- Spanish:
- Carlismo
- Areas Of Involvement:
- Salic Law of Succession
Carlism
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What is Carlism?
Carlism was a Spanish political movement with traditionalist roots that began in the 1820s. It originated from the apostĂłlico or extreme clerical party and was mobilized in 1827 as Royalist Volunteers.
Carlism grew in opposition to liberalism, particularly in the 1830s, around Don Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn, who claimed the right to succeed his brother, King Ferdinand VII. Carlists supported the Salic Law of Succession, which excluded females from royal succession, leading to conflict over Ferdinand's daughter Isabella's succession. This dispute triggered the Carlist Wars in the 19th century.
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When and where did Carlism begin?
Carlism emerged in Spain in the 1820s from the apostĂłlico or extreme clerical party and was mobilized in 1827 as paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. It was rooted in traditionalist opposition to liberalism. Carlism crystallized in the 1830s around Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn (Don Carlos), who claimed the right to succeed his brother, King Ferdinand VII. The Carlist Wars of the 1800s stemmed from the disputed succession and its ideological implications.
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Why did the Carlists disagree with other Spanish rulers?
The Carlists opposed other Spanish rulers primarily due to disagreements over succession and ideology. They supported Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn (Don Carlos) as the rightful heir to the Spanish throne, upholding the Salic Law of Succession, which excluded females. This contrasted with Ferdinand VII's decision to ensure his daughter Isabella's succession, supported by liberals.
The Carlists advocated for traditionalism, religious conservatism, and regional rights (especially fueros) against the centralizing, liberal policies of the ruling governments. These differences led to multiple Carlist Wars in the 19th century.
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Who were the main leaders or supporters of Carlism?
Carlism was a Spanish political movement that originated in the 1820s. It was a traditionalist movement that opposed liberalism.
Key people associated with Carlism:
* Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn (Don Carlos) Carlism crystallized around Don Carlos, who claimed the right to succeed his brother, King Ferdinand VII.
* Conde de Molina After Don Carlos, the Carlist claim passed to the conde de Molina.
* Juan VĂĄzquez de Mella He created the Traditionalist Party in 1918, which became the main exponent of Carlism.2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
How did Carlism impact Spanish history and politics?
Carlism was a Spanish political movement that began in the 1820s, opposing liberalism and supporting traditional values. It revolved around Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn (Don Carlos), who claimed the throne by denying Ferdinand VII's daughter Isabella's succession rights.
The Carlist Wars of the 19th century stemmed from this dispute, pitting traditional ruralists against urban liberals. Despite their defeat, Carlists continued to challenge Isabella's regime through uprisings. Though the movement declined after further defeats and restorations, Carlism experienced brief revivals, marked by conflicts between those seeking alliances with other parties and those upholding strict principles.
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Does Carlism have any influence in Spain today?
Carlism originated as a Spanish political movement in the 1820s. It began within the apostĂłlico or extreme clerical party and was mobilized in 1827 as paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. Carlism's influence declined after Don Alfonso Carlos's death in 1936, and by 1960, most Carlists recognized Don Juan, conde de Barcelona, as the rightful pretender to the throne. Today, Carlism exists as a fringe movement with limited political influence in Spain.
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Carlism, a Spanish political movement of traditionalist character, originating in the 1820s in the apostĂłlico or extreme clerical party and mobilized in 1827 in the form of paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. This opposition to liberalism crystallized in the 1830s around the person of Carlos MarĂa Isidro de BorbĂłn (Don Carlos), younger brother of King Ferdinand VII, and afterward conde de Molina. In claiming the right to succeed his brother, Don Carlos denied the validity of Charles IVâs pragmatic sanction of 1789, then being used by Ferdinand to ensure the succession of his infant daughter Isabella, who was born in 1830 (see Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII). Instead, the Carlists invoked the Salic Law of Succession, introduced into Spain by Philip V in 1713, which excluded females from the royal succession.
The disputed succession and its ideological overtones provoked the Carlist War of 1833â39. Although the Carlists were defeated, thereafter they upheld their cause in the face of the constitutional regime of Isabella and unsuccessful attempts to effect a dynastic reconciliation through a marriage between Isabella II and Don Carlosâs heir, Don Carlos, conde de MontemolĂn. The Carlist claim passed to the latter upon the âabdicationâ of âKing Charles Vâ in 1845. On the death of âKing Charles VIâ (MontemolĂn) in 1861, the leadership of the cause was assumed by his brother Don Juan; his alleged liberalism brought about his âabdicationâ in 1868 in favour of his son, Don Carlos, duque de Madrid, âKing Charles VII,â who then led the movement until his death in 1909. During the 19th century the Carlists frequently resorted to armed rebellion: a second Carlist War was unsuccessfully waged in the late 1840s, an abortive attempt made at a military coup dâĂ©tat in 1860, and full-scale war resumed between 1872 and 1876 during the political upheavals following the deposition (1868) of Isabella II. Yet another defeat, and the restoration in 1874 of Isabellaâs son Alfonso XII, brought decline to Carlism until Spainâs humiliation in the Spanish-American War stimulated new growth and a brief return to insurgency in 1900â02.
From the 1880s the partyâs history was characterized by a series of conflicts between those who argued for understandings with other Catholic parties that accepted the framework of parliamentary liberalism (or with parties that resisted the encroachment of centralized state power) and those for whom the tactical alliance implied a watering down of principle. The latter point of view found expression in the creation (1918) by Juan VĂĄzquez de Mella of the Traditionalist Party, which subsequently became the principal exponent of Carlism. In 1937 General Francisco Franco merged it with the Falange, a party with which it had little in common.
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The third Don Carlos, duque de Madrid, was succeeded as pretender in 1909 by his only son, Don Jaime, duque de Madrid, on whose death without issue in 1931 the succession passed to his uncle Don Alfonso Carlos, duque de San Jaime. With Alfonsoâs death in Vienna on September 29, 1936, the Carlist line became extinct, although Alfonso had nominated his successor, Francis Xavier of Bourbon-Parma (styled Charles IX by his adherents in Spain). By 1960, however, most Carlists had accepted the recognition given in 1958 by prominent members of their party to the son of King Alfonso XIII, Don Juan, conde de Barcelona, an outspoken critic of Franco, as rightful pretender to the throne. In July 1969 Franco named Juan Carlos, prince of Asturias and son of Don Juan, his legal heir. Upon Francoâs death in 1975 Juan Carlos became king.