William S. Burroughs was an American writer of experimental novels that evoke, in deliberately erratic prose, a nightmarish, sometimes wildly humorous world. His sexual explicitness (he was an avowed and outspoken homosexual) and the frankness with which he dealt with his experiences as a drug

William S. Burroughs was an American writer of experimental novels that evoke, in deliberately erratic prose, a nightmarish, sometimes wildly humorous world. His sexual explicitness (he was an avowed and outspoken homosexual) and the frankness with which he dealt with his experiences as a drug

William Seward Burroughs was an American inventor of the first recording adding machine and pioneer of its manufacture. After a brief education, Burroughs supported himself from the age of 15. In 1880 he began working in his father’s shop in St. Louis, Missouri, constructing models for castings and

Joe Burrow is an elite National Football League (NFL) quarterback, known for his cool demeanor and accurate passing. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals as the number one pick in the 2020 NFL draft, and he led the team to its first Super Bowl appearance (2022) in more than 30 years. Off the

Joe Burrow is an elite National Football League (NFL) quarterback, known for his cool demeanor and accurate passing. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals as the number one pick in the 2020 NFL draft, and he led the team to its first Super Bowl appearance (2022) in more than 30 years. Off the

burrower bug, (family Cydnidae), any of some 750 species of insects (order Heteroptera) that burrow underground around clumps of grass, in sandy places, or beneath ground litter. These insects may be up to 7 mm (0.3 inch) long. Their oval bodies are brown or black, and there are spines on the tibia

burrowing, locomotion of a type found in both terrestrial and aquatic animal groups. Some fossorial animals dig short permanent burrows in which they live; others tunnel extensively and nearly continuously. In relatively soft substrates, such as soil, burrowers tend to be limbless (lizards, snakes)

burrowing asp, (genus Atractaspis), any of 19 species of venomous, secretive snakes, also known as mole vipers and stiletto snakes, of tropical Africa and the Middle East. They belong to the family Atractaspididae, a group distinct from vipers and elapids. Atractaspidids are characterized by a

barnacle: Burrowing barnacles (order Acrothoracica, about 30 species) are small, unisexual forms that lack shells and have fewer than six pairs of cirri. They burrow into hard limy material, such as clam shells and coral. Trypetesa is found only inside snail shells occupied by hermit crabs.

plant disease: Nematode diseases: The burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) is a serious endoparasite in tropical and subtropical areas, where it attacks citrus (causing spreading decline), banana, avocado, tomato, black pepper, abaca, and more than 200 important crops, trees, and ornamentals, causing severe losses.

burrowing owl, (Athene cunicularia), small owl of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes) that inhabits prairie lands of the Western Hemisphere from southwestern Canada to Tierra del Fuego. Burrowing owls live in holes abandoned by other animals. They eat mainly insects and small rodents.

conure: …(to 50 cm [20 inches]) Patagonian conure, or burrowing parrot, Cyanoliseus patagonus, nests colonially in cliff holes in temperate regions of Chile and Argentina.

boa: …Eryx) and the West African earth python (Charina reinhardtii), in addition to two North American species. Erycines are live-bearers (as opposed to egg layers) that have stout cylindrical bodies, blunt heads, and short tails. Most measure less than 70 cm (28 inches). These terrestrial snakes are often subterranean, and most…

rat kangaroo: … rat kangaroo, or boodie (B. lesueur), which has a thicker, non-crested tail, is the only member of the kangaroo group to dig burrows. It was formerly widespread in South and Western Australia but is today restricted to a few offshore islands. The Northern bettong (B. tropica) has pale gray…

frog and toad: Annotated classification: Family Rhinophrynidae (burrowing toad) Oligocene (33.9 million–23.03 million years ago) to present; 8 presacral vertebrae; ribs absent; coccyx free, with 2 articulating surfaces; tongue free and protrusible; body robust; burrowing; aquatic larvae present; Mexico and Central America; 1 species; adult length to about 7 cm (3 inches).…

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Similar to Dytiscidae; small; larvae burrow. Family Rhysodidae (wrinkled bark beetles) Small, slender, brownish beetles; about 350 species, mostly tropical. Sometimes considered a subgroup (tribe Rhysodini) of family Carabidae. Family

Northern Exposure: …American employee, Ed Chigliak (Darren E. Burrows), an aspiring cinematographer and shaman; bush pilot Maggie O’Connell (Janine Turner), Fleischman’s hot-cold love interest; radio disc jockey Chris Stevens (John Corbett), whose on-air monologues were both folksy and philosophical; Holling Vincoeur (John Cullum), the lively elderly tavern owner married to the…

Ronald Montagu Burrows was a British archaeologist whose excavations (1895–96) in western Greece, at Pílos (ancient Pylos, on the Coryphasium promontory) and the nearby island of Sfaktiría (Sphacteria), were important in verifying Thucydides’ historical accuracy. As professor of Greek at University

bottlenose dolphin: The southern Australian bottlenose dolphin (T. australis), or Burrunan dolphin, is considered by some researchers to be a third species, whereas others argue that it is a subspecies of the Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin. It frequents the waters off Australia’s southern and southeastern shores and has…

St. Ignatius of Antioch: Journey to Rome: At his request the deacon Burrus of Ephesus was allowed to stay with him. Ignatius also wrote to Rome, urging his fellow Christians there not to prevent his martyrdom by intercession on his behalf and commending to their charity Syrian Christians who had arrived there ahead of him.

Sextus Afranius Burrus was the praetorian prefect (51–62) and, with Seneca, the chief adviser of the Roman emperor Nero (reigned 54–68). Burrus came from Vasio (now Vaison, France). After brief service in the army, he held posts in the households of Livia (the widow of the emperor Augustus) and the

Bursa, city, northwestern Turkey. It is situated along the northern foothills of Ulu Dağ (the ancient Mysian Olympus). Probably founded by a Bithynian king in the 3rd century bce, it prospered during Byzantine times after the emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565 ce) built a palace there. The city

bursa, within the mammalian body, any small pouch or sac between tendons, muscles, or skin and bony prominences at points of friction or stress. The bursas are classified by type as adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, or submuscular. Adventitious, or accidental, bursas arise in soft tissues as a

bird: Muscles and organs: …outpocketing of the cloaca, the bursa of Fabricius, controls antibody-mediated immunity in young birds. The bursa regresses with age, and thus its presence or absence may be used to determine age.

Süleyman Çelebi was one of the most famous early poets of Anatolia. Süleyman appears to have been the son of an Ottoman minister, Ahmed Paşa, who served in the court of Sultan Murad I. Süleyman became a leader of the Khalwatīyah dervish order and then imam (religious leader) to the court of the

bursa, within the mammalian body, any small pouch or sac between tendons, muscles, or skin and bony prominences at points of friction or stress. The bursas are classified by type as adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, or submuscular. Adventitious, or accidental, bursas arise in soft tissues as a

bursitis, inflammation of a synovial bursa, the lubricating sac located around joints or between tendons and muscles or bones. Bursitis may be caused by infection or injury, by arthritis or gout, by calcium deposition along a tendon or joint, or by minor, usually repetitive irritation. Hence, risk

bursa, within the mammalian body, any small pouch or sac between tendons, muscles, or skin and bony prominences at points of friction or stress. The bursas are classified by type as adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, or submuscular. Adventitious, or accidental, bursas arise in soft tissues as a

Burschenschaft, (German: “Youth Association”), student organization at the German universities that started as an expression of the new nationalism prevalent in post-Napoleonic Europe. The first Burschenschaft was founded in 1815 at the University of Jena, and the movement spread all over Germany.

Sapindales: Distribution and abundance: Bursera (50 species) is found in tropical America, with its centre of diversity in Mexico.

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: …creosote bushes, and the rare elephant tree (Bursera microphylla). In years when there is adequate rainfall during the winter and early spring, wildflowers bloom profusely between February and April. Typical mammals include desert bighorn sheep, javelinas, coyotes, a variety of rodents (notably kangaroo rats), and the endangered Sonoran pronghorn (a…

tree: Tree bark: …smooth, copper-colored covering of the gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) to the thick, soft, spongy bark of the punk, or cajeput, tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other types of bark include the commercial cork of the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the rugged, fissured outer coat of many other oaks; the flaking, patchy-colored barks…

Burseraceae, family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales, composed of about 19 genera and 775–860 species of resinous trees and shrubs. They are native primarily to tropical America, but a few species occur in Africa and Asia. Many species dominate the forests or woodlands in which they

hormone: Neurohormones: …the thoracotropic hormone and called bursicon acts directly on the adult cuticle (skin) of arthropods to stimulate darkening and hardening processes. Bursicon has a molecular weight of about 30,000. The brain of insects also produces a third neurohormone, which has a hyperglycemic (increase in level of blood glucose) effect in…

gastropod: Classification: shells (Cassidae), tun shells (Doliidae), frog shells (Bursidae), triton shells (Cymatiidae), and fig shells (Ficidae); frog and triton shells often live in rocky areas; most species large in size. Suborder Neogastropoda (Stenoglossa) Carnivorous or scavengers with rachiglossate (with 3 denticles) or taxoglossate (with 2 denticles) radula; shell

bursitis, inflammation of a synovial bursa, the lubricating sac located around joints or between tendons and muscles or bones. Bursitis may be caused by infection or injury, by arthritis or gout, by calcium deposition along a tendon or joint, or by minor, usually repetitive irritation. Hence, risk

surge: …monsoon currents is called a burst, or surge, of the monsoon.

Audre Lorde: Lorde’s volume A Burst of Light (1988), which further detailed her struggle with cancer, won a National Book Award in 1989. She also wrote the novel Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982), noted for its clear, evocative imagery and its treatment of a mother-daughter relationship.…

X-ray source: In objects known as bursters, a neutron star’s magnetic field suspends the gas until the accumulated weight crushes the field temporarily and the falling gas emits a sudden burst of X rays. A transient occurs in stellar pairs in which the orbit is elongated and gas is only transferred…

ammunition: …as cartridge case, fuze, and bursting charge are frequently included.

papermaking: Strength and durability: …paper and paperboard is the bursting test, or Mullen test. It is defined as the hydrostatic pressure (caused by liquids at rest) necessary to cause rupture in a circular area of a given diameter. Other strength tests for which standard methods exist are tearing strength and folding endurance.

Guy Butler: …of autobiography, Karoo Morning (1977), Bursting World (1983), and A Local Habitation (1991).

Hays Code: Demise: The majority opinion in Burstyn v. Wilson asserted that movies were a significant medium for communicating ideas and therefore could not face censorship from the government. Since the threat of government censorship had played a major role in studios’ willingness to abide by the strictures of the Hays Code,…

Ellen Burstyn is an American actress who is known for her understated charm and versatility. Gillooly was raised in Detroit, though she attended St. Mary’s Academy in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, for several years in the late 1930s. Both her mother and her stepfather were physically and verbally

Bermuda: History of Bermuda: At age 38, David Burt became the youngest person ever to take on the role of premier.

Sir Cyril Burt was a British psychologist known for his development of factor analysis in psychological testing and for his studies of the effect of heredity on intelligence and behaviour. Burt studied at the universities of Oxford and Würzburg before becoming in 1913 the first educational

Sir Cyril Burt was a British psychologist known for his development of factor analysis in psychological testing and for his studies of the effect of heredity on intelligence and behaviour. Burt studied at the universities of Oxford and Würzburg before becoming in 1913 the first educational

Khajuraho: …1838 a British army captain, T.S. Burt, came upon information that led him to the rediscovery of the complex of temples in the jungle in Khajuraho.

Burton upon Trent: …originated with the monks of Burton Abbey, a Benedictine abbey founded there in 1002. By 1801 there were nine brewing firms in Burton, and beer—including India pale ale—is still an important industry there. Of the abbey, only a gatehouse, part of the walls, and a fine doorway remain; a 15th-century…

Burton upon Trent, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), East Staffordshire borough, administrative county of Staffordshire, west-central England. It is situated mainly on the west bank of the River Trent and on the Grand Trunk (Trent and Mersey) Canal. Most of the town belongs to the

flap-footed lizard: Burton’s snake-lizard (Lialis burtonis) is one of the larger flap-footed lizards, reaching about 29 cm (11 inches) in body length with an even longer tail. It is found throughout most of Australia and dwells on the ground in leaf litter and other surface debris. L.…

John Cale: Solo career: He collaborated with the producer Danger Mouse on a track from his 2012 album Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood, and he has expressed admiration for many rappers, including Kendrick Lamar, Eminem, and Snoop Dogg.

Metallica: …San Francisco, California), and bassist Cliff Burton (b. February 10, 1962, San Francisco—d. September 27, 1986, near Stockholm, Sweden). Jason Newsted (b. March 4, 1963, Battle Creek, Michigan) took over on bass after Burton was killed in a tour bus accident.

Harold H. Burton was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1945–58). Burton was the son of Alfred E. Burton, a dean and professor of civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Gertrude Hitz Burton. He graduated from Bowdoin College (where he also

Harold H. Burton was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1945–58). Burton was the son of Alfred E. Burton, a dean and professor of civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Gertrude Hitz Burton. He graduated from Bowdoin College (where he also

John Bastwick: ” Bastwick, William Prynne, and Henry Burton came under the lash of the Star Chamber court at the same time; they were all censured as turbulent and seditious persons and condemned to pay a fine of £5,000 each, to be set in the pillory, to lose their ears, and to…

theatre music: Stage musicals: …following comment in 1952 by Jack Burton, American theatre historian, on Oklahoma! (1943), an epoch-making musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein:

Rick Nelson: …with material, and his guitarist, James Burton—who later played with Elvis Presley—was one of early rock’s most-distinctive players. After topping the charts with “Poor Little Fool” (1958) and “Travelin’ Man” (1961), Nelson’s popularity waned in the mid-1960s.

LeVar Burton is an American actor best known for his long tenure hosting the popular educational TV show Reading Rainbow (1983–2006) and for playing Kunta Kinte in the TV miniseries Roots (1977) and Lieut. Comdr. Geordi La Forge in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–94) and several Star Trek

LeVar Burton is an American actor best known for his long tenure hosting the popular educational TV show Reading Rainbow (1983–2006) and for playing Kunta Kinte in the TV miniseries Roots (1977) and Lieut. Comdr. Geordi La Forge in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–94) and several Star Trek

New York slave rebellion of 1741: …impaneled on April 21, and Mary Burton, a young indentured servant at Hughson’s tavern, was brought to testify before the jury. Under duress, Burton testified that the three enslaved men—Caesar, Prince, and Cuffee—along with a contingent of poor white settlers, had plotted to burn the fort and the city and…

Richard Burton was a Welsh stage and motion-picture actor noted for his portrayals of highly intelligent and articulate men who were world-weary, cynical, or self-destructive. Jenkins was the 12th of 13 children born to a Welsh coal miner. He studied acting under Philip Burton, a schoolteacher who

Robert Burton was an English scholar, writer, and Anglican clergyman whose Anatomy of Melancholy is a masterpiece of style and a valuable index to the philosophical and psychological ideas of the time. Burton was educated at Oxford, elected a student (life fellow) of Christ Church (one of the

Sarah Burton is an English fashion designer who was creative director for the Alexander McQueen label (2010–23) and later for Givenchy (2024– ). Heard studied art at Manchester Polytechnic before attending London’s Central Saint Martin’s College of Art and Design. While still in school, she became

Sir Richard Burton was an English scholar-explorer and Orientalist who was the first European to discover Lake Tanganyika and to penetrate hitherto-forbidden Muslim cities. He published 43 volumes on his explorations and almost 30 volumes of translations, including an unexpurgated translation of

Sir Richard Burton was an English scholar-explorer and Orientalist who was the first European to discover Lake Tanganyika and to penetrate hitherto-forbidden Muslim cities. He published 43 volumes on his explorations and almost 30 volumes of translations, including an unexpurgated translation of

CeeLo Green is an American singer, rapper, and songwriter known for his soulful voice and flamboyant persona, both as a solo performer and as part of the rap group Goodie Mob and the eclectic duo Gnarls Barkley. He was born Thomas Burton and grew up in Atlanta as the son of two ordained Baptist

Tim Burton is an American director known for his original, quirky style that frequently drew on elements of the fantastic and the macabre. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Burton, who became interested in drawing and filmmaking while quite young, attended the

Tim Burton is an American director known for his original, quirky style that frequently drew on elements of the fantastic and the macabre. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Burton, who became interested in drawing and filmmaking while quite young, attended the

Virginia Lee Burton was an American author and illustrator of children’s books, some considered classics and many still popular today. Burton grew up from the age of seven in Sonora, California. After graduating from high school she studied both dancing and drawing, and later she continued taking

pottery: Pottery factories: He worked in association with William Burton of the Pilkington pottery in Manchester, which made experimental decorative ware of all kinds.

William Merriam Burton was an American chemist who developed a thermal cracking process for increasing the proportion of gasoline obtainable from petroleum. Burton began work as a chemist at the Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) refinery at Whiting, Indiana, in 1890, rising swiftly to serve as president

ship: Ship-shore transfer: This scheme is known as burtoning.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion: …particularly by the Russian historian Vladimir Burtsev, revealed that the Protocols were forgeries compounded by officials of the Russian secret police out of the satire of Joly, a fantastic novel (Biarritz) by Hermann Goedsche (1868), and other sources.

Buru, island in the Moluccas, Maluku provinsi (“province”), Indonesia, administered from Ambon as part of Maluku Tengah kabupaten (regency). Buru lies 42 miles (68 km) west of the island of Seram across the Manipa Strait and is about 3,670 square miles (9,505 square km) in area. Mountainous and

Austronesian languages: Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP): …the island of Timor; and Buruese, spoken on the island of Buru in the central Moluccas.

Borūjerd, chief town, Borūjerd shahrestān (county), Lorestān ostān (province), western Iran. Borūjerd is situated 5,500 feet (1,700 metres) above sea level, below high mountains, in a wide, fertile valley. It is a flourishing regional centre on the main highway from the Persian Gulf and Khūzestān

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Maryūṭ), Lake Edku (Buḥayrat Idkū), Lake Burullus (Buḥayrat Al-Burullus), and Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat Al-Manzilah).

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Maryūṭ), Lake Edku (Buḥayrat Idkū), Lake Burullus (Buḥayrat Al-Burullus), and Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat Al-Manzilah).

African art: Sudan and South Sudan: …wall paintings and reliefs; the Burun, for example, paint animal murals reminiscent of rock paintings. The Nuba make mural paintings and fine pottery of clay or cow dung, sometimes embellished with finely painted geometric patterns. The southeast Nuba are particularly famous for the body painting of their young men. Artistic…

zombi: …influence of powerful drugs, including burundanga (a plant substance containing scopolamine; reportedly used by Colombian criminals) and drugs derived from poisonous toads and puffer fish. (See also zombie.)

Burundi, country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundi’s population is Hutu, traditionally a farming people. Power, however,

Burundi: Finance, trade, and services: The Banque de la République du Burundi is the country’s central bank; it issues the Burundi franc, the national currency, and regulates the operation of national and foreign banks. Beginning in the 1980s, Burundi experienced a growing trade deficit and increasingly heavy dependence on foreign aid…

The leading traditional symbol of Burundi was an ancient drum, Karyenda, which had a semidivine status. The mwami (“ruler”) alone could interpret the messages of Karyenda and transform them into rules governing society. Karyenda was thus chosen as a symbol for the national flag when Burundi emerged

history of Burundi, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Burundi. The landlocked country is located in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. Gitega, a town rich with cultural and historical significance, was designated the country’s political capital in 2019. At the same

Kingdom of Burundi, traditional East African state, now the Republic of Burundi. At some time before the 17th century, the Tutsi, a pastoral people, established their dominance over the Hutu agriculturalists living in the area. During his reign (c. 1675–1705) the mwami (king) Ntare Rushatsi (Ntare

Burundi, country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundi’s population is Hutu, traditionally a farming people. Power, however,

Burundi, country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundi’s population is Hutu, traditionally a farming people. Power, however,

Burundi, country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundi’s population is Hutu, traditionally a farming people. Power, however,

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: Under Burunduk Khan (ruled 1488–1509) and Kasym Khan (1509–18), the Kazakhs were the masters of virtually the entire steppe region, reportedly able to bring 200,000 horsemen into the field and feared by all their neighbors. The prevailing view is that the rule of Kasym Khan marked…

Cushitic languages: Morphology and grammar: In South Cushitic Burunge, for instance, “selectors” provide up to eight functional slots to mark grammatical categories such as clause type (e.g., conditional, concessive, subject focus, or relative), case (e.g., comitative, instrumental), oblique relative, oblique case focus, tense (e.g., preterite, habitual), sequence, and direction of action. For example,…

Tanzania: Ethnic groups: …Mbugu, the Gorowa, and the Burungi have Cushitic origins. About 500 ce, iron-using Bantu agriculturalists arriving from the west and south started displacing or absorbing the San hunters and gatherers; at roughly the same time, Nilotic pastoralists entered the area from the southern Sudan.

Cushitic languages: Morphology and grammar: In South Cushitic Burunge, for instance, “selectors” provide up to eight functional slots to mark grammatical categories such as clause type (e.g., conditional, concessive, subject focus, or relative), case (e.g., comitative, instrumental), oblique relative, oblique case focus, tense (e.g., preterite, habitual), sequence, and direction of action. For example,…

Burushaski language, language spoken primarily in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan. It is estimated to have some 90,000 speakers. Burushaski is a linguistic isolate, a language whose genetic relationship to other languages is not yet clear. In this respect it is like Basque,

Burushaski language, language spoken primarily in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan. It is estimated to have some 90,000 speakers. Burushaski is a linguistic isolate, a language whose genetic relationship to other languages is not yet clear. In this respect it is like Basque,

Burushaski language, language spoken primarily in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan. It is estimated to have some 90,000 speakers. Burushaski is a linguistic isolate, a language whose genetic relationship to other languages is not yet clear. In this respect it is like Basque,

Burutu, town and port in Delta state, southern Nigeria, built on two sides of the Forcados River, a channel of the Niger River delta, 20 miles (32 km) upstream from the Bight of Benin. It has served as a link between river transport and the sea since the Royal Niger Company established a base there

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held (5–4) on June 30, 2014, that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993 permits for-profit corporations that are closely held (e.g., owned by a family or family trust) to refuse, on religious grounds, to

Bury: metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, England. The River Irwell flows through the borough, which stretches from Pennine moorland in the north to within 4 miles (6.5 km) of the centre of Manchester in the south. It is crossed by…

Bury, town and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, England. The River Irwell flows through the borough, which stretches from Pennine moorland in the north to within 4 miles (6.5 km) of the centre of Manchester in the south. It is crossed