Fabales: Characteristic morphological features: …of propagation) is possible (chasmogamous); in others all parts are reduced and the petals do not open, thus enforcing self-pollination (cleistogamous). In the chasmogamous flowers, the sepals are most commonly partly fused, and the five petals alternate in position with the sepals. There are commonly 10 stamens, but there…

ceratopsian: …up of two lineages: the Chasmosaurinae had large eye horns and small nose horns, and the Centrosaurinae had small eye horns and large nose horns. Chasmosaurinae includes Triceratops and Torosaurus. Triceratops was unusual among ceratopsians in that its bony head frill was short and of solid bone; in other forms…

Arcade Fire: April 14, 1980) met multi-instrumentalist Régine Chassagne (b. August 18, 1977) at an art opening. The two formed a songwriting partnership and eventually married. The group’s original lineup was completed with Win’s brother, William Butler (b. October 6, 1982), playing synthesizer and percussion, along with keyboardist Richard Reed Parry (b.…

Arthur Rimbaud: Major works of Arthur Rimbaud: …Verlaine called his masterpiece, “La Chasse spirituelle” (“The Spiritual Hunt”), the manuscript of which disappeared when the two poets went to England. Rimbaud now virtually abandoned verse composition; henceforth most of his literary production would consist of prose poems.

boat: Northern Europe and Britain: The three-masted lugger or chasse-marée of France and a similar type built in England were fast enough to become the traditional craft of Channel smugglers.

Constantin-François de Chasseboeuf, count de Volney was a historian and philosopher, whose work Les Ruines . . . epitomized the rationalist historical and political thought of the 18th century. As a student in Paris, Volney frequented the salon of Madame Helvétius, widow of the philosopher Claude

small arm: The bolt action: …French employed Antoine-Alphonse Chassepot’s 11-mm Fusil d’Infanterie Modèle 1866 to devastating effect in such battles of the Franco-German War (1870–71) as Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. Close-order troop formations disappeared from the European scene as a result of these fights, and the cavalry charge was relegated to the past. The Chassepot rifle…

small arm: The bolt action: The French employed Antoine-Alphonse Chassepot’s 11-mm Fusil d’Infanterie Modèle 1866 to devastating effect in such battles of the Franco-German War (1870–71) as Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. Close-order troop formations disappeared from the European scene as a result of these fights, and the cavalry charge was relegated to the past.…

Théodore Chassériau was a French painter who attained some measure of success in his attempt to fuse the Neoclassicism of Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and the Romanticism of Eugène Delacroix. As a boy, Chassériau entered the studio of Ingres, following his master to Rome in 1834. Chassériau’s

chasseur, (French: “hunter”), member of various branches of the French army. Originally (1743) chasseurs, or chasseurs à pied (“on foot”), were light-infantry regiments. By the outbreak of World War I there were 31 battalions of chasseurs of which 12 were known as chasseurs alpins—units specially

Martin Buber: From Vienna to Jerusalem: His Chassidischen Bücher (1927) made the legacy of this popular 18th-century eastern European Jewish pietistic movement a part of Western literature. In Ḥasidism Buber saw a healing power for the malaise of Judaism and mankind in an age of alienation that had shaken three vital human…

achondrite: …following groups: acapulcoites, angrites, aubrites, chassignites, diogenites, eucrites, howardites, lodranites, nakhlites, shergottites, and ureilites. The howardites, eucrites, and diogenites (HEDs) are from the large asteroid Vesta. The shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites almost certainly came from

automotive industry: Manufacturing processes: …main assembly lines, body and chassis. On the first the body panels are welded together, the doors and windows are installed, and the body is painted and trimmed (with upholstery, interior hardware, and wiring). On the second line the frame has the springs, wheels, steering gear, and power train (engine,…

Isamu Noguchi: …New York City and designed Chassis Fountain for the Ford Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair of 1939. He also made many important contributions toward the aesthetic reshaping of physical environment. His garden for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris (completed 1958), his playground…

Roz Chast is an American cartoonist known for her humorous yet honest depictions of everyday life that explore themes of family, anxiety, loneliness, and the absurdity of modern living. Chast has published her work in books and magazines, most notably in The New Yorker magazine, where her cartoons

Roz Chast is an American cartoonist known for her humorous yet honest depictions of everyday life that explore themes of family, anxiety, loneliness, and the absurdity of modern living. Chast has published her work in books and magazines, most notably in The New Yorker magazine, where her cartoons

Jessica Chastain is an American actress who is known for her versatile performances across multiple genres. A recipient of an Academy Award and a Golden Globe, Chastain is especially noted for playing flawed but strong women characters. Chastain was born to teen parents and raised by her mother, a

Jessica Chastain is an American actress who is known for her versatile performances across multiple genres. A recipient of an Academy Award and a Golden Globe, Chastain is especially noted for playing flawed but strong women characters. Chastain was born to teen parents and raised by her mother, a

India: Central Asian rulers: …during the reigns of Nahapana, Cashtana, and Rudradaman—in the first two centuries ce. Rudradaman’s fame is recorded in a lengthy Sanskrit inscription at Junagadh, dating to 150 ce.

Saint Lucia: Independence of Saint Lucia: …of Assembly, and its leader, Allen Chastanet, became prime minister. The next month, however, he came under fire when charges of misfeasance and breach of trust, dating from his time as a government minister, resurfaced.

English literature: Other Jacobean dramatists: 1608) and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (1613) are the only Jacobean comedies to rival the comprehensiveness of Bartholomew Fair, but their social attitudes are opposed to Jonson’s; the misbehavior that Jonson condemned morally as “humours” or affectation Middleton understands as the product of circumstance.

chaste tree, (Vitex agnus-castus), aromatic shrub of the mint family (Lamiaceae; formerly placed in Verbenaceae), native to Eurasia. Its pliable twigs are used in basketry. Its fruits are used for flavouring and in herbal medicine to treat menstrual cycle problems. The plant gets its name from the

romance: The Tristan story: …and far-fetched—appears in the anonymous Chastelain de Couci (c. 1280) and again in Daz Herzmaere by the late 13th-century German poet Konrad von Würzburg. The theme of the outwitting of the jealous husband, common in the fabliaux (short verse tales containing realistic, even coarse detail and written to amuse), is…

Georges Chastellain was a Burgundian chronicler and one of the leading court poets. He had many literary admirers and followers, among them Jean Molinet and Pierre Michault. Chastellain served Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, until in 1435, after the Peace of Arras, he abandoned soldiering. He

romance: The Tristan story: …that told in the anonymous Chastelaine de Vergi (c. 1250), one of the gems of medieval poetry, in which the heroine dies of grief because, under pressure, her lover has revealed their secret and adulterous love to the duke of Burgundy. The latter tells it to his own wife, who…

Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard was a French courtier whose passion for Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, eventually led to his execution. Grandson of Pierre Terrail, chevalier de Bayard, Chastelard became page to the constable Montmorency and frequented the court of Francis II of France, where he fell

Georges Chastellain was a Burgundian chronicler and one of the leading court poets. He had many literary admirers and followers, among them Jean Molinet and Pierre Michault. Chastellain served Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, until in 1435, after the Peace of Arras, he abandoned soldiering. He

The Dam Busters: …for and the execution of Operation Chastise (May 16–17, 1943), in which a British air squadron used bouncing bombs to destroy hydroelectric dams that were vital to Germany’s production of war matériel.

lust: …of the heavenly virtue of chastity.

chastushka, a rhymed folk verse usually composed of four lines. The chastushka is traditional in form but often has political or topical content. The word is a derivative of the Russian chastyĭ, “frequent” or “in quick succession,” and probably originally referred to the refrain of a

chasuble, liturgical vestment, the outermost garment worn by Roman Catholic priests and bishops at mass and by some Anglicans and Lutherans when they celebrate the Eucharist. The chasuble is a conical or bell-shaped cloak made from a semicircular piece of cloth sewn partially up the front with an

khat, (Catha edulis), slender evergreen tree or shrub, the leaves and young buds of which are chewed for a euphoric effect. The plant is native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and is an important cash crop in Yemen, Somalia, and Ethiopia; it is often cultivated in areas that do not

chat, any of several songbirds (suborder Passeri, order Passeriformes) named for their harsh, chattering notes. These birds span several families, but most are classified with Old World flycatchers in the family Muscicapidae. Some authorities, however, include many species with the thrushes in the

ChatGPT, software that allows a user to ask it questions using conversational, or natural, language. It was released on November 30, 2022, by the American company OpenAI and almost immediately disturbed academics, journalists, and others because of concern that it was impossible to distinguish

Thai literature: …that emerged during this period, Chart Korbjitti (also spelled Chat Kobjitti) proved to be the most successful, both artistically and commercially. His skillfully structured short novel Chon trork (1980; “The End of the Road”), with its constant time shifts, chronicles the economic and moral descent of a decent working-class family,…

chat room, virtual space in which Internet users engage in discussion with one another in real time, often about a specific topic and typically in an informal setting. The first chat room capable of supporting small group discussions online was Talkomatic, introduced in 1973 by American computer

chat-thrush, any of the 190 species belonging to the songbird family Turdidae (order Passeriformes) that are generally smaller and have slenderer legs and more colourful plumage than true, or typical, thrushes. Chat-thrushes are sometimes treated as a distinct subfamily, Saxicolinae. They are found

chatbot, computer program designed to have interactive or automated conversation with humans. Rudimentary chatbots were first developed in the mid-to-late 20th century and became more technically sound and widely available in the late 2010s and early 2020s, especially as artificial intelligence

château, in France, during the 13th and 14th centuries, a castle, or structure arranged for defense rather than for residence. Later the term came to designate any seignorial residence and so, generally, a country house of any pretensions. Originally, châteaus functioned as feudal communities; but

Bordeaux wine: …are certain individual vineyards, called châteaux in this region, that produce the finest wines. The châteaux bottle their own wine and label it under their names, thus guaranteeing that it is not a blend. The château-bottled wines rated best are classified as crus classés, which in turn have five categories…

Canada: The rebellions of 1837–38: …Canada it was called the Château Clique. A similarly tightly knit group also dominated Nova Scotia politics. Forming the inner circle of the governor’s advisers, these cliques usually included all the important wealthy men of the colony. In Upper Canada the members of the Family Compact tended to emulate the…

If: Its castle, built by the French king Francis I in 1524, was later used as a state prison. The castle was made famous when Alexandre Dumas père, the 19th-century French writer, used it as one of the settings in his novel The Count of Monte Cristo…

Château de Chambord, château in Chambord, France, located in the eastern part of the Loire River valley. It was designed by architect Domenico da Cortona. Construction of the château began in 1519 and continued into the 17th century. It is the largest and most extravagant of the Loire châteaux and

château: …as typical examples of the châteaux de plaisance (country houses) of the transition period, all retaining some of the characteristics of the medieval castle.

Château Frontenac, château-style hotel in historic Old Québec, built by the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company in 1893 and designed by American architect Bruce Price. The Château Frontenac is an excellent example of the grand hotels developed by railway companies in Canada in the late 1800s.

François Mansart: The château of Maisons.: …château of Maisons (now called Maisons-Laffitte, in the chief town of the département of Yvelines) is unique in that it is the only building by Mansart in which the interior decoration (graced particularly by a magnificent stairway) survives. The symmetrical design of the building (as well as the mansard roof)…

William Maxwell: …relatives disrupts a family; in The Château (1961) American travelers encounter postwar French culture.

François-Louis Rousselet, marquis de Château-Renault was a French admiral, afterward a marshal of France, who served with distinction in the wars of King Louis XIV against the British and the Dutch. In 1689 he transported French troops to Ireland to aid the deposed Catholic King James II of Great

Château-Thierry, town, northeast France, Aisne département, Hauts-de-France région, east-northeast of Paris. It is situated on the Marne River on the slopes of a hill, at the top of which are the ruins of an old castle said to have been built about 720 by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel for his

chateaubriand, beef tenderloin dish of French origin that is made of a thick cut of fillet and often served with a sauce of shallots and wine or with sauce béarnaise, which adds tarragon, egg yolks, and butter to those ingredients. It is widely presumed that the dish was named for the French writer

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: Early critical and historical writings: …and his literary circle, entitled Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous l’empire (1861).

Lina Bo Bardi: Life and work in Brazil: …by journalist and media magnate Assis Chateaubriand to help establish and direct the Art Museum of São Paulo (Museu de Arte de São Paulo; MASP), the first museum in Brazil to collect and exhibit modern art. For the first iteration of the institution, which opened in 1947 in part of…

François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand was a French author and diplomat, one of his country’s first Romantic writers. He was the preeminent literary figure in France in the early 19th century and had a profound influence on the youth of his day. It is widely presumed that the beef

Châteauguay, town, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Châteauguay River, just south of its confluence with the St. Lawrence River. The site of a Jesuit mission established in 1736, it served as a trading centre during the settlement of the surrounding

Battle of Châteauguay, (Oct. 26, 1813), in the War of 1812, engagement in which the British compelled U.S. forces to abandon a projected attack on Montreal and thus exerted a decisive influence on U.S. strategy during the 1813 campaign. In the autumn of 1813, a U.S. invading force of about 4,000

Châteauroux, town, capital of Indre département, Centre région, central France. It lies along the Indre River, south of Orléans, on the highway and railway from Paris to Toulouse. It derives its name from a castle built toward the end of the 10th century by Raoul le Large, prince of Déols. The

Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess de Châteauroux was a mistress of Louis XV of France who used her influence with the king to promote French involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). The fifth daughter of Louis de Mailly, Marquis de Nesle, Marie-Anne was married in 1734 to the

Alain Resnais: …to the visual arts with Chateaux de France, which he made by cycling and camping through the country. Having little interest in the French commercial-film industry of the time, he continued making shorts—on Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica, among others—for the next nine years. Even…

Unitarianism and Universalism: Servetus and Socinus: …for heresy in 1553 led Sebastian Castellio, a liberal humanist, to advocate religious toleration in De haereticis… (1554; Concerning Heretics”) and caused some Italian religious exiles, who were then in Switzerland, to move to Poland.

chatelaine, ornament, used by both men and women and usually fastened to belt or pocket, with chains bearing hooks on which to hang small articles such as watches, keys, seals, writing tablets, scissors, and purses. The word chatelaine is derived from a word meaning the keeper of a castle, thus the

Châtelet, in Paris, the principal seat of common-law jurisdiction under the French monarchy from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Located on the right bank of the Seine River, the building was originally a small fort that guarded the northern approach to the Île de la Cité. Frequently

Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet was a French mathematician and physicist who was the mistress of Voltaire. She was married at 19 to the Marquis Florent du Châtelet, governor of Semur-en-Auxois, with whom she had three children. The marquis then took up a military

James Hamilton, 2nd earl of Arran was heir presumptive to the throne after the accession of Mary Stuart in 1542 and was appointed her governor and tutor. He negotiated for a marriage between Mary and Prince Edward (afterward Edward VI of England) but suddenly abandoned the project and joined the

Henry-Louis Le Chatelier was a French chemist who is best known for Le Chatelier’s principle, which makes it possible to predict the effect a change of conditions (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration of reaction components) will have on a chemical reaction. His principle proved

Châtellerault, town, Vienne département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, west-central France. It lies north-northeast of Poitiers, on the main road from Paris to Bordeaux. Situated on the Vienne River, it derives its name from a 10th-century castle built by the 2nd Viscount Airaud of the district. The

Perigordian industry: The earlier stage, called Châtelperronian, is concentrated in the Périgord region of France but is believed to have originated in southwestern Asia; it is distinguished from contemporary stone tool culture complexes by the presence of curved-backed knives (knives sharpened both on the cutting edge and the back). The later…

ChatGPT, software that allows a user to ask it questions using conversational, or natural, language. It was released on November 30, 2022, by the American company OpenAI and almost immediately disturbed academics, journalists, and others because of concern that it was impossible to distinguish

OpenAI: Atlas browser: Also in October, OpenAI introduced Atlas, a free web browser for Apple computers using ChatGPT as its interface, replacing the traditional address bar with natural language queries. The launch marked the company’s entry into the browser market and was seen as an effort to make ChatGPT a central tool for…

OpenAI: IO acquisition and ChatGPT-4o launch: …same month, the company released ChatGPT-4o (“omni”), a multimodal model capable of processing and generating text, images, and audio in real time.

OpenAI: ChatGPT-5 launch and oversight concerns: OpenAI released its ChatGPT-5 model in July, describing it as a major advance in reasoning and autonomy. The launch proved difficult after users reported an increase in factual errors, privacy breaches, and misleading responses linked to the model’s expanded capabilities.…

Chatham, port, Medway unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. The port lies along the River Medway just above its confluence with the River Thames, on the southeastern periphery of Greater London. Chatham is continuous with the communities of Rochester

Miramichi: …of Northumberland county, 1786) and Chatham (1800), the city is now one of the largest in the province. The city’s name revives that of the earliest English settlement, before Newcastle and Chatham assumed the names of British statesmen William Pitt (earl of Chatham) and Thomas Pelham-Holles (duke of Newcastle). First…

Chatham, city, seat of Kent county, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies at the head of navigation on the Thames River. The town originated in 1793 as a naval dockyard and was named for Chatham, England. During the War of 1812 a retreating British army under Gen. Henry A. Procter escaped (October

San Cristóbal Island, one of the easternmost of the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean. San Cristóbal Island lies approximately 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. It was originally named by English pirates for William Pitt, the Elder, 1st earl of Chatham. With an area of 195

Chatham Islands, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about 500 miles (800 km) east of New Zealand. Composed of 10 islands, they are primarily of volcanic formation, but areas of limestone indicate that they may once have been part of New Zealand. Chatham Island, the largest (347 square miles

Chatham Sound, inlet of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, west-central British Columbia, Canada. An eastern extension of Dixon Entrance between the Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) and Dall Island, the sound stretches north from Porcher Island for 40 miles (65 km) to the mouth of

Chatham Strait, narrow passage of the eastern North Pacific through the northern Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska, U.S. It extends for 150 miles (240 km) from the junction of Icy Strait and Lynn Canal, past Chichagof and Baranof islands (west) and Admiralty and Kuiu islands (east), to

Pittsburgh: The contemporary city: Chatham (1869), and Carlow (1929) universities and two campuses of the Community College of Allegheny County (1966).

William Pitt, the Elder was a British statesman, twice virtual prime minister (1756–61, 1766–68), who secured the transformation of his country into an imperial power. Pitt was born in London of a distinguished family. His mother, Lady Harriet Villiers, daughter of Viscount Grandison, belonged to

Chatham-Kent, municipality, southern Ontario, Canada. It lies at the confluence of the north and east branches of the Sydenham River, 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Detroit, Michigan. The town was called The Forks until it was renamed Wallaceburg for Sir William Wallace, a medieval Scottish national

Châtillon, town, a southwestern suburb of Paris, in Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Several engagements were fought there during the German siege of Paris in 1870–71. The town is a centre for aerospace research. Pop. (1999) 28,622; (2014 est.)

Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Châtillon was the admiral of France and leader of the Huguenots during the early years of the Wars of Religion (1562–98). Coligny was the son of Gaspard I de Coligny, the marshal of Châtillon, and Louise de Montmorency, sister of Anne de Montmorency, constable of

Châtillon, town, a southwestern suburb of Paris, in Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Several engagements were fought there during the German siege of Paris in 1870–71. The town is a centre for aerospace research. Pop. (1999) 28,622; (2014 est.)

Les Châtiments, collection of poems by Victor Hugo, published in 1853 and expanded in 1870. The book is divided into seven sections containing more than 100 odes, popular songs, narrative poems, and anthems in which Hugo denounces injustice and tyranny and rails against Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon

Chatino, Mesoamerican Indians of southwestern Oaxaca state in southern Mexico. The Chatino language is closely related to the neighbouring Zapotec language, and there are many cultural similarities between the two groups. The Chatino live in a mountainous region. They are agricultural, raising a

Chatino: The Chatino language is closely related to the neighbouring Zapotec language, and there are many cultural similarities between the two groups. The Chatino live in a mountainous region. They are agricultural, raising a staple crop of corn (maize), as well as beans, squash, tomatoes, and chilies.…

Kyrgyzstan: Relief: …northwest, which merges into the Chatkal Range. The Chatkal Range is linked to the Ysyk-Köl region by a final enclosing range, the Kyrgyz. The only other important lowlands in the country are the Chu and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The…

Kyrgyzstan: Relief: …northwest, which merges into the Chatkal Range. The Chatkal Range is linked to the Ysyk-Köl region by a final enclosing range, the Kyrgyz. The only other important lowlands in the country are the Chu and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The…

Chatou, town, Yvelines département, Île-de-France région, north-central France, on the Seine River. Chatou is a northwestern residential suburb of Paris, with some light manufacturing. It is the birthplace (1880) of the painter André Derain. Pop. (1999) 28,588; (2014 est.)

chatoyance, the property of some minerals to exhibit a wavy, luminous band with a silky lustre, reminiscent of the eye of a cat, in the centre of a cabochon-cut (polished, with a rounded, unfaceted convex surface) stone. The effect, caused by parallel fibres or by oriented imperfections or

chess: Ancient precursors and related games: …64-square board, gradually transformed into shatranj (or chatrang), a two-player game popular in northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern parts of Central Asia after 600 ce. Shatranj resembled chaturanga but added a new piece, a firzān (counselor), which had nothing to do with any troop formation. A game of shatranj…

Erckmann-Chatrian: …two of the first French regionalist novelists in the 19th century.

Thailand: Drama and film: …directors is Mom Chao (Prince) Chatrichalerm Yukol, more commonly known by his nickname, Than Mui. In the 1970s and ’80s he produced a number of popular action films that explored the same themes of corruption, environmental degradation, and social inequality as did many fiction writers of the period. Than Mui…

chat room, virtual space in which Internet users engage in discussion with one another in real time, often about a specific topic and typically in an informal setting. The first chat room capable of supporting small group discussions online was Talkomatic, introduced in 1973 by American computer

Chatsworth, estate near Rowsley, Derbyshire Dales district, administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England, containing the principal seat of the English dukes of Devonshire. Chatsworth House itself stands near the left bank of the River Derwent. Construction of the original building

Georgia: Cultural life: …mountainous north is dominated by Chattahoochee National Forest, which includes the Cohutta Wilderness Area. On the coast is Cumberland Island National Seashore, which comprises part of that large barrier island. Numerous other national wildlife areas and refuges are found throughout the coastal zone. The unique character of Okefenokee Swamp is…

Chattahoochee River, river having its source in several headstreams in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northeastern Georgia, U.S. It flows southwestward across northern Georgia to West Point, south of which its course marks the Georgia-Alabama and Georgia-Florida boundaries until it joins the Flint

Chattanooga, city, seat (1819) of Hamilton county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S. The city lies along the Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River, near the Georgia border, about 115 miles (185 km) north of Atlanta. Chattanooga is a headquarters for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power system,

Harry Warren: …Sun Valley Serenade (1941; “Chattanooga Choo-Choo”). He also wrote “You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby” and “Jeepers, Creepers,” to lyrics by Johnny Mercer, as well as music for such films as Marty (1955), An Affair to Remember (1957), Jerry Lewis’s The Caddy (1953) and Cinderfella (1960), and

Adolph Simon Ochs: …controlling interest in the moribund Chattanooga Times, which he developed into one of the leading newspapers in the South. He was a founder of the Southern Associated Press and was its chairman from 1891 to 1894; from 1900 until his death he was a director of the Associated Press.