Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney was a radical British politician who gained fame as an advocate of proportional representation in Parliament and as an opponent of imperialism and militarism. A lawyer, journalist, and teacher of political economy, Courtney was elected to the House of Commons

Bernard Courtois was a French chemist who discovered the element iodine. Courtois served as a pharmacist in the French Army and later joined his father’s saltpetre business. In 1811 he added too much sulfuric acid to seaweed ash, a major raw material in saltpetre production, and obtained a violet

Kortrijk, municipality, Flanders Region, western Belgium. It lies along the Leie (Lys) River and the Leie-Scheldt Canal. The Roman settlement of Cortracum was established there, and in the 7th century St. Eloi erected a chapel on the site of the present St. Martin’s Church. Chartered in 1190,

Battle of the Golden Spurs, (July 11, 1302), military engagement on the outskirts of Kortrijk in Flanders (now in Belgium) in which an untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds (notably that of the weavers) defeated a professional force of French and

quarter sessions: Under the Courts Act of 1971, all of the quarter-sessions courts were abolished, and their work was assumed by a system of courts called the Crown Court.

court leet, an English criminal court for the punishment of small offenses. The use of the word leet, denoting a territorial and a jurisdictional area, spread throughout England in the 14th century, and the term court leet came to mean a court in which a private lord assumed, for his own profit,

court-martial, military court for hearing charges brought against members of the armed forces or others within its jurisdiction; also, the legal proceeding of such a military court. In ancient times, soldiers generally forfeited any rights that they might have had as civilians and were completely

courtship, in animals, behaviour that results in mating and eventual reproduction. Courtship may be rather simple, involving a small number of chemical, visual, or auditory stimuli; or it may be a highly complex series of acts by two or more individuals, using several modes of communication. Many

history of Europe: Social upheaval: …for middle-class people, suggested new courtship patterns. As wage earners having no access to property, urban workers were increasingly able to form liaisons early in life without waiting for inheritance and without close supervision by a watchful community. Sexual activity began earlier in life than had been standard before the…

coloration: Reproductive signals: Courtship colorations function to attract and arouse a mate and to aid in the reproductive isolation of species. Although by no means universal, it is common, at least among vertebrates, to find that the male of the species has the brightest courtship colours. Bright colours…

Spanish literature: The novel: …de la postguerra española (1987; Courtship Customs in Postwar Spain), which describes the ideological indoctrination to which the Falange subjected girls and young women. Although he published his first novel in 1943, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester came to prominence only in the 1970s. He moved from Joycean models to realism to…

booby: Courtship also involves display—an elaborate dance by the male in which the feet are raised alternately several times, followed by a gesture known to ornithologists as sky-pointing (the birds extend their wings horizontally and toward the tail, raise their heads, and emit a long, continuous whistle). The eggs, usually two…

African dance: Division between the sexes: Dance occasions for formalized flirtation between the sexes before marriage are common, as in the Sikya dance of the Akan of Ghana. The Bororo of western Cameroon celebrate the coming of the dry season with a dance for young men and women, and couples pair…

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the 1960s and 1970s: Home from the Hill, Bells are Ringing, and On a Clear Day You Can See Forever: Venice’s first project was The Courtship of Eddie’s Father (1963), a light romantic comedy about a widower (Ford) whose exuberant son (Ron Howard) helps him choose between three prospective stepmothers (Shirley Jones, Dina Merrill, and Stella Stevens).

John Alden and Priscilla Alden: …in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “The Courtship of Miles Standish” (1858). In that legend, Alden presumably won the hand of Priscilla after first wooing her for his friend Standish. Because of the story, Priscilla Alden alone, among the women of the Plymouth Colony, is remembered by name. The tale of…

Gustav V: During the Courtyard Crisis in February 1914, Gustav declared his support for demands that Sweden strengthen its defenses. He was accused of overstepping his authority, but, with wide popular support for his actions, he was able to force the resignation of the Liberal government that had decreased…

Gustav V: During the Courtyard Crisis in February 1914, Gustav declared his support for demands that Sweden strengthen its defenses. He was accused of overstepping his authority, but, with wide popular support for his actions, he was able to force the resignation of the Liberal government that had decreased…

courtyard theatre, any temporary or permanent theatre structure established in an inn’s courtyard in England or a residential courtyard in Spain. Under Elizabeth I, many plays were performed in the courtyards of London inns, with the first-recorded innyard performance in 1557. By 1576 there were

Sir Thomas Hoby: …work, which he published as The Courtyer of Count Baldesser Castilio in 1561. The influence of Hoby’s translation in England was enormous, not only on the social pattern of life at court but on such writers as Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney. Hoby also translated a Latin work on the…

Giovanni Della Casa: …etiquette manual, Baldassare Castiglione’s Il cortegiano (“The Courtier”), in being more concerned with the details of correct behaviour in polite society than with courtly etiquette. Like Il cortegiano, Della Casa’s manual became widely read throughout Europe.

Marist Father: , by Jean-Claude Courveille and Jean-Claude-Marie Colin to undertake all ministerial works—parishes, schools, hospital chaplaincies, and the foreign missions—while stressing the virtues of the Virgin Mary. Its foreign missions, the acceptance of which was the chief reason for its approval by Rome in 1836, embrace the islands…

horsemanship: Dressage: …its forelegs drawn in; the courvet, which is a jump forward in the levade position; and the croupade, ballotade, and capriole, a variety of spectacular airs in which the horse jumps and lands again in the same spot.

couscous, North African dish of semolina and accompanying foods. Traditionally, the semolina grains (the endosperm of durum wheat) were hand-rolled and prepared in a couscousière, a large covered pot with a lower compartment in which a stew or broth cooks and an upper portion with a pierced bottom

couscous: …hand-rolled and prepared in a couscousière, a large covered pot with a lower compartment in which a stew or broth cooks and an upper portion with a pierced bottom in which the couscous steams. The grains would be sprinkled with liquid, stirred to separate the clumps, and steamed several times.…

Fernand Léger: In 1909 he produced The Seamstress, in which he reduced his colours to a combination of blue-gray and buff and rendered the human body as a mass of slabs and cylinders that resembled a robot. His style was aptly nicknamed “tubism.”

Wilco: In 2023 Wilco released Cousin, which was produced by Welsh indie singer-songwriter Cate Le Bon, followed a year later by the EP Hot Sun Cool Shroud.

cousin, a person whose last common ancestor with a given individual is at least two generations away. In English-speaking cultures, the word cousin most commonly refers to an individual’s first cousin, or the child of an individual’s aunt or uncle. First cousins share a grandparent or set of

Carlos Saura: …His La prima Angélica (1973; Cousin Angelica) was the first Spanish film to present the Spanish Civil War from the viewpoint of the losing Republican cause. It was shown uncensored but provoked bomb attacks in Spanish theatres.

Cousin Bette, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1846 as La Cousine Bette. The novel, part of Balzac’s epic series La Comèdie humaine (The Human Comedy), is considered one of his two final masterpieces. Thematically a testament to female vindictiveness, Cousin Bette recounts the story of

Jessica Lange: Later notable films included Cousin Bette (1998), based on the Honoré de Balzac novel; Titus (1999), an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus; and the fantasy drama Big Fish (2003). In 2003 she appeared as the wife of a man who decides to have a gender-reassignment operation in the television…

Cousin Pons, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1847 as Le Cousin Pons. One of the novels that makes up Balzac’s series La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), Cousin Pons is often paired with La Cousine Bette under the title Les Parents pauvres (“The Poor Relations”). One of the last and

Cousin Pons, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1847 as Le Cousin Pons. One of the novels that makes up Balzac’s series La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), Cousin Pons is often paired with La Cousine Bette under the title Les Parents pauvres (“The Poor Relations”). One of the last and

Jean Cousin the Elder was a French painter and engraver whose rich artistic contribution also included tapestry, stained-glass design, sculpture, and book illustration. A man of many accomplishments, Cousin worked as an expert geometer in his native village of Sens in 1526 and designed a walled

Jean Cousin, the Younger was an artist and craftsman noted for his painting, engraving, stained glass, sculpture, and book illustration, who, like his father, achieved fame for his versatility and independent style. Cousin followed his father, Jean Cousin, to Paris and became a student in his

Victor Cousin was a French philosopher, educational reformer, and historian whose systematic eclecticism made him the best known French thinker in his time. At the École Normale in 1811 Cousin was influenced by his studies of the philosophers P. Laromiguière, E.B. de Condillac, and John Locke. He

Charles-Guillaume-Marie-Apollinaire-Antoine Cousin-Montauban, count de Palikao was a French general who commanded an expeditionary force in China, capturing Peking (1860), and later headed the French government briefly during the collapse of the Second Empire. Commissioned in the army in 1815,

Cousin Bette, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1846 as La Cousine Bette. The novel, part of Balzac’s epic series La Comèdie humaine (The Human Comedy), is considered one of his two final masterpieces. Thematically a testament to female vindictiveness, Cousin Bette recounts the story of

harp: …was improved in 1750, when Georges Cousineau replaced the hooks with metal plates that gripped the strings while leaving them in plane, and in 1792, when Sébastian Érard substituted rotating disks for the metal plates.

Béarn: …of onions, tomatoes, and garlic; cousinette is a soup whose ingredients include mallow, chard, sorrel, and chicory. Jurançon produces renowned white wines. Madiran is an outstanding red wine from Gers.

Lota: …until 1852, when the industrialist Matías Cousiño started a coal-mining enterprise. Completion of a railway from Concepción, 20 miles (32 km) north, in 1888 stimulated growth. Other industries in Lota include a brick and refractories plant and a copper smelter. Decreasing profitability and increased competition in the late 20th century…

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission: Plurality opinion: …the Supreme Court’s decision in Cousins v. Wigoda (1975), required of any “ ‘significant interference’ with protected rights of political association” by the government. This is demonstrated by the fact that “there are multiple alternatives available to Congress that would serve the Government’s anticircumvention interest” without engaging in such “unnecessary…

Washington Commanders: …ineffective Griffin was replaced by Kirk Cousins during the 2014 season, and the latter quarterback led the Redskins to a division title in 2015. That playoff appearance proved to be an outlier, as the team followed it with three consecutive third-place divisional finishes and then a dismal 3–13 finish in…

Claude Chabrol: …he wrote, directed, and produced Les Cousins (1959; The Cousins) and later directed such pictures as Les Bonnes Femmes (1960; “The Good Women”), Landru (1962; Bluebeard), Les Biches (1968; The Does), and Le Boucher (1969; The Butcher).

All India Women’s Conference: …of Irish-born theosophist and feminist Margaret Cousins. Nearly a decade earlier, in 1917, Cousins had helped establish the Women’s Indian Association in Madras (now Chennai), one of India’s first feminist groups. Multiple such associations were subsequently established in India. In 1926, concerned about issues in women’s education in India, Cousins…

Norman Cousins was an American essayist and editor, long associated with the Saturday Review. Cousins attended Teachers College, Columbia University, and began his editorial career in 1934. From 1942 to 1972 he was editor of the Saturday Review. Following his appointment as executive editor in

Robin Cousins is an English figure skater who combined athletic jumping skills with an exceptional talent for artistic impression to win an Olympic gold medal at the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, U.S. Cousins was a crowd favourite as early as 1972, when he was chosen for the British

Samuel Cousins was an English mezzotint engraver, preeminently the interpreter of the painter Sir Thomas Lawrence. During his apprenticeship Cousins engraved many of the best among the 360 little mezzotints illustrating the works of Sir Joshua Reynolds. In the finest of his transcripts of Lawrence,

Jacques Cousteau: In 1974 he formed the Cousteau Society, a nonprofit environmental group dedicated to marine conservation.

Jacques Cousteau was a French naval officer, ocean explorer, and co-inventor of the Aqua-Lung, known for his extensive underseas investigations. After graduating from France’s naval academy in 1933, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. However, his plans to become a navy pilot were undermined

Jacques Cousteau was a French naval officer, ocean explorer, and co-inventor of the Aqua-Lung, known for his extensive underseas investigations. After graduating from France’s naval academy in 1933, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. However, his plans to become a navy pilot were undermined

Simon Caboche was a French demagogic agitator whose raising of riots promoted an abortive reform of the royal administration. A skinner by trade and a leader of the malcontent merchant guilds from 1407, Caboche, along with his followers, was taken under the patronage of John the Fearless, duke of

Guillaume Coustou was a French sculptor who received many royal commissions. His style was narrative and dramatic, with some affinity to Rococo works. Coustou was taught by his uncle Antoine Coysevox and spent several years studying in Rome. In 1703 Coustou returned to Paris. His marble statue

Nicolas Coustou was a French sculptor whose style was based upon the academic grand manner of the sculptors who decorated the Palace of Versailles, though with some of the freedom of the Rococo manner. He worked in a variety of mediums and produced many works, some in collaboration with his

Bob Cousy is an American basketball player and coach, who was one of the greatest ball-handling guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA), expert both at scoring and at playmaking. Cousy played collegiate basketball at the College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts; 1949–50),

Bob Cousy is an American basketball player and coach, who was one of the greatest ball-handling guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA), expert both at scoring and at playmaking. Cousy played collegiate basketball at the College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts; 1949–50),

Nassau Island: …1803 by the French navigator Louis Coutance of the Adèle. In 1835 it received its name from an American whaler whose ship was named Nassau. The island was annexed to Britain in 1892. It remained uninhabited until the 1900s, when a Samoan firm transported labourers from Kiribati to work in…

Coutances, town, Manche département, in the Normandy région of northwestern France, on the Soulle River, near the English Channel. As Cosedia, it was one of the nation’s chief pre-Roman towns, inhabited by the Unelli, an ancient Celtic tribe. Renamed Constantia in the 3rd century to honour the

Coutchiching Series, division of rocks in the region of northern Minnesota and Ontario radiometrically dated to have formed about 2.6 billion years ago during Precambrian Time (the Precambrian lasted from 3.96 billion to 540 million years ago). Rocks of the Coutchiching Series appear to underlie

Georges Couthon was a close associate of Robespierre and Louis de Saint-Just on the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship and Reign of Terror (1793–94). Couthon became a poor people’s advocate at Clermont-Ferrand in 1788. In 1791 he

Brazilian literature: Colonial period: Afrânio Coutinho, for instance, interprets Brazilian literature as the expression of the nativist experiences in the New World. But Coutinho also underscores that Brazilian literature was born under the influence of the Baroque through the writings of Jesuits such as Anchieta. In this same vein,…

Luís de Sousa was a monastic historian whose prose style in his chronicle of the Dominican order earned him an important position in the history of Portuguese literature. Sousa may have studied law at the University of Coimbra. About 1576 he became a novice in the Knights of Malta but did not

Brazilian literature: Redemocratization: …writers of this period are Sônia Coutinho, whose O último verão de Copacabana (1985; “The Last Summer in Copacabana”) is about women in urban settings far away from their regional hometowns, and Lya Luft, whose works evoke the difficulty of communication, especially within families, as in her novel O quarto…

Vitória: Founded in 1535 by Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, who was given the original captaincy of Espírito Santo by the Portuguese crown, Vitória attained city status and was made a provincial capital in 1823. It is the seat of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (1961) and a Roman Catholic bishopric.…

Luís de Camões: Life: Diogo do Couto, a 16th-century historian of the Portuguese East, who never included Camões among the nobles he carefully listed for every skirmish, did note, however, that he found “that great poet and old friend of mine” stranded penniless in Mozambique and helped to pay…

African literature: Portuguese: Mia Couto wrote Terra sonâmbula (1992; Sleepwalking Land); its publication was a major event in prose writing in Mozambique. Couto moves between reality and fantasy in his writing. In A varanda de frangipani (1996; Under the Frangipani), for instance, a man returns from the dead…

Henry IV: Heir presumptive to the throne.: …the League; and at the Battle of Coutras (Oct. 20, 1587) Henry of Navarre defeated the French king’s army under Anne, Duke de Joyeuse. Meanwhile, the League had accepted the daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elizabeth of Valois as the next ruler of France. Henry III grasped the…

Russell Coutts is a New Zealand yachtsman who led his country’s team to its first America’s Cup victory in 1995. Coutts won his first regatta at age nine, steering a 2.13-metre (7-foot) wooden dinghy off the windy coast of Dunedin, South Island. Nine years later he became the single-handed world

coutume, (French: “custom”), in French law, the body of law in force before the Revolution of 1789 in northern and central France. The word is also used in modern France to denote customary law and general custom. Local custom in medieval France was based on an admixture of Roman law, Frankish law,

Louis Couturat was a French philosopher and logician who sought a universal language and symbolic-logic system to study the history of philosophy and the philosophy of mathematics. Educated at the École Normale Supérieure in philosophy and mathematics, Couturat became a professor at the University

mixed martial arts: Notable champions: …of the sport were Americans Randy Couture and Chuck Liddell. Couture boasted an impressive background in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling. He was a three-time National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) All-American at Oklahoma State University and a four-time winner at the U.S. national Greco-Roman Championships. He won the UFC heavyweight belt…

Thomas Couture was an academic painter best known for his portraits and historical genre pictures such as “The Romans of the Decadence” (1847), which created a sensation at the Salon of 1847. Couture developed his excellent portrait skills under Baron Antoine-Jean Gros. An academician of stature,

couvade, (from French couver “to hatch”) ritual behaviour undertaken, usually by a man, during or around the birth of a child. Historically, couvade has been poorly defined; it has encompassed practices that are quite divergent in terms of timing, participants, activity, and cause. Ethnographic

Maurice Couve de Murville was a French diplomat and economist who served a record term as foreign minister (1958–68). Known for his cool, competent professionalism in foreign affairs and finance, Couve de Murville was considered the consummate civil servant. Born into a prosperous French Protestant

Maurice Couve de Murville was a French diplomat and economist who served a record term as foreign minister (1958–68). Known for his cool, competent professionalism in foreign affairs and finance, Couve de Murville was considered the consummate civil servant. Born into a prosperous French Protestant

Makālu: …members of a French party—Jean Couzy and Lionel Terray—reached the summit, and seven more arrived within two days.

Covadonga, village, Asturias provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain. It lies east of Oviedo city, at the head of the Sella River valley, near the base of the Europa Peaks, which form the highest massif of the Cantabrian Mountains. The village is noted

Covadonga: …the Europa Peaks, is the Covadonga Mountains National Park, which was established in 1918. The park’s heavily wooded area of 65 square miles (169 square km) shelters chamois, roe deer, wildcat, bear, and numerous birds. Pop. (2007 est.) 62.

Occurring in about 720, the Battle of Covadonga was a clash between Muslim warriors and a much smaller Christians from Asturias in northern Spain, who were led by their king, Pelayo. It guaranteed the survival of a Christian foothold in Iberia and is sometimes described as the start of the

covalent bond, in chemistry, the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same electrons. A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of

covalent bond, in chemistry, the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same electrons. A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of

carbide: Covalent carbides: There are only two carbides that are considered completely covalent; they are formed with the two elements that are most similar to carbon in size and electronegativity, boron (B) and silicon (Si). Silicon carbide (SiC) is known as carborundum and is prepared by…

amide: The covalent amides are neutral or very weakly acidic substances formed by replacement of the hydroxyl group (OH) of an acid by an amino group (NR2, in which R may represent a hydrogen atom or an organic combining group such as methyl, CH3). The carboxamides (R′CONR2),…

chemical bonding: Network solids: There exists a class of solids called network solids in which the bonding is essentially due to a network of covalent bonds that extends throughout the solid. Such solids are hard and rigid and have high melting points because the crystal is like…

Omar M. Yaghi: …2005 with the creation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Atoms of light elements, such as boron, carbon, and oxygen, are connected by covalent bonds to organic molecules to build a framework. Both MOFs and COFs have large surface areas and can be designed with a wide range of properties.

atomic radius: …radius is designated as a covalent radius.

electronics: Valence electrons: …combined into certain solids called covalent solids (notably the elements of column IV of the periodic table), the valence electrons (outer electrons) are shared between neighbouring atoms, and the atoms thereby become bound together. This occurs not only in elemental solids, wherein all the atoms are of the same kind,…

chemical bonding: The polarity of molecules: …would be in terms of ionic-covalent resonance:

covariance, measure of the relationship between two random variables on the basis of their joint variability. Covariance primarily indicates the direction of a relationship and can be calculated by finding the expected value of the product of each variable’s deviations from its mean. Although its

El Greco: Middle years: Antonio de Covarrubias, a classical scholar and son of the architect Alonso de Covarrubias, was a friend whose portrait he painted. Fray Hortensio Paravicino, the head of the Trinitarian order in Spain and a favorite preacher of Philip II of Spain, dedicated four sonnets to…

Miguel Covarrubias was a Mexican painter, writer, and anthropologist. Covarrubias received little formal artistic training. In 1923 he went to New York City on a government scholarship, and his incisive caricatures soon began to appear in magazines such as Vanity Fair and The New Yorker. A

Covasna, judeƫ (county), east-central Romania. The eastern Carpathian Mountains, including the Vrancei and Baraolt ranges, rise above settlement areas in the valleys of the county, which is drained southwestward by the Negru and Olt rivers. Sfântu Gheorghe, the county capital, and several other

coving, in architecture, concave molding or arched section of wall surface. An example is the curved soffit connecting the top of an exterior wall to a projecting eave. The curve typically describes a quarter-circle. The arched sections of a curved ceiling would be coving. Such a coved ceiling

Toby Keith was an American country singer and songwriter whose songs are known for their patriotic themes and blend of traditional country sounds with modern influences. Keith was influential as a country music artist in the late 1990s and 2000s, having released numerous hit songs and multiple

covellite, a sulfide mineral that is a copper ore, cupric sulfide (CuS). It typically occurs as an alteration product of other copper sulfide minerals (chalcopyrites, chalcocite, and bornite) present in the same deposits, as at Leogang, Austria; Kawau Island, N.Z.; and Butte, Mont., U.S. Covellite

coven, basic group in which witches are said to gather. One of the chief proponents of the theory of a coven was the English Egyptologist Margaret Murray in her work The Witch Cult in Western Europe (1921). According to her a coven consists of 12 witches and a devil as leader. The number is

contract: Common law: …through two actions: debt and covenant. When a fixed sum of money was owed, under an express or implied agreement, for a thing or a benefit given, the money was recoverable through a simple action at debt. Other debt action was available for breach of a promise, made in an…

covenant, a binding promise of far-reaching importance in the relations between individuals, groups, and nations. It has social, legal, religious, and other aspects. This discussion is concerned primarily with the term in its special religious sense and especially with its role in Judaism and

servitude: Covenants obligate a landowner to do something for, or give a landowner the right to receive something from, someone else. Examples of covenants are agreements between owners of a parcel of land that they will pay assessments to a homeowner’s association and agreements with an…

Sinai covenant, conditional agreement between God and the people of Israel that takes place at Mount Sinai. Building on the covenant made with Abraham, which first established a relationship between God and Abraham’s descendents, the basic agreement of the Sinai covenant is God’s affirmation of the

Sinai covenant, conditional agreement between God and the people of Israel that takes place at Mount Sinai. Building on the covenant made with Abraham, which first established a relationship between God and Abraham’s descendents, the basic agreement of the Sinai covenant is God’s affirmation of the