 1352 to Joan, daughter of John II of France, he demanded

Carlos Luis de Borbón, count de Montemolín was the second Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, Spanish pretender (as Charles VI) who twice attempted unsuccessfully to seize the throne and who by perpetuating the breach within the Bourbon royal family helped weaken support for the monarchy.

Carlos María de los Dolores de Borbón y Austria-este, duke de Madrid was the fourth Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles VII). His military incompetence and lack of leadership led to the final decline of the Carlist cause. Don Carlos was the great-grandson

Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, conde de Molina was the first Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles V) and the second surviving son of King Charles IV (see Carlism). Don Carlos was imprisoned in Napoleonic France from 1808 to 1814. During the period of liberal rule (1820–23) he was

Charles III was the king of Spain (1759–88) and king of Naples (as Charles VII, 1734–59), one of the “enlightened despots” of the 18th century, who helped lead Spain to a brief cultural and economic revival. Charles was the first child of Philip V’s marriage with Isabella of Parma. Charles ruled as

Carlos Slim Helú: …which included establishment of the Carlos Slim Foundation, focusing on the areas of health, sports, and education through such organizations as the Carlos Slim Institute of Health, which funds research projects on public health in Mexico. In 2009 the Carlos Slim Foundation partnered with Grameen Trust—a nonprofit venture of Grameen…

Carlos the Jackal is a Venezuelan militant who orchestrated some of the highest-profile terrorist attacks of the 1970s and ’80s. Ramírez was born into an upper-class Venezuelan family; his father operated a lucrative law practice. Ramírez’s father was a committed Marxist, and Ramírez received an

Carlos María de los Dolores de Borbón y Austria-este, duke de Madrid was the fourth Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles VII). His military incompetence and lack of leadership led to the final decline of the Carlist cause. Don Carlos was the great-grandson

Carlos de Austria was the prince of Asturias, son of King Philip II of Spain and Maria of Portugal, heir to the Spanish throne. His hatred for his father led him to conspire with the king’s enemies in the Low Countries, thus provoking his arrest. His death contributed to the Black Legend of Philip

Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, conde de Molina was the first Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles V) and the second surviving son of King Charles IV (see Carlism). Don Carlos was imprisoned in Napoleonic France from 1808 to 1814. During the period of liberal rule (1820–23) he was

Carlos Luis de Borbón, count de Montemolín was the second Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, Spanish pretender (as Charles VI) who twice attempted unsuccessfully to seize the throne and who by perpetuating the breach within the Bourbon royal family helped weaken support for the monarchy.

Roberto Carlos: Collaborating with his former bandmate Erasmo Carlos, Roberto recorded covers of American pop hits such as Bobby Darin’s “Splish Splash” as well as original songs cowritten with Erasmo. By 1964, when he released the album É proibido fumar (“No Smoking”), he had become recognized throughout Brazil as the leading exponent…

Tommie Smith: …attention when he and teammate John Carlos gave the Black Power salute. It became a defining moment in the civil rights movement and an enduring example of athlete activism.

Roberto Carlos is a Brazilian singer-songwriter who was at the forefront of the 1960s rock-and-roll movement in Brazil and later became hugely popular as a performer of romantic ballads and boleros. Carlos was born into a lower-middle-class family and displayed an early affinity for music, making

Wendy Carlos is a groundbreaking musician and composer whose use of the synthesizer blazed a trail in the use of electronic instruments and composition. She is most well known for her Grammy-winning 1968 album Switched-On Bach. This album took classical pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach and

Wendy Carlos is a groundbreaking musician and composer whose use of the synthesizer blazed a trail in the use of electronic instruments and composition. She is most well known for her Grammy-winning 1968 album Switched-On Bach. This album took classical pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach and

Carlota was the wife of the emperor Maximilian of Mexico. The only daughter of Leopold I, king of the Belgians, and Princess Louise of Orléans, Carlota married at age 17 the archduke Maximilian, brother of the emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. They lived as the Austrian regents in Milan until

Michael: …of his Spanish mother, Queen Carlota Joaquina. On his return, King John VI accepted the liberal constitution of 1821, but Queen Carlota refused to take the oath. When in 1823 the French overthrew the radical regime in Spain, Michael led a military rebellion that dissolved the discredited Cortes in Portugal.…

Carlow, county in the province of Leinster, southeastern Ireland. The town of Carlow, in the northwest, is the county seat. One of the smallest Irish counties, Carlow is bounded by Counties Kildare (north), Wicklow and Wexford (east), and Kilkenny and Laoighis (west). In the east are the granitic

Carlow, urban district and county seat, County Carlow, Ireland, on the left bank of the River Barrow. An Anglo-Norman stronghold, the town received charters of incorporation in the 13th and 17th centuries. The keep (innermost citadel) of a 13th-century stronghold remains at the confluence of the

Pittsburgh: The contemporary city: …Park (1960), Chatham (1869), and Carlow (1929) universities and two campuses of the Community College of Allegheny County (1966).

Sremski Karlovci, town in the south-central part of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies along the Danube River, roughly 9 miles (15 km) southeast of the administrative capital of Novi Sad and on the road and rail routes from Belgrade to Subotica (in Vojvodina) and Hungary. In

Treaty of Carlowitz, (Jan. 26, 1699), peace settlement that ended hostilities (1683–99) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia) and transferred Transylvania and much of Hungary from Turkish control to Austrian. The treaty significantly diminished Turkish

Carlsbad, city, San Diego county, southern California, U.S. Located 35 miles (55 km) north of San Diego, Carlsbad lies along a lagoon on the Pacific Ocean just south of Oceanside, in a winter vegetable- and flower-growing district. Luiseño Indians long inhabited the location before Spanish

Karlovy Vary, spa city, western Czech Republic. The city lies along the Teplá River where it flows into the valley of the Ohře River, 70 miles (113 km) west of Prague. The surrounding highland areas were once subject to volcanic activity, which accounts for the thermal springs in the vicinity. Of

Carlsbad, city, seat (1889) of Eddy county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the right bank of the Pecos River. Founded in 1887 and first known as Eddy (for its founder Charles B. Eddy), it was renamed in 1899 for the European spa of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic), because of

Carlsbad Caverns National Park, area of the Chihuahuan Desert in southeastern New Mexico, U.S., near the base of the Guadalupe Mountains (a segment of the Sacramento Mountains). It was established in 1923 as a national monument, designated a national park in 1930, and proclaimed a UNESCO World

Carlsbad Decrees, series of resolutions (Beschlüsse) issued by a conference of ministers from the major German states, meeting at the Bohemian spa of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic) on Aug. 6–31, 1819. The states represented were Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Mecklenburg, Hanover,

feldspar: Crystal structure: …common kinds of twinning—those designated Carlsbad twinning and albite twinning—are shown in the figure. Carlsbad twinning occurs in both monoclinic and triclinic feldspars; albite twinning occurs only in triclinic feldspars. Albite twinning, which is typically polysynthetic (i.e., multiple or repeated), can be observed as a set of parallel lines on…

Carlsberg Ridge, submarine ridge of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. The ridge extends from the triple junction of the African, Indian, and Australian tectonic plates at 2°07′ N 66°30′ E (where it connects to the Mid-Indian Ridge) northwest to the Gulf of Aden. The ridge separates the Arabian

Magnus Carlsen is a Norwegian chess player who in 2013 at age 22 became the second youngest world chess champion. (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.) Carlsen’s father first taught him how to play chess when he was five years old. He played in his first tournament at the

Magnus Carlsen is a Norwegian chess player who in 2013 at age 22 became the second youngest world chess champion. (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.) Carlsen’s father first taught him how to play chess when he was five years old. He played in his first tournament at the

Evans Carlson: …who led guerrilla fighters (Carlson’s Raiders) on daring military incursions in the Pacific area.

Chester F. Carlson was an American physicist who was the inventor of xerography, an electrostatic dry-copying process that found applications ranging from office copying to reproducing out-of-print books. By age 14 Carlson was supporting his invalid parents, yet he managed to earn a college degree

Evans Carlson was a U.S. Marine officer during World War II who led guerrilla fighters (Carlson’s Raiders) on daring military incursions in the Pacific area. Carlson ran away from home to enlist in the U.S. Army at age 16. During World War I he was made a captain and served as assistant adjutant

Evans Carlson was a U.S. Marine officer during World War II who led guerrilla fighters (Carlson’s Raiders) on daring military incursions in the Pacific area. Carlson ran away from home to enlist in the U.S. Army at age 16. During World War I he was made a captain and served as assistant adjutant

Pat Roberts: Frank Carlson, and the following year he began working for U.S. Rep. Keith Sebelius (who would later become father-in-law to Kathleen Sebelius, governor of Kansas in 2003–09 and U.S. secretary of health and human services in 2009–14). In 1969 Roberts married, and he and his…

Roger Ailes: In 2016 Gretchen Carlson, a former host on Fox News, filed a sexual harassment suit against Ailes. She alleged that he had made unwanted sexual advances and had engaged in sexist behaviour. Other women reportedly made similar claims, most notably Kelly. Although Ailes denied the accusations, he…

Tucker Carlson is an American conservative political pundit who from 2016 to 2023 was the host of Tucker Carlson Tonight on the Fox News Channel. At its zenith, the show was watched by more than four million people nightly, a record for a cable television show. The show is credited with helping to

Tucker Carlson is an American conservative political pundit who from 2016 to 2023 was the host of Tucker Carlson Tonight on the Fox News Channel. At its zenith, the show was watched by more than four million people nightly, a record for a cable television show. The show is credited with helping to

Arvid Carlsson was a Swedish pharmacologist who, along with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research establishing dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Carlsson’s work led to a treatment for Parkinson disease.

Commission on Global Governance: …invited former Swedish prime minister Ingvar Carlsson and former secretary-general of the Commonwealth of Nations Shridath Ramphal of Guyana to cochair the commission. Together they presented the proposal for the commission to United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who assured them of his support for their project of reassessing multilateral action.

Andreas Karlstadt was a German theologian and early supporter of Martin Luther who later dissented from Lutheran views by pressing for more extensive reforms in theology and church life. Educated at Erfurt and Cologne, Karlstadt was appointed professor at the University of Wittenberg in 1505. There

lighthouse: Paraboloidal mirrors: …first revolving-beam lighthouse was at Carlsten, near Marstrand, Sweden, in 1781.

J. Walter Thompson Co., American advertising agency that was long one of the largest such enterprises in the world. In 1980 it became a subsidiary of JWT Group Inc., a Delaware-based holding company. The company grew out of one of the first advertising agencies, Carlton & Smith, established in

David Cameron: Early life and start in politics: Cameron joined the media company Carlton Communications in 1994 as director of corporate affairs. He stayed at Carlton until he entered Parliament in 2001 as MP for Witney, northwest of London.

Carlton House table, writing table, normally constructed of mahogany or satinwood, characterized by a stepped, or tiered, superstructure of drawers and pigeonholes running along the back and curving around the sides of the top, leaving clear only the side nearest the sitter. The curve of the

Carlton House table, writing table, normally constructed of mahogany or satinwood, characterized by a stepped, or tiered, superstructure of drawers and pigeonholes running along the back and curving around the sides of the top, leaving clear only the side nearest the sitter. The curve of the

Carlton House table, writing table, normally constructed of mahogany or satinwood, characterized by a stepped, or tiered, superstructure of drawers and pigeonholes running along the back and curving around the sides of the top, leaving clear only the side nearest the sitter. The curve of the

Steve Carlton is an American professional baseball player. In 1983, Carlton became the second pitcher to surpass Walter Johnson’s career record of 3,508 strikeouts (Nolan Ryan was the first). Carlton pitched for Miami-Dade, a junior college in Florida, before the left-hander signed a contract with

Steve Carlton is an American professional baseball player. In 1983, Carlton became the second pitcher to surpass Walter Johnson’s career record of 3,508 strikeouts (Nolan Ryan was the first). Carlton pitched for Miami-Dade, a junior college in Florida, before the left-hander signed a contract with

Colin Powell: …soon became an assistant to Frank Carlucci, then deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He held various posts over the next few years, in the Pentagon and elsewhere, and in 1983 became senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. In 1987 he joined the…

Carlo Maratta was one of the leading painters of the Roman school in the later 17th century and one of the last great masters of Baroque classicism. His final works offer an early example of “arcadian good taste” (named for the Academy of Arcadians, of which he was a member), a style that was to

Cyclanthaceae: Panama hat palm order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, which has 11 genera of mostly stemless, perennial, palmlike herbs, woody herbaceous shrubs, and climbing vines that are distributed in Central America and tropical South America.

Lou Gerstner: Legacy: …2003, Gerstner became chair of the Carlyle Group, a leading private equity firm. After stepping down from that post in 2008, he served as a senior advisor to the group until 2016.

Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish historian and essayist, whose major works include The French Revolution, 3 vol. (1837), On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841), and The History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, 6 vol. (1858–65). Carlyle was the second son of

radio telescope: Radio telescope arrays: …interferometers and arrays are the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) near Big Pine, California, the IRAM Plateau de Bure facility in France, and the Japanese Nobeyama Radio Observatory. In 2003 the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, in collaboration with the Academia Sinica of Taiwan, completed the Submillimeter Array…

John Carmack is an American computer-game designer whose pioneering work on three-dimensional game design led to the popularization of the “first-person shooter” genre, exemplified by such hugely successful games as Doom and Quake. His company, id Software, developed shareware and Internet

John Carmack is an American computer-game designer whose pioneering work on three-dimensional game design led to the popularization of the “first-person shooter” genre, exemplified by such hugely successful games as Doom and Quake. His company, id Software, developed shareware and Internet

condottiere: …fortunate was another great condottiere, Carmagnola, who first served one of the viscounts of Milan and then conducted the wars of Venice against his former masters but at last awoke the suspicion of the Venetian oligarchy and was put to death before the palace of St. Mark (1432). Toward the…

carmagnole, originally, a Piedmontese peasant costume (from the Italian town of Carmagnola) that was well known in the south of France and brought to Paris by the revolutionaries of Marseille in 1792. The costume, later the popular dress of the Jacobins, consisted of a short-skirted coat with rows

Bliss Carman was a Canadian regional poet of the Maritime Provinces and the New England region of the United States who is remembered chiefly for poignant love poems and one or two rhapsodies in celebration of nature. Educated at Fredericton Collegiate and at the University of New Brunswick, in

Bliss Carman was a Canadian regional poet of the Maritime Provinces and the New England region of the United States who is remembered chiefly for poignant love poems and one or two rhapsodies in celebration of nature. Educated at Fredericton Collegiate and at the University of New Brunswick, in

Alexander the Great: Consolidation of the empire: …of extortion and summoned to Carmania, where they were arrested, tried, and executed. How far the rigour that from now onward Alexander displayed against his governors represents exemplary punishment for gross maladministration during his absence and how far the elimination of men he had come to distrust (as in the…

ship: Passenger liners in the 20th century: …at 650 feet (Caronia and Carmania) were fitted, respectively, with quadruple-expansion piston engines and a steam-turbine engine so that a test comparison could be made; the turbine-powered Carmania was nearly a knot faster. Cunard’s giant ships, the Lusitania and the Mauretania, were launched in 1906. The Lusitania

Carmarthen, town, administrative centre of the historic and present county of Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin), southwestern Wales. The town is located on the River Tywi 8 miles (13 km) above its Bristol Channel mouth. Recognizing the site’s strategic importance, both Romans and Normans built

Thomas Osborne, 1st duke of Leeds was an English statesman who, while chief minister to King Charles II, organized the Tories in Parliament. In addition, he played a key role in bringing William and Mary to the English throne in 1689. The son of a Royalist Yorkshire landowner, Osborne did not

Carmarthenshire, county of southwestern Wales, extending inland from the Bristol Channel. The present county is coterminous with the historic county of the same name. It rises from sea level along the Bristol Channel to an elevation of more than 2,000 feet (600 metres) at Black Mountain in the

artificial heart: Mechanical hearts: …artificial heart was developed by Carmat, a French company founded by cardiologist Alain Carpentier. The device was covered with a specially designed biosynthetic material to prevent the development of blood clots and to reduce the likelihood of immune rejection—problems associated with the AbioCor and Jarvik-7 artificial hearts. The Carmat heart…

Jupiter: Other satellites: …distant group—made up of Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, and Sinope— has retrograde orbits around Jupiter. The closer group—Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara—has prograde orbits. (In the case of these moons, retrograde motion is in the direction opposite to Jupiter’s spin and motion around the Sun,