Breton literature, the body of writings in the Breton language of northwestern France. No literary texts in Old Breton have survived. An 11th-century poem translated from Breton into Latin demonstrates a strong similarity with Old Welsh epic poetry; attributed to a monk, Ingomar, it was written in

Auray: …its walls in 1364 the War of the Breton Succession was ended by the victory of Jean de Montfort and his English allies over Montfort’s cousin, Charles de Blois. The battle involved two French military folk-heroes, Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier de Clisson. The church erected on the battleground by…

André Breton was a French poet, essayist, critic, and editor, chief promoter and one of the founders of the Surrealist movement. As a medical student, Breton was interested in mental illness; his reading of the works of Sigmund Freud (whom he met in 1921) introduced him to the concept of the

Denis Diderot: The Encyclopédie: In 1745 the publisher André Le Breton approached Diderot with a view to bringing out a French translation of Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia, after two other translators had withdrawn from the project. Diderot undertook the task with the distinguished mathematician Jean Le Rond d’Alembert as coeditor but soon profoundly changed…

Lillie Langtry was a British beauty and actress, known as the Jersey Lily. She was the daughter of the dean of Jersey. In 1874 she married Edward Langtry, who died in 1897, and in 1899 she married Hugo de Bathe, who became a baronet in 1907. In 1881 Langtry caused a sensation by being the first

Nicholas Breton was a prolific English writer of religious and pastoral poems, satires, dialogues, and essays. Breton’s life was spent mainly in London. He dedicated his works to many patrons, including James I; his chief early patron was Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. In 1598 Breton was

Pierre-Fidèle Bretonneau was a French epidemiologist who in 1825 performed the first successful tracheotomy (incision of and entrance into the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck). He received his M.D. degree in Paris in 1815 and became chief physician of the hospital at Tours the

Willy Bretscher was a Swiss editor, from 1933 to 1967, of Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) of Zürich, one of the world’s leading daily newspapers. Bretscher carried forward for two generations the NZZ tradition of careful, thorough reporting that dated back to the paper’s founding in 1780. He built a

George Brett is an American baseball player for the Kansas City Royals known for hitting .390 in 1980, at the time the highest batting average since Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941. The youngest of four boys born to Jack Brett, an accountant, and Ethel (née Hansen) Brett, a bookkeeper, George Brett

George Brett is an American baseball player for the Kansas City Royals known for hitting .390 in 1980, at the time the highest batting average since Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941. The youngest of four boys born to Jack Brett, an accountant, and Ethel (née Hansen) Brett, a bookkeeper, George Brett

Bretton Woods Conference, meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (July 1–22, 1944), during World War II to make financial arrangements for the postwar world after the expected defeat of Germany and Japan. The conference was attended by experts noncommittally representing 44 states or governments,

money: The Bretton Woods system: During World War II, Great Britain and the United States outlined the postwar monetary system. Their plan, approved by more than 40 countries at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, aimed to correct the perceived deficiencies of the interwar gold exchange…

Henry de Bracton was a leading medieval English jurist and author of De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae (c. 1235; “On the Laws and Customs of England”), one of the oldest systematic treatises on the common law. While depending chiefly on English judicial decisions and the methods of pleading

Bretwalda, any of several Anglo-Saxon kings said to have had overlordship of kingdoms beyond their own. The word is used in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in its account of the events of 829 and also in a charter of Aethelstan, king of the English, and probably means “ruler of the Britons” or “ruler of

valley: Misfit streams: Harlen Bretz, who contended that the Channeled Scabland could only be explained by the action of cataclysmic flooding. He encountered vehement opposition to this hypothesis but was eventually able to convince most of his critics of its validity by carefully documenting the overwhelming evidence for flood-produced…

Brooklyn, one of the five boroughs of New York City, southwestern Long Island, southeastern New York state, U.S., coextensive with Kings county. It is separated from Manhattan by the East River and is bordered by the Upper and Lower New York bays (west), the Atlantic Ocean (south), and the borough

Brooklyn, one of the five boroughs of New York City, southwestern Long Island, southeastern New York state, U.S., coextensive with Kings county. It is separated from Manhattan by the East River and is bordered by the Upper and Lower New York bays (west), the Atlantic Ocean (south), and the borough

Brooklyn, one of the five boroughs of New York City, southwestern Long Island, southeastern New York state, U.S., coextensive with Kings county. It is separated from Manhattan by the East River and is bordered by the Upper and Lower New York bays (west), the Atlantic Ocean (south), and the borough

Josef Breuer was an Austrian physician and physiologist who was acknowledged by Sigmund Freud and others as the principal forerunner of psychoanalysis because of his treatment of the writer and social worker Bertha Pappenheim. Breuer found, in 1880, that he had relieved symptoms of what he

Marcel Breuer was an architect and designer, one of the most-influential exponents of the International Style; he was concerned with applying new forms and uses to newly developed technology and materials in order to create an art expressive of an industrial age. From 1920 to 1928 Breuer studied

Marcel Breuer was an architect and designer, one of the most-influential exponents of the International Style; he was concerned with applying new forms and uses to newly developed technology and materials in order to create an art expressive of an industrial age. From 1920 to 1928 Breuer studied

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Jan Bruegel the Elder was a Flemish painter known for his still lifes of flowers and for his landscapes. The second son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, born just before his father’s death, he was reared by a grandmother and learned his art in Antwerp. In his youth he went to Italy, where he painted

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Fritz A. Breuhaus was a German architect who specialized in interior design, particularly for transportation. Breuhaus trained at the Polytechnic in Stuttgart and was a student of Peter Behrens at Düsseldorf’s arts and crafts school. In 1906 he left school to work in the design field. He was a

Fritz A. Breuhaus was a German architect who specialized in interior design, particularly for transportation. Breuhaus trained at the Polytechnic in Stuttgart and was a student of Peter Behrens at Düsseldorf’s arts and crafts school. In 1906 he left school to work in the design field. He was a

Fritz A. Breuhaus was a German architect who specialized in interior design, particularly for transportation. Breuhaus trained at the Polytechnic in Stuttgart and was a student of Peter Behrens at Düsseldorf’s arts and crafts school. In 1906 he left school to work in the design field. He was a

Fritz A. Breuhaus was a German architect who specialized in interior design, particularly for transportation. Breuhaus trained at the Polytechnic in Stuttgart and was a student of Peter Behrens at Düsseldorf’s arts and crafts school. In 1906 he left school to work in the design field. He was a

Henri Breuil was a French archaeologist who was especially noted as an authority on the prehistoric cave art of Europe and Africa. Breuil was educated at the Sorbonne and the Catholic Institute in Paris. Shortly after being ordained an abbé (1897), he developed a strong interest in Paleolithic art,

Henri Breuil was a French archaeologist who was especially noted as an authority on the prehistoric cave art of Europe and Africa. Breuil was educated at the Sorbonne and the Catholic Institute in Paris. Shortly after being ordained an abbé (1897), he developed a strong interest in Paleolithic art,

diplomatics: The papal chancery: …of the 14th century, the brief (breve), used for the popes’ private or even secret correspondence. Written not in the chancery but, instead, by papal secretaries (an office dating from about 1338), the briefs were sealed on wax with the imprint of the papal signet ring.

brevet, form of military commission formerly used in the U.S. and British armies. Under the system in which an officer was customarily promoted within his regiment or corps, a brevet conferred upon him a rank in the army at large higher than that held in his corps. Frequently it carried with it the

canon law: The Corpus Juris Canonici (c. 1140–c. 1500): The first, the Breviarium extravagantium (“Compendium of Decretals Circulating Outside”; i.e., not yet collected) of Bernard of Pavia, introduced a system inspired by the codification of Justinian, a division of the material into five books, briefly summarized in the phrase judex, judicium, clerus, connubium, crimen (“judge, trial, clergy,…

Ghent-Bruges school: …of the group is the Grimani Breviary (c. 1515; Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice). Illuminated chiefly by Gerard Horenbout and Simon Bening, the calendar of the Breviary is an updating of the calendar from the Très riches heures du duc de Berry (Condé Museum, Chantilly, Fr.), which had been executed a…

breviary, liturgical book in the Roman Catholic Church that contains the daily service for the divine office, the official prayer of the church consisting of psalms, readings, and hymns that are recited at stated hours of the day. The breviary (Latin breviarium, “abridgment”) as a condensed tome

English literature: Writings of the Nonconformists: …wife, he wrote the moving Breviate (1681), a striking combination of exemplary narrative and unaffectedly direct reporting of the nature of their domestic life. His finest work, however, is the Reliquiae Baxterianae (published in 1696, five years after his death), an autobiography that is also an eloquent defense of the…

narrow-mouthed toad: The genus Breviceps (rain frogs) includes a number of plump, short-faced, African species. These live and breed on land. B. gibbosus is a burrowing South African form that is traditionally thought to control the coming of rain.

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …archipelago, New Guinea, northern Australia), Brevicipitinae (Africa), Microhylinae (North and South America, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, western Indo-Australian archipelago, Philippines, and Ryukyu Islands), Melanobatrachinae (east-central Africa, India), Phrynomerinae (Africa), and Otophryninae (South America). Family Ranidae

aphid: Types of aphids: The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) is small and gray-green with a powdery, waxy covering. It is found in clusters on the underside of leaves of cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and radishes. It overwinters as black eggs in northern regions but has no sexual stage in southern…

Bartolomé de Las Casas: The Apologética and the Destrucción: …of still another work, the Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies), which he wrote in 1542 and in which the historical events described are in themselves of less importance than their theological interpretation: “The reason why the Christians have…

Kasimir Fajans: …with Otto Gohring, he discovered uranium X2, which is now called protactinium-234m. In 1917 he joined the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Munich, where he rose from associate professor to director. From 1936 to 1957, when he retired, Fajans was a professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He became…

menhaden, any of several species of valuable Atlantic coastal fishes in the genus Brevoortia of the herring family (Clupeidae), utilized for oil, fish meal, and fertilizer. Menhaden have a deep body, sharp-edged belly, large head, and tooth-edged scales. Adults are about 37.5 cm (about 15 inches)

clupeiform: Growth and mortality: In the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), a species that spawns in riverine environments, the newly hatched pelagic larvae first drift downriver between fresh and brackish water and shoreward from spawning areas and into estuarine nursery areas. Later, pelagic juveniles tend to move upstream as far as 50…

baking: Continuous bread making: …pre-ferment, called the broth or brew. The brew consists of a mixture of water, yeast, sugar, and portions of the flour and other ingredients, fermented for a few hours before being mixed into the dough.

beer: Fermentation: Fermentation is carried out by yeast, which is added, or pitched, to the wort at 0.3 kilogram per hectolitre (about 0.4 ounce per gallon), yielding 10,000,000 cells per millilitre of wort.

David J. Brewer was a U.S. Supreme Court justice from 1889 to 1910. Brewer’s parents, American missionaries in Turkey, returned to the United States after his birth. He grew up in Connecticut, attended Yale University, and, after being admitted to the bar in 1858, worked as a notary public in

David J. Brewer was a U.S. Supreme Court justice from 1889 to 1910. Brewer’s parents, American missionaries in Turkey, returned to the United States after his birth. He grew up in Connecticut, attended Yale University, and, after being admitted to the bar in 1858, worked as a notary public in

encyclopaedia: Other topics: …the English clergyman and schoolmaster Ebenezer Cobham Brewer (1810–97), supplemented with Brewer’s Reader’s Handbook (1879). Other important works include the Dizionario letterario Bompiani degli autori (1956–57; “Bompiani’s Literary Dictionary of Authors”), the Dizionario letterario Bompiani delle opere (1947–50; “Bompiani’s Literary Dictionary of Works”), Cassell’s Encyclopaedia of Literature (1953), the Oxford…

pottery: Porcelain: …by the brothers Robert and John Brewer and others. The Brewers were pupils of the topographical painter Paul Sandby.

Lucy Brewer was a self-professed first woman U.S. Marine, whose claim is colourful but generally agreed to be unfounded. According to legend, Lucy Brewer, originally a farm girl from Massachusetts, disguised herself as a man and served as a member of the USS Constitution Marine guard during the War

pottery: Porcelain: …with landscapes by the brothers Robert and John Brewer and others. The Brewers were pupils of the topographical painter Paul Sandby.

schema: In 1981, American researchers William Brewer and James Treyens studied the effects of schemata in human memory. In their study, 30 subjects were brought into the office of the principal investigator and were told to wait. After 35 seconds, the subjects were asked to leave the room and to…

Baltimore Orioles, American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. Playing in the American League (AL), the Orioles won World Series titles in 1966, 1970, and 1983. The franchise that would become the Orioles was founded in 1894 as a minor league team based in Milwaukee,

Milwaukee Brewers, American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Brewers play in the National League (NL), but they spent their first 29 seasons (1969–97) in the American League (AL). The team that would become the Brewers was founded in 1969 in Seattle as the Pilots. After

beer: History of brewing: Modern breweries use stainless-steel equipment and computer-controlled automated operations, and they package beer in metal casks, glass bottles, aluminum cans, and plastic containers. Beers are now exported worldwide and are produced under license in foreign countries.

beer: History of brewing: Before 6000 bce, beer was made from barley in Sumer and Babylonia. Reliefs on Egyptian tombs dating from 2400 bce show that barley or partly germinated barley was crushed, mixed with water, and dried into cakes. When broken up and mixed with water, the…

Halloween comes just once a year, but Wall Street types don’t mind a good scare more often—in the form of a financial market phenomenon known as triple witching. It happens on a certain date every quarter, and even though everyone knows it’s coming, triple witching can shake up the markets. So it’s

Gertrude Stein: …wrote about these soldiers in Brewsie and Willie (1946).

Brewster’s law, relationship for light waves stating that the maximum polarization (vibration in one plane only) of a ray of light may be achieved by letting the ray fall on a surface of a transparent medium in such a way that the refracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the reflected ray. The law

Brewster chair, chair made in New England in the mid-17th century, characterized by rectilinear design and turned (shaped on a lathe) wood components—high posts at the back terminating in decorative finials, and ornamental spindles incorporated in the back and sides. The seat was woven of rush. The

Robert Altman: M*A*S*H and the 1970s: …make the relentlessly quirky, fabulist Brewster McCloud (1970), with Bud Cort as a nerd who wants to fly inside the Houston Astrodome (the world’s first domed stadium). Despite its inventive cinematography, the film met with mixed reviews and failed commercially. Audiences and critics both initially had a lukewarm response to…

Brewster’s law, relationship for light waves stating that the maximum polarization (vibration in one plane only) of a ray of light may be achieved by letting the ray fall on a surface of a transparent medium in such a way that the refracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the reflected ray. The law

Allan Dwan: Dwan’s talkies: …all starring Dennis O’Keefe, including Brewster’s Millions (1945), the often-filmed story about a man who learns that he stands to inherit $7 million if he is able to first spend $1 million over the next month.

Fast & Furious (film franchise): Origin and inspiration: Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez, and Jordana Brewster, The Fast and the Furious, the first film in the franchise, opened at number one at the box office and grossed an eventual $207 million worldwide.

Kingman Brewster, Jr. was an American educator and diplomat who as president of Yale University (1963–77) was noted for the improvements he made to the university’s faculty, curriculum, and admissions policies. Brewster was educated at a private school near Boston and at Yale University. After

Wladimir Klitschko: …Sanders (in 2003), and American Lamon Brewster (in 2004), which threatened to derail his career. He regrouped, however, under American trainer Emanuel Steward and went on an undefeated streak, winning his four championship belts between 2005 and 2011. His run ended at 22 consecutive victories in November 2015, when Klitschko…

Sir David Brewster was a Scottish physicist noted for his experimental work in optics and polarized light—i.e., light in which all waves lie in the same plane. When light strikes a reflective surface at a certain angle (called the polarizing angle), the reflected light becomes completely polarized.

William Brewster was a leader of the Plymouth Colony in New England. Brewster spent his early life at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, and acquired his first Separatist ideas while at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, which he attended for a short time. In 1583 he became the personal secretary to William

heulandite: group are stilbite, epistilbite, and brewsterite. These minerals have similar modes of occurrences, physical properties, and molecular structures. Stilbite and epistilbite are more common in sheaflike aggregates or crosslike penetration twins than in single crystals. For chemical formulas and detailed physical properties, see zeolite (table).

Brexit, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), which formally occurred on January 31, 2020. The term Brexit is a portmanteau coined as shorthand for British exit. In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, some 52 percent of those British voters who participated opted to leave

Nigel Farage: In 2019 he launched the Brexit Party, which he rebranded as Reform UK in 2021. In 2024 Farage won a seat in the British Parliament, representing Clacton.

Mariano Rajoy is a Spanish politician who served as prime minister of Spain from 2011 to 2018. Rajoy was raised in the Galicia region of northern Spain. He studied law at the University of Santiago de Compostela, receiving a degree in 1978. After briefly working as a land registrar, he embarked on

Stephen Breyer was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1994 to 2022. Breyer received bachelor’s degrees from Stanford University (1959) and the University of Oxford (1961), which he attended on a Rhodes scholarship, and a law degree from Harvard University (1964). In

Stephen Breyer was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1994 to 2022. Breyer received bachelor’s degrees from Stanford University (1959) and the University of Oxford (1961), which he attended on a Rhodes scholarship, and a law degree from Harvard University (1964). In

Phyllanthus: The delicately branched Polynesian shrub, snowbush (Breynia nivosa, formerly P. nivosus), is widely grown in the tropical gardens and as a greenhouse plant in the north for its gracefully slender branches and delicate green and white leaves (pink and red in B. nivosa, variety roseopicta).

Gregory Breit was a Russian-born American physicist best known for his contribution to the theory of nuclear reactions and his participation in the Manhattan Project, the U.S. research program (1942–45) that produced the first atomic bombs. Breit immigrated to the United States in 1915 to join his

Breyten Breytenbach was a South African writer who was a leading Afrikaner poet and critic of apartheid. He spent seven years in prison (1975–82) on terrorism charges, and during a self-imposed exile he became a naturalized French citizen. Born into an Afrikaner Cape Province family, Breytenbach

Polish literature: The literature of Socialist Realism: Tadeusz Breza published Spiżowa brama (1960; “The Bronze Gate”), a keen description of life in the Vatican. Other writers continued to be concerned with World War II, as did Leopold Buczkowski in the novel Czarny potok (1954; Black Torrent), Roman Bratny in Kolumbowie-rocznik 20 (1957;…

Pierre II de Brézé was a trusted soldier and statesman of Charles VII of France. Brézé made his name in the Hundred Years’ War when in 1433 he joined with Yolande (the queen of Sicily), the Constable de Richemont, and others in chasing from power Charles VII’s minister, Georges de La Trémoille.

Naberezhnye Chelny, city, Tatarstan, west-central Russia, on the left bank of the Kama River. The city is best known for its Kamaz truck plant, among the world’s largest. Also located at Naberezhnye Chelny is the Lower Kama hydroelectric station. Because of these developments, Naberezhnye Chelny

Brezhnev Doctrine, foreign policy put forth by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1968, calling on the Soviet Union to intervene—including militarily—in countries where socialist rule was under threat. The doctrine was largely a response to the Prague Spring, a period of liberalization instituted in

Leonid Brezhnev was a Soviet statesman and Communist Party official who was, in effect, the leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years. Having been a land surveyor in the 1920s, Brezhnev became a full member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1931 and studied at the metallurgical

Leonid Brezhnev was a Soviet statesman and Communist Party official who was, in effect, the leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years. Having been a land surveyor in the 1920s, Brezhnev became a full member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1931 and studied at the metallurgical

Breton language, one of the six extant Celtic languages (the others being Cornish, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx). Breton is spoken in Brittany in northwestern France. It shares with Welsh and Cornish an identical basic vocabulary and with all other Celtic languages the grammatical use of

Otakar Březina was a poet who had a considerable influence on the development of 20th-century Czech poetry. Březina spent most of his life as a schoolmaster in Moravia. Although isolated from public life, he was well informed about the national and international literary movements that influenced

Five Great Kings: …rides a white lion; (2) Brgya-byin, the “king of the mind,” who resides in the centre, is dark blue and rides an elephant; (3) Mon-bu-pu-tra, the “king of the body,” who resides in the eastern quarter, is black and rides a white lioness; (4) Shing-bya-can, the “king of virtue,” who…

South Indian temple architecture: …fully realized in the splendid Bṛhadīśvara temple at Thanjāvūr, built about 1003–10 by Rājarāja the Great, and the great temple at Gaṅgaikoṇḍacōḻapuram, built about 1025 by his son Rājendra Cōla. Subsequently, the style became increasingly elaborate—the complex of temple buildings enclosed by the court became larger, and a number of…

chronology: Eras based on astronomical speculation: The second, the bṛhaspaticakra, starts, according to different traditions, from ad 427 or from 3116 bc. Before ad 907 one year was periodically omitted in order to keep the cycle in concordance with the solar years. Since 907 the special names by which every year of the cycle…

Somadeva: …earlier work, now lost, the Bṛhat-katha (“Great Tale”) by the Sanskrit writer Guṇāḍhya, who probably had used Buddhist sources of an even earlier period. Somadeva’s work Kathā-saritsāgara (“Ocean of Rivers of Stories”) bears a strong resemblance to medieval European fairy tales: magic, demons, bloody orgies, vampires, love, and high adventure…

South Asian arts: Narrative literature: …case far less distracting—is the Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha (“Summary in Verse of the Great Story”), by Budhasvāmin (probably 7th century), one of the most charming of Sanskrit texts. Other collections of tales include the Vetāla-pañcaviṃśatikā (“Twenty-five Tales of a Ghost”), Śūkasaptati (“The Seventy Stories of a Parrot”), and the Siṃhāsana-dvātrim-sātikā (“Thirty-two Stories…

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Chinese-led massive infrastructure investment project aimed at improving connectivity, trade, and communication across Eurasia, Latin America, and Africa. Among the infrastructure projects it has supported are airports, ports, power plants, bridges, railways, roads,

Henri-Alexis Brialmont was a Belgian soldier who was the leading fortifications engineer of the late 19th century. Educated at the Brussels military school, Brialmont entered the Belgian army in 1843 and rose to the rank of major general (1874) and the post of inspector general of fortifications

Brian was the high king of Ireland from 1002 to 1014. His fame was so great that the princes descended from him, the O’Briens, subsequently ranked as one of the chief dynastic families of the country. In 976 Brian became king of a small state, later called Dál Cais, and also king of Munster, whose

stringed instrument: Harps: The so-called Brian Boru harp (14th century), now at Trinity College, Dublin, is about 32 inches (80 cm) high, with 36 brass strings; the sound box is carved from a single piece of willow, and the harp is plucked by the fingernails.

From rock and roll’s arrival in the 1950s to the heyday of the beat boom in the 1960s, British pop music fans were poorly served by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Before the advent of the BBC’s pop network, Radio 1, coverage of pop music was all but confined to two weekend morning

Gale Sayers: …in the 1971 television movie Brian’s Song. Sayers cowrote two autobiographies, I Am Third (with Al Silverman; 1970) and Sayers: My Life and Times (with Fred Mitchell; 2007).

Havergal Brian was an English musician and self-taught composer. In his youth Brian played the violin, organ, piano, and cello. His chief love, however, came to be composition. Between the ages of 20 and 45, he wrote more than 100 songs and some dozen orchestral works, in addition to two cantatas

The Front Page: …with his fiancée Peggy (Mary Brian), despite the insistent protests of his editor, Walter Burns (Adolphe Menjou). When Hildy shows up at the city courthouse after his last day of work, however, he becomes caught up in the hubbub surrounding the escape of a convicted murderer (George E. Stone)…

Havergal Brian was an English musician and self-taught composer. In his youth Brian played the violin, organ, piano, and cello. His chief love, however, came to be composition. Between the ages of 20 and 45, he wrote more than 100 songs and some dozen orchestral works, in addition to two cantatas