Charrier coffee, (Coffea charrieriana), species of coffee plant (genus Coffea, family Rubiaceae) found in Central Africa that was the first discovered to produce caffeine-free beans (seeds). Endemic to the Bakossi Forest Reserve in western Cameroon, the plant inhabits steep rocky slopes of wet

Henri Charrière was a French criminal and prisoner in French Guiana who described a lively career of imprisonments, adventures, and escapes in an autobiography, Papillon (1969). Charrière’s nickname derived from the design of a butterfly (French: “papillon”) tattooed on his chest. As a young man he

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: …lyricism with poets such as François Charron (Le Monde comme obstacle [1988; “The World as Obstacle”), whose themes range from politics to sexuality and spirituality. The emphasis on the personal is particularly poignant in the posthumous collection Autoportraits (1982; “Self-Portraits”) by Marie Uguay, stricken at a young age by cancer.…

Pierre Charron was a French Roman Catholic theologian and major contributor to the new thought of the 17th century. He is remembered for his controversial form of skepticism and his separation of ethics from religion as an independent philosophical discipline. After studies in law Charron turned to

Charrúa, South American Indians who inhabited the grasslands north of the Río de la Plata in a territory somewhat larger than modern Uruguay. Little is known of their language. Linguistically related groups, including the Yaró, Guenoa, Bohané, and Minuan, have also been subsumed in the generic name

Thai literature: …that emerged during this period, Chart Korbjitti (also spelled Chat Kobjitti) proved to be the most successful, both artistically and commercially. His skillfully structured short novel Chon trork (1980; “The End of the Road”), with its constant time shifts, chronicles the economic and moral descent of a decent working-class family,…

map: Nautical charts: Nautical charts are commonly large, 28 by 40 inches (70 centimetres by 1 metre) being an internationally accepted maximum size. In order that a navigator may work with them efficiently, charts must be kept with a minimum of folding in drawers in a…

parchment, the processed skins of certain animals—chiefly sheep, goats, and calves—that have been prepared for the purpose of writing on them. The name apparently derives from the ancient Greek city of Pergamum (modern Bergama, Turkey), where parchment is said to have been invented in the 2nd

Charter of 1814, French constitution issued by Louis XVIII after he became king (see Bourbon Restoration). The charter, which was revised in 1830 and remained in effect until 1848, preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral

Portugal: Further political strife: The chartist leaders rebelled and were exiled, but by 1842 the Septembrist front was no longer united, and António Bernardo da Costa Cabral restored the charter.

charter, a document granting certain specified rights, powers, privileges, or functions from the sovereign power of a state to an individual, corporation, city, or other unit of local organization. The most famous charter, Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), was a compact between the English king John

Czechoslovak history: Normalization and political dissidence: …signed a petition, known as Charter 77, in which they urged the government to observe human rights as outlined in the Helsinki Accords of 1975. Many intellectuals and activists who signed the petition subsequently were arrested and detained, but their efforts continued throughout the following decade. Among the victims of…

Québec Values Charter, statement of principles and subsequent legislation introduced in 2013 to Québec’s National Assembly by the ruling Parti Québécois government that sought the creation of a secular society—a society in which religion and the state would be completely separate. The result of

Charter to the Gentry, (1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the gentry of each province and county in

The Bank of New York Company, Inc.: …1988 takeover of the giant Irving Bank Corporation (founded 1851).

Charter Oath, in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government by the imperial family. The Charter Oath opened the way for the modernization of the

Charter Oath, in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government by the imperial family. The Charter Oath opened the way for the modernization of the

Charter of 1814, French constitution issued by Louis XVIII after he became king (see Bourbon Restoration). The charter, which was revised in 1830 and remained in effect until 1848, preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral

charter party, contract by which the owner of a ship lets it to others for use in transporting a cargo. The shipowner continues to control the navigation and management of the vessel, but its carrying capacity is engaged by the charterer. There are four principal methods of chartering a tramp

charter school, a publicly funded tuition-free school of choice that has greater autonomy than a traditional public school. In exchange for increased autonomy, charter schools are held accountable for improving student achievement and meeting other provisions of their charters. Charter schools are

accounting: Disclosure and auditing requirements: …in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion that the financial statements present fairly the company’s position,…

chartered company, type of corporation that evolved in the early modern era in Europe. It enjoyed certain rights and privileges and was bound by certain obligations, under a special charter granted to it by the sovereign authority of the state, such charter defining and limiting those rights,

Charterhouse, a well-known school and charitable foundation that is now in Godalming, Surrey, Eng. The name Charterhouse is a corruption of the French Chartreuse (the location of the first Carthusian monastery). The name is found in various places in England—e.g., Charterhouse in the Mendip Hills,

The Charterhouse of Parma, novel by Stendhal, published in French as La Chartreuse de Parme in 1839. It is generally considered one of Stendhal’s masterpieces, second only to The Red and the Black, and is remarkable for its highly sophisticated rendering of human psychology and its subtly drawn

Thomas Gainsborough: Early life and Suffolk period: The Charterhouse, one of his few topographical views, dates from the same year as Cornard Wood and in the subtle effect of light on various surfaces proclaims Dutch influence. In the background to Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, he anticipates the realism of the great English landscapist…

charter party: …are four principal methods of chartering a tramp ship—voyage charter, time charter, bareboat charter, and “lump-sum” contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specific ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. On time…

Leslie Charteris was an author of highly popular mystery-adventure novels and creator of Simon Templar, better known as “the Saint” and sometimes called the “Robin Hood of modern crime.” From 1928, some 50 novels and collections of stories about “the Saint” were published; translations existed in

Russia: Government administration under Catherine: …corporate self-administration contained in the Charters to the Nobility and the Towns (1785). Essentially, the reforms divided the empire’s territory into provinces of roughly equal population; the division paid heed to military considerations. Each of these units (guberniya) was put under the supervision and responsibility of a governor or governor-general…

Charters Towers, city, northeastern Queensland, Australia, in the upper Burdekin River basin. It is located about 635 miles (1,020 km) northwest of Brisbane. The town was founded after a the discovery of gold in a stream by an Aboriginal boy, Jupiter Mosman, in 1871, and the population of Charters

Alain Chartier was a French poet and political writer whose didactic, elegant, and Latinate style was regarded as a model by succeeding generations of poets and prose writers. Educated at the University of Paris, Chartier entered the royal service, acting as secretary and notary to both Charles VI

Alain was a French philosopher whose work profoundly influenced several generations of readers. Graduating in philosophy, he taught at lycées in a number of towns, including Rouen, where he became involved in politics and began contributing a daily short article of 600 words to a Radical newspaper.

hydrography, the art and science of compiling and producing charts, or maps, of water-covered areas of Earth’s surface. A brief treatment of hydrography follows. For full treatment, see map and surveying: Hydrography. The terms hydrography and hydrographer are based on an analogy with geography and

Chartism, British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment

Thomas Carlyle: London: In Chartism (1840) he appeared as a bitter opponent of conventional economic theory, but the radical-progressive and the reactionary elements were curiously blurred and mingled. With the publication of On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) his reverence for strength, particularly when combined with…

Place de la Concorde, public square in central Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine between the Tuileries Gardens and the western terminus of the Champs-Élysées. It was intended to glorify King Louis XV, though during the French Revolution various royals, including Louis XVI, were

Chartres, town, capital of Eure-et-Loir département, Centre région, northwestern France, southwest of Paris. The town is built on the left bank of the Eure River, and the spires of its famous cathedral are a landmark on the plain of Beauce. Wide boulevards, bordered by elms, encircle the old town

Chartres Cathedral, Gothic cathedral located in the town of Chartres, northwestern France. Generally ranked as one of the three chief examples of Gothic French architecture (along with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral), it is noted not only for its architectural innovations but also for its

Nicholas Of Clémanges: At the Council of Chartres in 1421, he defended the freedom of the Gallican church, and in 1432 he returned to his teaching career at the College of Navarre.

Louis-Philippe, duke d’Orléans was the son of Duke Louis. He was appointed lieutenant general in 1744 and governor of Dauphiné in 1747. Having served with distinction from 1742 to 1757, he lived in seclusion and devoted himself to the theatre, patronizing actors and musicians. After his first wife

Saint Ivo of Chartres ; feast day May 23) was the bishop of Chartres who was regarded as the most learned canonist of his age. Of noble birth, Ivo became prior of the canons regular of St. Quentin, Beauvais (c. 1078), and in 1090 Pope Urban II confirmed his election as bishop of Chartres. He was

Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’Orléans was a Bourbon prince who became a supporter of popular democracy during the Revolution of 1789. The cousin of King Louis XVI (ruled 1774–92) and the son of Louis-Philippe (later duc d’Orléans), he became duc de Chartres in 1752 and succeeded to his father’s

Philippe II, duc d’Orléans was the regent of France for the young king Louis XV from 1715 to 1723. The son of Philippe I, duc d’Orléans, and Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Philippe d’Orléans was known as the duc de Chartres during his father’s lifetime. Although he served with the French

Western philosophy: Bernard de Clairvaux and Abelard: During the same period the School of Chartres, attached to the famous Chartres Cathedral near Paris, was the focus of Christian Neoplatonism and humanism.

Dauphiné: The liqueur of Chartreuse is distilled by the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, the motherhouse of the Carthusian order, near Grenoble. The liqueur is said to be made from more than 130 different plants; the formula dates from the 16th century. The patois of Dauphiné shows Provençal influence…

The Charterhouse of Parma, novel by Stendhal, published in French as La Chartreuse de Parme in 1839. It is generally considered one of Stendhal’s masterpieces, second only to The Red and the Black, and is remarkable for its highly sophisticated rendering of human psychology and its subtly drawn

Chartwell, country house near Westerham, Kent, England, that from 1922 until shortly before his death in 1965 was the country home of British statesman Sir Winston Churchill. The house, the oldest walls of which date from Tudor times, was named for a nearby spring. Winston and Clementine Churchill

Satyajit Ray: Adaptations of works by Rabindranath Tagore: Among such works, Charulata (1964; The Lonely Wife), a tragic love triangle set within a wealthy, Western-influenced Bengali family in 1879, is perhaps Ray’s most accomplished film. Teen Kanya (1961; “Three Daughters,” English-language title Two Daughters) is a varied trilogy of short films about women, while Ghare Baire (1984; The…

Charon, in Greek mythology, the son of Erebus and Nyx (Night), whose duty it was to ferry over the Rivers Styx and Acheron those souls of the deceased who had received the rites of burial. In payment he received the coin that was placed in the mouth of the corpse. In art, where he was first

Charvaka, unorthodox school of Indian philosophy significant for its materialism and atheism. Charvakas rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the Vedas (Hindu sacred scriptures), and the existence of a soul or self that survives death. They believed

Charwe was one of the major spiritual leaders of African resistance to white rule during the late 19th century in what is now Zimbabwe. She was considered to be a medium of Nehanda, a female Shona mhondoro (powerful and revered ancestral spirit). Charwe was born among the Shona people, one of

Buddhism: Origins: …groups of tantras (the Kriya-tantra, Charya-tantra, Yoga-tantra, and Anuttarayoga-tantra) that are compared with the fourfold phases of courtship (the exchange of glances, a pleasing or encouraging smile, the holding of hands, and consummation in the sexual act). The first stage involves external ritual acts, and the second combines these outward…

Scylla and Charybdis, in Greek mythology, two immortal and inescapable monsters who beset the narrow waters traversed by the Greek heroes Jason and Odysseus. They were later localized in the Strait of Messina. Both Scylla and Charybdis gave poetic expression to the dangers confronting Greek

whirlpool: …oceanic whirlpools include those of Garofalo (supposedly the Charybdis of ancient legend), along the coast of Calabria in southern Italy, and of Messina, in the strait between Sicily and peninsular Italy. The Maelstrom (from Dutch for “whirling stream”) located near the Lofoten Islands, off the coast of Norway, and whirlpools…

Ob River: Physiography: receiving the Peschanaya, Anuy, and Charysh rivers from the left; in this reach, the river has low banks of alluvium, a bed studded with islands and shoals, and an average gradient of 1 foot per mile (20 cm per km). From the Charysh confluence the upper Ob flows northward on…

Khasavyurt, city and centre of Khasavyurt rayon (sector), Dagestan republic, southwestern Russia. It lies along the Yaryksu River in a cotton-growing area, with cotton-ginning and fruit- and vegetable-canning industries. Agricultural and teacher-training colleges are in the city. Pop. (2006 est.)

printing: Improvements after Gutenberg: …later, innovators added a double-hinged chase consisting of a frisket, a piece of parchment cut out to expose only the actual text itself and so to prevent ink spotting the nonprinted areas of the paper, and a tympan, a layer of a soft, thick fabric to improve the regularity of…

Eddie Cantor: …Cantor turned to radio with The Chase and Sanborn Hour in September 1931. Performing as a stand-up comedian, he used his vaudeville experience to outstanding effect and combined the expression of patriotism and personal values with humor; audiences responded enthusiastically. With changes of name, the show continued for 18 years…

construction: Use of steel and other metals: In 1961 the 60-story Chase Manhattan Bank Building, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, had a standard steel frame with rigid portal wind bracing, which required 275 kilograms of steel per square meter (55 pounds of steel per square foot), nearly the same as the Empire State Building of…

The Chase Manhattan Corporation, former American holding company that merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000 to form J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. The firm originated in the final days of the 18th century. On April 2, 1799, at the urging of such civic leaders as Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton (later

The Chase Manhattan Corporation: The Chase National Bank was organized September 12, 1877, by John Thompson (1802–91), who named the bank in honour of the late U.S. Treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase. (Thompson had earlier helped found the First National Bank, a predecessor of Citibank and, later, CitiGroup.) Chase…

Sir Walter Scott: His first published work, The Chase, and William and Helen (1796), was a translation of two ballads by the German Romantic balladeer G.A. Bürger. A poor translation of Goethe’s Götz von Berlichingen followed in 1799. Scott’s interest in border ballads finally bore fruit in his collection of them entitled…

Fred Astaire: Later musicals: Easter Parade, Royal Wedding, and The Band Wagon: …to dance with new partner Barrie Chase for several Emmy Award-winning television specials throughout the 1950s and ’60s, and he danced again on-screen in Finian’s Rainbow (1968) and for a few steps with Gene Kelly in That’s Entertainment, Part II (1976).

Chevy Chase is an American comedian, writer, and actor who first gained fame on the influential sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), where he showcased his trademark deadpan delivery and skill at physical comedy. He later found success in such films as Caddyshack (1980) and the National

Chevy Chase is an American comedian, writer, and actor who first gained fame on the influential sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), where he showcased his trademark deadpan delivery and skill at physical comedy. He later found success in such films as Caddyshack (1980) and the National

The Sopranos: Created and written by David Chase, The Sopranos aired for six seasons (1999–2007) on HBO and earned an international following as a result of its broadcasts abroad.

Elizabeth Anne Chase Akers Allen was an American journalist and poet, remembered chiefly for her sentimental poem “Rock Me to Sleep,” which found especial popularity during the Civil War. Elizabeth Chase grew up in Farmington, Maine, where she attended Farmington Academy (later Maine State Teachers

Cincinnati Bengals: Joe Burrow era: …performance by rookie wide receiver Ja’Marr Chase (Burrow’s former college teammate at Louisiana State University), the Bengals won 10 games and a division title in 2021. In the postseason Cincinnati won three close contests (the team’s first playoff wins in more than 30 years) to advance to the third Super…

Kate Chase Sprague was the daughter of Abraham Lincoln’s secretary of the treasury, Salmon Chase. While continually attempting to advance her father’s political fortunes, she became a national fashion and social celebrity. Educated by her father and in private schools, Kate Chase became the

American Ballet Theatre: …was founded in 1939 by Lucia Chase and Richard Pleasant and presented its first performance on January 11, 1940. Chase was director, with Oliver Smith, from 1945 to 1980. The dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov was artistic director from 1980 to 1989. Smith and Jane Hermann held the post from 1990 to…

Margaret Chase Smith was an American popular and influential public official who became the first woman to serve in both U.S. houses of Congress. Margaret Chase attended high school in her native Skowhegan, Maine, graduating in 1916. She then taught school briefly, held a series of other jobs, and

Martha Chase was an American molecular geneticist who played a pivotal role in the Hershey-Chase experiment of 1952, which provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. Chase grew up in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and attended the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio,

Martha Chase was an American molecular geneticist who played a pivotal role in the Hershey-Chase experiment of 1952, which provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. Chase grew up in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and attended the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio,

Harvey: …1950, that is based on Mary Chase’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name about a man’s unusual friendship.

Mary Ellen Chase was an American scholar, teacher, and writer whose novels are largely concerned with the Maine seacoast and its inhabitants. Chase grew up in Maine, graduating from the University of Maine in 1909. Three autobiographical works describe her background and early experiences: A Goodly

Philander Chase was a U.S. clergyman and bishop in the Protestant Episcopal Church, educator, and founder of Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. Ordained a priest in 1799, Chase served several parishes in New York State, New Orleans, and Hartford, Conn., prior to his consecration as bishop for the new

Salmon P. Chase was a lawyer and politician, antislavery leader before the U.S. Civil War, secretary of the Treasury (1861–64) in Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s wartime Cabinet, the sixth chief justice of the United States (1864–73), and repeatedly a seeker of the presidency. Chase received part of his

Salmon P. Chase was a lawyer and politician, antislavery leader before the U.S. Civil War, secretary of the Treasury (1861–64) in Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s wartime Cabinet, the sixth chief justice of the United States (1864–73), and repeatedly a seeker of the presidency. Chase received part of his

Samuel Chase was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, whose acquittal in an impeachment trial (1805) inspired by Pres. Thomas Jefferson for political reasons strengthened the independence of the judiciary. Chase served as a member of the Maryland assembly (1764–84) and in the Continental

Garth Brooks: …Season (1992) and the introspective The Chase (1992). Although both releases posted sales figures in the millions, The Chase was regarded as somewhat of a disappointment, and Brooks returned to playful rock-influenced tunes on In Pieces (1993). Later releases included Fresh Horses (1995) and Sevens (1997), as well as the…

List of Famous Game Shows: The Chase: An award-winning British game show, The Chase is quiz-based and pits a team of four players against a “chaser” for a chance to split the winning money. Each show features one of several quizzing experts as the chaser. (In the American version of the show, former Jeopardy! champion Ken Jennings…

Arthur Penn: Early films: Far more commercial was The Chase (1966), based on a novel by Horton Foote (adapted by Lillian Hellman). It starred Marlon Brando as the sheriff of a Texas town overrun with nymphomaniacs, drunks, and assorted bullies, most of whom are waiting for the return of an escaped convict (Robert…

William Merritt Chase was a painter and teacher, who helped establish the fresh color and bravura technique of much early 20th-century American painting. Chase studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and under Karl von Piloty for six years in Munich. He worked for a time in the

Faith Ringgold: …works by Betye Saar and Barbara Chase-Riboud in the 1972 sculpture biennial, and she helped win admission for Black artists to the exhibit schedule at the Museum of Modern Art. In 1970 Ringgold and one of her daughters founded the advocacy group Women Students and Artists for Black Art Liberation.…

chaser, a literary work or portion of a literary work that is of a light or mollifying nature in comparison with that which precedes or accompanies it. The metaphor may stem from the practice of following the consumption of strong alcoholic drink with consumption of a less-potent beverage or,

Indus River: Irrigation of the Indus River: …of those canals is the Chashma-Jhelum link joining the Indus River with the Jhelum River, with a discharge capacity of some 21,700 cubic feet (615 cubic meters) per second. Water from that canal feeds the Haveli Canal and Trimmu-Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal link canal systems, which provide irrigation to areas in southern Punjab…

Bozorg Alavi: …for his novel Chashmhāyash (1952; Her Eyes), an extremely controversial work about an underground revolutionary leader and the upper-class woman who loves him. Alavi also wrote a number of works in German, among them, Kämpfendes Iran (1955; “The Struggle of Iran”) and Geschichte und Entwicklung der modernen Persischen Literatur (1964;…

Hasidean, member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in

Hasidean, member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in

Hasidism, movement within Judaism that emphasizes religious piety and was developed in eastern Europe in the 18th-century and continues to be an active branch of Judaism into the 21st century. The movement’s name is derived from the Hebrew term ḥasid (“pious one”), and the movement generally

chasing, metalwork technique used to define or refine the forms of a surface design and to bring them to the height of relief required. The metal is worked from the front by hammering with various tools that raise, depress, or push aside the metal without removing any from the surface (except when

Ben Affleck: Early life and career: …lead in his next film, Chasing Amy (1997).

Tim Flannery: His Chasing Kangaroos (2004) was an engaging collection of stories chronicling the history of the kangaroo and related species.

Adele: …the lush bluesy song “Chasing Pavements”).

Samantha Power: In 2008 she published Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World, a biography of the Brazilian diplomat who, like her, sought to enlist governmental power in advancing human rights.

Nikki Giovanni: Chasing Utopia (2013) and Make Me Rain (2020) feature poetry and prose. In Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-Five Years of Being a Black Poet (1971) she presents autobiographical reminiscences, and in Sacred Cows…and Other Edibles (1988) she proffers a collection of…

Michel Chasles was a French mathematician who, independently of the Swiss German mathematician Jakob Steiner, elaborated on the theory of modern projective geometry, the study of the properties of a geometric line or other plane figure that remain unchanged when the figure is projected onto a plane

George Cram Cook: Cook’s novel The Chasm (1911) explores the conflict experienced by an American girl in Russia and the United States between Nietzschean aristocratic individualism and Socialist ideas, with the latter winning.

Dorothea Tanning: Later art and writing: She also wrote a novel, Chasm: A Weekend (2004), and produced two collections of her poetry, A Table of Content: Poems (2004) and Coming to That (2011). Her writing appeared in such publications as The Paris Review, The New Yorker, and The Yale Review. In 1994 Tanning bestowed the Academy…